maia bliaze rusudan axvlediani moswavlis wigni

maia bliaze rusudan axvlediani moswavlis wigni

I Tavi mzis sistema

Seityob: ra aris mzis sistema; ramdeni planetaa mzis sistemasi; rogor ikvleven kosmoss. SeZleb: arwero mzis sistema da daaxasiato planetebi; Tanmimdevrulad ganalago planetebi mzidan dasorebulobis mixedvit; arwero kosmossi samogzauro arwurviloba da satransporto sasualebebi.

1-2 mzis sistema dedamiwac ert-erti planetaa. mzis `ojaxis~ planetebidan mxolod dedamiwazea sicocxle. kosmossi arsebuli yvela sxeuli varskvlavi rodia. zogierti matgani dedamiwis msgavsi uzarmazari `burtia~, romelic mzis garsemo moz raobs. sul `mzis ojaxsi~ 8 aseti `burti~ anu pla ne taa. am ciur sxeulebs planetebi jer kidev Zvel drosi berznebma Searqves, rac `xetials, mo xetiales~ nisnavs. qartvelebi mat xsirad cto mils uwodeben. TiToeuli planeta mzis garsemo sakutar uxilav gzaze, orbitaze mozraobs. varskvlavebisgan gansxvavebit, planetebi ar asxiveben si nat les. isini mzis sxivebit natdebian. urani neptuni saturni iupiteri dedamiwa orbita mze marsi merkuri venera mzis sistemasi arc erti planetis orbita sxva orbitas ar kvets. dedamiwa Tavis orbitaze mozraobs da mzis irgvliv erti sruli wris Semovlas ert wels andomebs. daadgine, romeli planetebi mozraoben mzisgan pirvel, mesame da mesvide orbitaze. 8

mzis sistema I Tavi planetebi kosmossi sxvadasxvafrad Cans: ve - ne ra TeTria, marsi da saturni witeli, xolo iupiteri moyvitalo ferisaa. dedamiwas cisfer planetas uwodeben. otx planetas veneras, marss, saturnsa da iupiters adamianebi uxsovari droidan icnoben. es sainteresoa dedamiwidan SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT adamians SeuZ lia xuti planeta dainaxos. esenia: merkuri, venera, marsi, iupiteri da saturni. planeta saturns garsemo qvebisgan Semdgari didi rgolebi akravs. planeta veneras saqartvelosi `ciskris varskvlavs~ uwodeben, radgan misi danaxva sisxam dilit cis im mxares SeiZleba, saidanac mze amodis. praqtikuli 1. rit gansxvavdeba planeta var skvlavisgan? 2. rogor fiqrob, mzis sistemasi romeli pla neta cxeldeba yvelaze metad? ratom? 3. daasaxele dedamiwis mezobeli planetebi? 4. romelia yvelaze didi da yvelaze patara planeta mzis ojaxsi? 5. Seni azrit, ratom uwodeben dedamiwas cisfer planetas? feradi plas tili nisgan da am zade cxra sxvadasxva zomis burtula: erti mze da rva planeta. patara furclebze Camowere pla netebis saxelebi da TiToeuli furceli Sesabamis burtulas miamagre. TanmimdevrobiT daalage isini merxze da mzis `ojaxis~ modeli Seqmeni. 9

3-4 rogor ikvleven kosmoss?( nawili I ) gaixsene ra aris ciuri sxeuli? romel ciur sxe u l- ebs icnob? daimaxsovre astronomia mecnierebaa, romelic ciur sxeulebs, mat mdebareobas, ganlagebasa da mozraobas, agebulebas, Tvisebebsa da ganvitarebas Seiswavlis. mravali wlis ganmavlobasi grovdeboda codna samyaros Sesaxeb. adamiani uzvelesi droidan akvirdeboda varskvlavebs, mzes, mtvares da cdilobda pasuxi mraval kitxvaze gaeca: ra aris ca? risgan Sedgeba samyaro? aqvs Tu ara mas dasawyisi da dasasruli? ra aris varskvlavebi? ratom Canan isini patara zomis? am adamianebs Zvelad varskvlavtmricxvelebs ezaxdnen. dres astronomiuli dakvirvebebi specialur dawesebulebasi observatoriasi xdeba. swored aqaa ganlagebuli teleskopebi. teleskopis sasualebit mecnierebi ciur sxeulebs akvirdebian. Tanamedrove teleskopi uaxlesi kompiuteruli teqnikitaa arwurvili. massi iseti gamadidebeli minebia gamoyenebuli, romelta sasualebit mcire zomis da Zalian Sors mdebare ciur sxeulebzec ki SesaZlebelia dakvirveba. pirveli samzeri mili teleskopi XVII saukunesi italielma mecnierma galileo galileim daamzada. igi 30-jer adidebda mtvares. observatoriebs, ZiriTadad, mtasi ageben. aq haeri ufro sufta da gamwvirvalea da amitom xilvadobac uketesia. qartveli astronomis, evgeni xarazis TaosnobiT 1932 wels saqartvelosi pirveli astronomiuli dawesebuleba abastumnis observatoria daarsda. aq atamde axali varskvlavi da sxva ciuri sxeulebi armoacines. 10

mzis sistema I Tavi samyaros astronavtebi (kosmonavtebi) swavloben. isini kosmosur sadgurebze musaoben. kosmossi mogzaurobisas, zogjer, xomaldebidan Ria kosmossi gamodian. mat am dros specialuri damcavi tansacmeli skafandri acviat. es sainteresoa pirveli astronomiuli skolebi mravali wlis win Zvel egviptesi, CineTSi, babilonsi, saberznetsa da sxva qveynebsi arsebobda. VIII saukunis bolos TbilisSi, nariyalaze astronomiuli observatoria mouwyviat. dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri aparati 1957 wels sabwota kavsirsi gausves. man 92 dre-rame iarseba. rac ufro didia teleskopi, mit meti varskvlavis danaxva SeiZleba. kosmossi Zalian civa an Zalian cxela, ar aris Jangbadi. amitom skafandrisa da zurgze mokidebuli haeris rezervuaris garese astronavti dairupeba. skafandris samartavi mowyobiloba radioantena 1. daakvirdi surats, arwere astronavtis Cacmuloba da moifiqre, ra danisnuleba aqvs mas? ristvis swirdeba astronavts Cafxuti da damcavi mina, radioantena, foto- da videokamera? 2. sad da romeli xelsawyoti akvirdebian ciur sxeulebs? qanis nimusis Sesanaxi jibe 11

rogor ikvleven kosmoss? ( nawili II ) dres samyaros Seswavla kosmosuri xomaldebidan da kosmosuri sadgurebidan xdeba. amjamad kosmossi mravali xelovnuri Tanamgzavri sateliti da kosmosuri sadguri dafrinavs. mecnierebi mati sasualebit kosmossa da Cvens planetas ikvleven. kosmossi pirvelad rusi kosmonavti, iuri gagarini, gafrinda. 1961 wlis 12 aprils man kosmosuri raketa `vostokit~ dedamiwas Semoufrina. Tu nasa-s kosmosuri kvlevis centris Sesaxeb metis Setyoba gsurs, estumre vebgverds misamartze: http://www.nasa.gov es kosmosuri sadguria, romelic dedamiwis irgvliv 400 km simarleze dafrinavs. aset sadgurebze aris samusao da sacxovrebeli nawilebi. astronavtebi iq cxovroben da musaoben: akvirdebian dedamiwas, sxva planetebsa da varskvlavebs. jon kenedis saxelobis nasas (nasa) kosmosuri kvlevis centri ert-erti udidesia msofliosi. igi 1962 wels daarsda da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, floridis StatSi, kunzul meritze mdebareobs. centri daxuruli zonaa. igi kosmosuri aparatebis gasasvebi teritoriisa da frenebis martvis centris kosmodromisgan Sedgeba. `Satli~ specialuri TviTmfrinavia, romelic kosmossi dafrinavs. mas adamianebi kosmosur sadgurebsi mihyavs da satelitebi orbitaze gahyavs. `SatliT~ 7 adamians SeuZlia frena. ramdenime kviris Semdeg `Satli~ livlivit brundeba dedamiwaze. 12

mzis sistema I Tavi mtvare ertaderti adgilia kosmossi, sadac adamianma fexi dadga. 1969 wels amerikeli astronavtebi raketit kosmossi gaf rindnen. mtvares rom miuaxlovdnen, raketas xomaldi gamoeyo da mtvareze daesva. astronav tebi nil armstrongi da eduin oldrini mtvareze gadavidnen. mat mtvaris qvebi Seagroves, misi zedapiri Seiswavles da ukan dabrun dnen. astronavtebi mtvareze aseti manqanis mtvaremavlis sasualebit gadaadgildebodnen. ifiqre 3. Seni azrit, ratom uwodeben kosmossi gasvebul Tanamgzavrebs xelovnurs? 4. rveulsi TanmimdevrobiT Camowere kosmosis Seswavlis teqnologiebis ganvitarebis etapebi. 5. moigone patara fantastikuri motxroba sataurit: `Cveni mogzauroba mzis sistemasi~. arwere, romel planetaze daesvit, ra naxet iq, ra pirobebsi moxvdit, dagwirdat Tu ara skafandrebis gamoyeneba, rogori amindi dagxvdat, rogor dabrundit dedamiwaze da sxva. sawiroa Tu ara kos mosis Semdgomi Seswavla? ratom? dakvirveba SegiZlia varskvlavta ruka Tavad Seadgino. urrublo Rames (sasurvelia umtvaroc, rom meti varskvlavi Candes) daakvirdi cas da furcelze varskvlavebi sikaskasisa da ganlagebis mixedvit gadaitane. ufro mkrtali (susti natebis) varskvlavebis dasanaxad SegiZlia Wogriti ga moiyeno. Sen mier Sedgenili ruka astronomiul rukas Seadare (danarti 1). ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebi armoacine mat Soris? 13

II Tavi ruka da geografiuli obieqtebi

Seityob: ra aris horizonti da horizontis mxareebi; ra aris ruka da globusi; rogor ganasxvavo wyali da xmeleti rukasa da globusze; ra aris mta, mdinare da ra nawilebisgan Sedgeba isini. SeZleb: daadgino horizontis mxareebi adgilsa da rukaze; rukasa da globusze ertmanetisgan ganasxvavo wyali da xmeleti; arwero da daaxasiato mta, vake da mdinare.

5 horizonti 1 2 daakvirdi suratebs da moifiqre, romel matganzea gamosaxuli Ria da daxuruli horizontebi, ratom fiqrob ase? Tu swor, gaslil adgilze an mtis wverze dadgebi, Sen win didi sivrce gaisleba. am sivrces, romelsac Seni Tvali swvdeba, horizonti hqvia. gaslil adgilze, sadac Tvals araferi efareba, gacilebit did sivrces vxedavt da horizontic Riaa. iq, sadac Senobebi, mtebi an xeebi xels uslis xedvas, horizontis sivrce ar gamocndeba da amitomac horizonti daxurulia. cnobilia, rom rac ufro marla avdivart, horizontic izrdeba. am dros sivrce imdenad didia, rom gvecveneba, TiTqos, sadrac Sors wyali an xmeleti mtavrdeba da cas uertdeba. am adgils horizontis xazi hqvia. 16

ruka da geografiuli obieqtebi II Tavi Tu sul pirdapir ivli, horizontis xazic win gadainacvlebs. ramdenic ar unda iaro, horizontis xazamde verasdros mixval es SeuZlebelia. gaslil adgilze Tu dadgebi da mimoixedav, SeamCnev, rom horizontis xazi Cven garsemo wres qmnis. qalaqsi an sofelsi horizontis xazis SemCneva rtulia, tyesi ki saertod SeumCnevelia. roca zrvas napiridan gavcqerit, gvecveneba, TiTqos, zrva da ca ertmanets uertdeba. romeli adgilia am suratze horizontis xazi? 1. ra gansxvavebaa Ria da daxurul horizontebs Soris? 2. sad ufro vrcel horizonts dai naxav, mtis wveroze Tu mindorsi dgomisas? ratom? 3. SeiZleba Tu ara horizontis xazamde miaxloeba da ratom? praqtikuli arwere, ras xedav saklaso otaxis fanjridan da daadgine, rogori horizontia Ria Tu daxuruli? 17