0&lJo: EKno~ne~ and TllV KUKAocpopia ~Ev~lvoKivllTWV autoklvritwv ato AEKavoneolo Tll~ Aariva~ TO Kal orillepa.

0&lJo: EKno~ne~ and TllV KUKAocpopia ~Ev~lvoKivllTWV autoklvritwv ato AEKavoneolo Tll~ Aariva~ TO 1988-89 Kal orillepa. ElOIlYIlTt;C;: AA. OIKovoIJimouAoc:, avanatjpwtt;c; KaBTJYIlTt;C; ilne. napouolaoti]c;: KOUTOOUKOC:. n&pia'1111'1 Ta enlneoa ekno~nwv ana Ta l3ev~lvokivllta Oxn~aTa mllv A8nva e~q>avi~ovtat OUOlaOTlKa a~etal3ailta Ka TO. TIlV TeTpa Tla 1989-1992, napa Til ~a~ikn anooup OIl TWV naaalottpwv KGl nmov punoyovwv ana Ta EIX Kat eaaq>pa q>optllya. nepglttpw ouvatotiltee; ~eiwoile; TWV OAIKWV ekno Ilnwv mo AeKavontolo Trle; A8nvae; 010. ~toou Tile; no AlTlKne; autoklvntou napa~tvouv neploplo~tvee;. na Tllv KaTanoM~IlOll TOU CPWTOXIl~IKOU vtcpoue; ~e op 80AOYlKOtepO Tpono emi3ctaa Tal. KaTa ouvtneta, a va8ewpll01l Tile; 1l0VOOtamaTIle; KGl e~atp TtKa noau 06.navlle; noalttkne; nou akoaou8n81lke ~txpt an Ile pa. lta naaiola I.uae; Op80AOYIKne; noatnkne; elvat anapattllto va emotwxbouv l3eatlwoil Tile; nototiltae; Tile; l3ev~ivlle;, lleiwoil TWV eknellno~tvwv uopoyovav8pa KWV (VOG) ana Til otakivlloll Tile; l3ev~ivlle; ana I3to~llxaVtKte; nllyte; Kat l3aq>te; OtKOOOIlWV Kal ana Ta oixpova oikukaa Kat I3tl3ata 11 TaXUTepll Kat nallptote Pll ouvatn avamu~1l TWV Iltowv lla~ikne; ~etacpopae;,. 1. YnoAoYloJliu; &KnOJ.lnWV na va ekttililb i 11 anoootlkotllta TWV ~EXPt anllepa Ilttpwv Yla TIlV KaTanOAellllOll Tile; at(.jooq>glptkrle; PUnavOTje; mo AeKavoniolO. emaextilkav TO 1989 Kal TO 1992 we; ttil avacpopae;. To Ilev npwto ivai avtlnpoowneutlko Tile; KaTaOTaOlle; nptv ana TIlV eml30arl TWV IltTPWV Tile; anooupotle;, TO oe TeAeuTaio avnnpoowneuet Tllv KaTamaOTl lleta Tllv OAOKArlPwOTl TOU ~i TPOU Kal I3pioKeTat KOVTa mil OTllleplVn KaTomaoll. o unoaoylo~oe; TWV ekno~nwv m:ptaalll3avel ne; Tpele; l3aolkie; KaTllyopiee; l1ev~lvokivlltwv OXllllaTWV, Ta EIX, TO eaacppa CPOPTllya Kat Ta oikukaa, 01 onoiee; nai~ouv npoe~txovta POAO OTIl oru.ltoupyia TOU CPWTOXll~tKOU «vecpoue;» ana naeupae; OOtKne; KUKAocpopiae;. 1.1. M&8ol5oAoyia unoaoylojlou &KnOJlnciJv na TOV unoaoylo~o TWV ekno~nwv XPIlOt~OnOln8IlKe unoaoytmlko oumll~a nou avamu~a~e Kat neptaa~l3avel TO ~ovttao Tile; EupwnalKrle; KOtvOTIlTae; GORINAIR (Eggleston et al 1989) yta TOV unoaoylollo TWV ekno~nwv ano e~atllloil Kat avabu~taoete; TWV e Aaq>pwv l3ev~lvokivlltwv OXIl~aTWV. KaBwe; Kat ne; ouvoalkee; ekno~nte; ana aaaee; evvea KaTllyopiee; oxilllatwv, avolleoa one; onoiee; oullneptaalll1ovovtal Kal Ta IlIlXaVaKta. To ouotlllla ~ae; nepti.alll3avet eniotle; TO ~OVTeAO unoaoylo~ou ava8uillaoewv ana eaacppa l3ev~tvokivllta OXnllaTa Tile; CONCAWE (McArragher et ai, 1987). nepti.alll3avel enioile; emaeyileva ~ovti Aa unoaoytoilou eknollnwv ano amee; nilyee;, nou 6 Ilwe; oev XPllol~OnOlrlBIlKaV ma naaiota autrle; Tile; ~e Ahlle;. To 1l0VTEAO CORINAIR oev KaMmel KaTaAUTlKa oxi) llata Kat Yl' auto TO OKono TO enekt ivalle, ETOI wme va KaMmeTal Kat auti) 11 OAOEva noaunailbeotepll KaTllyopia. 1.2. AvaYKaia OTolx&ia &lool5ou H eupeoll TWV avaykaiwv molx iwv napouola~el Ka TO. Kavova npol3ail~a mil xwpa Ilac;, 10taiT&pa OTav Ta ~lltoulleva OTOtx ia elvat npooq>ata. KaTa ouvtn&la, avaykamtikalle va KaVOU(.Je opto~evee; unobeoetc;, e Tal wme va KaAucpTouV Ta KeVa. o apl8~oc; TWV autoktvrltwv TOU moaou KaTavellllllevOe; oe XpOVtKtC; neptoooue;, ouilq>wva Ile ne; neptaooue; toxuoc; TWV KOIVOTIKWV opiwv ekno~nwv, Ka BOle; Kal TWV TPlWV KaTllyoptwV OIKUKAWV ou~cpwva Ile ne; avayke:e; TOU ~ovttaou CORINAIR. OiVE:Tal mov ni

IOUA10e;-MyoUOTOe; '95 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 143 VOKO 1. 01 opl81.loi TWV OUTOKIVi)TWV HIe; neptooou 1989 8ewpouvTOl akpll3eie; (TaxuopoIJOe;, 1990, SupOe; Kat OAAOl 1990). AVTi8eTa, 01 apl8j.loi TWV outok1vi) TWV TOU 1992 eivat npooeyy10tlkoi KOI l3aoi~ovtal ev IJtpel OTa otolxela TOU <puaaaoiou TOU IuvO oj.lou EIooywyi:wv Avnnpoownwv AUTOKtVi)Twv (I.E.A.A., 1993) Kat EV IJtPEt OE npoowmki) EmKOlvwvia j.le j.ltal1 TOU loiou OUVO OIJOU. 0 OUVOAIKOe; opl8ijoe; 0Xl1j.lO TWV nou XPl1olj.lOnOLOUj.lE (1.147.290) OTl1V napouoa IJeA Tl1, nivokae; 1, eivat eaaq>po XOj.ll1AOTEpOe; and ou TOV nou OiVETOI OTO q>umooio (1.212.000). rio TO oikukaa eaaxlota OTOlXeiO i)tav 0108tolj.la KOI 01 0pI8j.loi TOUe;, TOOO YIO TO 1989 000 Kal YIO TO 1992, unoaoyiotl1kov IJE l3aol1 Tl1V un08wl1 OTl 0 api8j.l0e; TOUe; au~avetat KOTa 7% ETTloiwe; j.le Xpovo avoq>opae; TO 1985. ria Tl1j.li:Ol1 XIAIOIJeTpIKi) anootool1 nou olavuei KQ8E KOTl1yopio Kal KQ8e l1aikio oxi)j.latoe; Kal naai eaoxi OTO dvat yvwota. H j.ltol1 OUTi) anootool1 unoaoyi OTl1Ke j.le Tl1 IJt8000 Tile; OOKlj.li)e; Kat EMyxou, ttot w OTe 11 unoaoyi~oijevl1 KOTaVaAWOl1 KOuolIJOU OTl1V A8i)va va OVTlOTOlXEi OTl1 yvwoti) KaTOVaAWOl1!3ev~ivl1e;. 0 nivakoe; 2 OUV04Ji~EI TO OTolxelo KOTavaAwOIle; nou nap811kav and olaq>opee; nl1yee;. AExOj.leVOI we; j.lt 011 eti)ola olaopoiji) TWV OIKUKAWV 6000 Km, and Tl1V napanavw olaolkaoio npokumel we; IJtOl1 eti)ola olaopoj.li) TWV OUToKIVi)TwV 8.000 Km. To!3aOtKO npo!3al1j.la j.le TT] OIOolKooia nou okoaou8r'looj.le, Kat nou OKOAou8eiTat ana OAOUe; j.ltxpi oijj.lepo, eivat OXI TOOO 11 evoexoj.levil nepiopioj.ltvl1 anokaloll ana Tl1j.ltOIl unoaoyi~oijevl1 Olaop0j.lli (OIOTl n x. l1j.lt 011 OIOOPOIJi) TWV OIKUKAWV j.lnopei va eivat KanWe; 010 q>opettki) T] 11 unoaoyi~oj..levfj KOTavaAWOll OXI anoau TO akpi!3ije;), aaao Tl taaei4jl1 010q>oponoi1101le; avaaoya j.le Tl1V IlAIKia TOU oxi)j..iatoe;. ITO e~wtepiko, YIO nopaoeiyj.la, Ta naaata OUTOKivl1Ta txouv j.lto!] ETT1Oto OIOOP0j.lrlj.lOAIe; TO 20% TWV vtwv. ITO!3a81l0 nou TO ioio i) napo\-loio OUj.l!3aivel Kat OTIl xwpa Ilae;, 01 unoaoylolloi EKnO\-lnWV Oloq>oponolou VTOI OL081lTa, IJla KOI Ta naaola oxi)j.lata Eivat nom mo punoyova. To j.l TpO Tl1e; onooupol1e; K08iOTaTal e niol1e; nom Aly6Tepo OnOOOTtKO on' OTt eav un08eoel Kovde; oraseptl XPrl0ll ave~aptl1til IlA1Kiae; OX1lj.lOTOe;. AUTOe; dvol KOI 0 Aoyoe; nou Il onooupol1 6Xlj.lOVO OEV txel em!3a'1sei, OAAO OUTe!3aOlKa emolwxgei one; neploootepo npol1yllevee; xwpee;. H IltOll anootool1 nou Olovuel Ka9E OX11110 ano Tl1 OTIYj.li) nou ~eklvael oev eivol YVWOTi) Katj.le!3aoq TIlV ellnelpia ono omee; xwpee; Kat Tte; ouvi)9w.:e; TIle; xwpae; \-Iae; unostooije OTt dvat8 Kill. \-Ie!3aoll TO 1010 u n0geoaj.le enioile; on TO 75% TWV ~EKlVqj.101WV yivovtallle KPUO KIVtlTT1PO.. H j.leol1 TOxuTl1Ta TWV OUTOKIVl'lTWV oev exellletpr]9ei j.le OUOUlj.lOTlKO Tpono KOt KaTa OUVeTlela oev unap XOUV OTOlX io OUTe Tl1e; O'1IJeplvi)e; Tlj.li)e; Tl1e; OUTe Tne; OlaxpoVIKi)e; E~eAI~i)e; Tqe;. Ano EpwTi)oE:te; 0 roue; 0 ol1youe; Ta~i noose; wpee; oorlyouv Ilj.lepllOiwe; Kat nooa XIAIOj.leTpa olavuouv npokuf1touv TlJ..lte; ano 15 t we; 25 Km/h. Ka9ioTaTal navtwe; ooq> e; on ano troe; oe TOe; unopxel unol3a8j.llol1 TWV KUKAOq>OPIOKWV ouv 911KWV. rio TO ttoe; 1989 unostoa\-le we; j.ltol1 Taxuq TO 21 Km/h KOI ylo TO 1992 19 Km/h. H KOTavOj.li) TWV OUJ..I!3aTlKWV oe KaTl1yopiee; KUI310j.lOU 1300ioTl1Ke, ave~opti)twe; l1alklae; TOU OXrlj.lOTOe;, oe noaatotepo OTOlxeia (n.x. OIKOVOj.lIKOe; TaxuopOIlOe;, 1990) nou oivouv 80%,17% Kat 3% Yla Tle; KOTl1yopiee; KUI3IOIJOU < 1400 cc, 1400-2000 CC Kat> 2000 CC. ria Ta KaTOAUTlKO, 11 KaTavolli) nou npoeku4je ana otolxda eloaywywv Tl1e; nepl6z)ou 1991-92 (I.EAA.. 1993) ei Vat 62.5%, 32.25% Kat 5.25 ovtiotolxo. EmnMov, 90% TWV KaTaAuTIKwV unote911ke on dvatj.le eaevx0j.levo KOToMTl1, j.le injection KOl IJe OUOTl1j.lO emyxou TWV 0 va9ulllaoewv. H IJeoll eti)olo gepllokpaoia OTl1V A9i)vo unoaoyiotl1 Ke oe 17.4 C KOI 11 lleoi1 I1llepi)Ota olaku/jovoi1 TI1e; gepj.lokpaoioe; oe 10 C. Oe; \-IeOl1 nieol1 Tile;!3evl;iVl1e; Ai)q>911Ke 70 kpa (TO xelllwva Elval 80 kpa KOI TO Ka AOKaipl 65 kpa). To neplexollevo otl1l3ev~ivll Seio Ai) q>911ke we; 0.1 % KOTa!3apoe; Yla TI1V OJ.lOAu!301l Kat we; 0.15% YIO Til J.lOAU!30Wj.leVl1. 01 npayj.lotlkee; Tlj.lte; ei VOl evoex0\-levo vo eivol xaili1aotepee;, ilia Kat 01 noponavw neplektikotiltee; ovoq>epovtal we; j.ltyiotee; one; npoolaypa<pee; TWV OIUAIOTIlpiwv (EM::'A. 1986). 1.3. EKTIIJWlJtvtC; tknojlntc; Me!3aoll TO naponavw OTOlXEio unoaoyioti1kav Ot eknoj.lnee; ana TIe; olacpopee; KOTllyopiee; 0XI1J.laTWV Kat 1a onotemo\-lota OUV04Ji~OVTat OTOUe; nivakee; 3 Kal4 Yla TO TOe; 1989 Kat 6 KOI 7 Yla TO troe; 1992. napattlpouj.le KaT' apxi)v OTl Il ektl/jwj.levil KaTava AWOll KouoillOU Yla TO 1989 eivat, ou/jq>wva Ile OUT(i nou avaq>ep911kov noponavw, oxeoov TauTOOl1j.ll1 Ile autt]v ana TOV nivaka 1. EnmMov. 11 OuvoAIKa ekti IJWlleVll KaTavoAwOl1 ylo TO hoe; 1992 eival nom KO VTa OTllV npayllankrl. ltl1v TeAEUTaia OJ.lWe; nepimw 011 unopxel olocpopa OVaj.lEOa OTllv ektlj.lwllevil Kat npayj.lotlko KOTOVOllrl OvaIJwa oe aijoau!3011 Kat j.l0 Au!3owllevll!3Ev~iVll. Ile TllV npayj.latlki) KaTavaAWOl1 alloauljol1e; al09'1to lleyoautepl1 ano TIlV avaj.levoj.levll. To anoteaeoija auto npenel va j.loe; npo!3al1ijatioel, j.lla KOI unool1awvel eire Tl1 XPi)Oll Tile; q>tilvote Pl1e; OIJOAu!3olle; Kat ano \-Ill KaTOAUTlKa autokivl1ta. npowa avem9uijl1to, Olon 01 eknoj.lnee; VOC elvol <pw TOXl1lUKa evepyotepee;, eire OUOlaoTIKi) olacpoponoi 11011 OTIl J.leoll eti)ota onootool1 nou olavuouv TO vewtepa KaraAuTIKo oe oxeollj.le Ta naaalotepa ana TO ouij!3atlka. LTIlV npayj.lankotl1to npenel vo ouijljaivouv Kat Ta OUO Kat npenel va olepeuvll90uv. 10lairepll ollllaoia exel enioile; TO yeyovoe; OTI 01 EKnOj.lnee; J.leTa~U 1989 Kal 1992 EJ..Iq>avi~ovTOI OUOtaOTI Kcl ora8epte; (ektoe; TOU CO nou llelw911ke KaTa 13%). nap' OTl OTO OlooTIlIJa auto anooup911kav 150.000 0 xi)/jata, TO nmov punoyova ano Ta punoyova OUIJ!3aTlKa, Kat 0 oroaoe; rlol1 m:ple:xel KaTa TO eva TeTap TO KalvoupYla KOTaAunKa autokivilta. ea nptnel vo AO!3oUJ.le EOW uno4jl1otl Ta napanavw anotemoijato paoi~ovtoi oe cuo euvo'ikee; Yla TT] OrJj.lEPIVi) KOTa OlaoTI un0geoele;. H IJia aq>opo OTl1V 100TIlTa TWV j.leowv ETlJ oiwv anootcloewv Yla Kage KaTl1yopia oxi)

144 TSXVIKO XPOVIKO 10uXI0e;-AuYOUOlOe; '95 ~atoe; Kat TJ /)SUTSPTJ ottjv Un68EOTJ on OAOI 01 unopxovtse; KaTaAUUe; /)OUASUOUV. Eov, yla napq/)sly~a, /)SXTOU~S on TJ IJtOT) STDOIa /)lavuoljtvtj anootootj a no tva naaato anooupo~svo sivat atostjto ~IKp6TSPTJ TWV 8000 km, Ton; TJ avtlkatootaot) autou IJS tva Ka TaAUTIKO nou KOVSI nsplooon;pa ana 8000 km emq>epsi noall ~IKpOTSPO Oq>SAOe; an' o,n txouijs /)extsi. napo ne; SewPllTIKee; aoktioele; ent XOPTOU nou txouv KaTo KalpOUe; /)TJ~Ool&uTei Katl5sixvouv OTI OUOIaOTl Kte; ~SIWoSIe; TWV skno~nwv and 10 IX ~S avnppuna VTlKte; TexvoAoyise; &ivat l5uvatte;, ottjv npo~tj 01 l5u VaTOTTJUe; elval Sf;alpeTlKO nepioploljtvee;, av M/3sl Kaveie; unoljjtj TOU Ta s~tie;: (a) TTJv ava~svo~svtj auf;tjotj TOU OTOAOU, nou ana 1.1 SKaT. oxtiljata oti~epa Sa npooeyyiosl Kat msavwe; Sa OTaSsponolTJSsi OTa 2 SKaT. oxti~ata (avaaoyia 55 OXt;~aTa avo 100 KaToiKOUe; nou IOXU SI otiljspa one; npotjy~tvee; KOIVOTIKte; xwpse;). (13) TTJ OTal5laKt; unof3ae~lotj TOU KUKAoq>oplaKou nou ~EIWVSI TIe; ~tose; TaXUTTJTSe; Kat auf;ovei TIe; KaTO X1A10~eTpo SKno~m':e; TWV OXTJ~OTWV. (y) TTJV npool5eu'tikt; yt;pavotj 'TWV Ka'TaAUnKWv Kal TTJV avanoq>&ukttj auf;tjot) TWV skno~nwv 'TOUe;. To q>aivoijsvo auto txel napa'ttjptj8ei lje 1l5laiTepTJ l5uoq>opia as nsploxte;. on we; 11 KaAlq>opvla, nou l5la 8t'TOUV 'TO auottjpotepo iowe; ouottj~a SAeYXwv (Calvert et ai, 1993) Kat &ivat avaljsvo~evo va eivat noau SVTOVC)'Tf;PO ottj xwpa ~ae; AOYW TWV yvwotwv al5uvalllwv TOU KpOTOUe; va aokt;oel OUOlaonKo taeyxo aam Kat TTJ lj ;yaaun;pl1l5lopksla ~Wtie; TWV au'toklvti'twv ~ae;. 2. ITpaTIlVIKi) Via Til,.u:iwOIl Tile; CPWTOXIl1J1Kile; punav- Olle; To KUPIO npo/3atjlja atijooq>alpikt;e; punavolle; nou npokaaouv Ta I3SV~IVOKivll'Ta oxri~ata eival TJ q>w'to XIl~IKD punavotj. na TO Myo auto, aam Kal l510tl 11 q>wtoxil~ikri punavot) OTal51aKo eq>taoe va anon:a ;i t va and Ta Kupla npo(3aiu.la'ta TOU ASKavonsl5iou, Sa nsploplotouils s5w OTIl 51a~opq>woll otpo'ttjy1krie; yla TIlV avn~stwmati TTJe;. Eov 0 OTOXOe; ~ae; ;ival va ~Slwoou~e TT) q>wtoxil~ikti punavotj, nou ellq>avi~statlle UljJTJAEe; ouykev'tpwoele; 03 ii/kat N02, 0 'TponOe; va 'TO emtuxoulls sivaille ~&iwotj 'TWV ouvoaikwv eknellnolltvwv ul5poyovavspo KWV (VOC) OTO ASKavont/)lo, (OIKovo~onouAOe;, 1990). Mia XOVl5P1Kt; 8sWPIlOT) TTJe; oll~splvtie; Ka'TOoTaOT)e;, we; npoe; TIe; EKno~nee; VOC oto AeKavone/)lo l5ivei: voe voe % EIX Kat EAaq>pa q>op'tilyo 29.470 42.5 AiKuKAa < 50 cc 10.620 15.3 AiKuKAa > 50 cc 2-XPovla 2.340 3.4 AiKuKAa > 50 cc 4-xpovla 1.890 2.7 AAAa oxjl~a'ta (nspinou) 5.000 7.2 BLO~T)X/OIKlaKte; ntjyte; ) 20.000 2J19 (nspinou 69.320 100 01 EKnOlJnte; ana 'Ta J3sv~IVOKivT)Ta au'tokivt)'ta OTOV napanovw nivaka J3aoiOTT)KaV OTa q>optia 'TWV ava SU~laoewv nou npoj3ae:nel 'TO 1J0V'TtAO 'Tile; CONCAWE. To 'TsAeu'Taio Sswpei'Tat natov a~lomolo ano 'TO av'ti OTOlXO 'TOU CORINAIR. l5e/)o~tvou cm 01 npo/3aeljjele; 'TOU /3pioKov'Tat KalaS ouijq>wvia lje 'Ta av'tiololxa IJO ViEAa TTJe; US EPA. Ano Ta OTOIxeia 'TOU napanovw nivaka npokuntsi on 01 ekno~ntc; ano Ta /3sv~IVOKivT)'Ta ano'teaouv nsplo PloIJeVO nooooto 'TOU ouvoaou Kat opa 01 ~txpi ati ~epa npoana8elee; /)SV Sa tnpens va exouv smks VTpwS&i anokas1otiko oe autee;. AalJ(3aVOVTae; unoljjn 10 0'T01Xeia 'TOU napanavw nivaka IJnopOU~s va avaq>tpou~s TIe; s~tie; /)uvato'tlln:e; nape~(3ooswv Yla Tn ~eiwot) 'TWV ekno~nwv VOC Kal apa Yla 'TnV Ka'TanO AE:IJT)OT) 'TOU q>w'toxnilikou «veq>oue;»: (a) IuvtXIOll 'TTJe; noal'tiktie; K1VtiTPWV Yla 'TTJv anooupotj TWV I.X. Ile neploplolloue; o~we; we; npoe; 'TnV Tl AIKia 'TOU anooupollsvou OXT]lJa'TOe; Kat Ile OTaSspo KiVIl'TPO (~TJ KAI~aKOUIJSVO Ile 'TOV Ku/3lollo 'TOU eloayo~svou oxil~a'toe;). (J3) BSA'TiwOT) 'TT)e; noi0'ttj1oe; Tne; /3ev~ivT)e; Ile Ileiwon 'Tile; ntiltlko'tiltoe; IlEXPI Kal 48 kpa, Ils npoostikil o~uyovouxwv OU01WV, t'tol wole va e~aoq>aa10tei nsplektlko'ttj'ta navw ana 2% oe o~uyovo. Ile /)pa OTlKti lleiwotj 'TOU Seiou (nou «/)nat)'ttjpla~sl» npookalpa 'TOV KaTaAU'TTJ), Kat ~e IlEY10TIl neplektlko TIlTa J3ev~oAiou 1%. Me 'TO napanavw eivat /)uva TOV va enneux8ei as nom OUV'TO~O /)laoltl~a Kal IlS ~IKPO OXS'T1Ka KOOTOe; ~eiwotl 'TWV eknollnwv CO IlEXPI Kal 40% Kal 'TWV VOC IlEXPI Kal 25% (Economopoulos, 1993, Smith 1993, Calvert. 1993). I'TIe; HnA Ile 'TTJv npoostikil o~uyovouxwv evwoewv oe 21 nepioxee; ~e 1/)lai'Tepo npo(3anlla CO napattjptisilks SEallaTlKti lleiwot) 'Tile; OUXVo'TIl'Tae; E neloo15iwv (Ka'Ta 95%), (Smith. 1993). H ano'teae OllanKO'TIl'Ta 'TTle; ev15exo~svlle; IlEiwOT)e; Tne; ntt)'tl KO'TIl'Tae; 'TTle; /3Ev~lvlle; /)ivs'tat OlOUe; nlvakee; 5 Kal 8 Kal TO ttil avaq>opae; 1989 Kat 1992. (y) SeanlOT) K1Vti'TPWV Yla 'TE'TpaXPOva /)ikukaa (~s EV 15exo~Evll anooupot) naaalwv /)ixpovwv). (5) 'EAsYXoe; 'TWV ekno~nwv VOC ana (310IlTJxavIKte; Kal olklakte; nllyte; (n x. ana 151aKivllon Tile; (3ev~ivne; ana /3aq>te; /3LollllxavIKte; Kal oiklakee; K.'T.A.). Ixs TlKee; EKTevsie; IlSAE:TSe; ti15n unapxouv (n.x. lohrer, 1984. Andreadis et ai, 1985). npb08s'ta ~E'Tpa, onwe; TJ ~etakivt)on /3aq>siwv EKTOe; AEKavone/)iou. Sa ti 'Tav Enione; okomllo va e~e'taolouv. (e) Na em/)lwx8ei 11 'TaXU'Tepll Kat nanpeoleptl /)uva'tti avantu~1l 'TWV Ileowv lla~iktie; IlE'Taq>opae;. /)IOTlIlOvov ttoi eivall)uva't()\i va 'TeSEi uno EASYXO n punavoll and 10 EIX au'tokivilta.

IOUAIOC;-AUyoUOTOC; '95 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 145 nivokoc; 1. KaTavo~~ TOU O'TOAOU TWV EIX KQl eaacppwv ~ev~lvokiv'ltwv CPOPT'lYWV T'l~ A8~va~ KaTG neplmou~ KaTaOKeu~~ TOU ox~~ato~ OIJ~cpwva ~e Tl~ analt~oel~ TOU ~ovttaou CORINAIR. 1989 1992 PRE ECE (-1971 ) 135.009 18.548 ECE 15-00101 (1972-77) 226.478 154.346 ECE 15-02 (1978-80) 197.493 155.034 ECE 15-03 (1981-84) 226.914 228.543 ECE 15-04 (1985-92) 229.945 321.206 3way Open Loop CATALYST 0 26.960 3way Controlled CATALYST 0 242.653 1.015.839 1.147.290 f1ikuk"-a < 50 cc 2-xpova 220.000 295.000 f1ikukaa > 50 cc 2-xpova 19'500 26.000 f1ikukaa < 50 cc 4-xpova 78.000 6.000 nivokoc; 2. E~tAl~'l TT"J~ KaTaVGAwOT"J~ a~oau~~'l~ KQl ~oau~~w~tvll~ (super KQl anm~) ~ev~ivl1~ O'TIlV ATTl K~. ETOlpeiec; netpe"-oloel6wv AiJOAuP61l MoAuPlvll IuvoAo tn tn tn 1989 3.753 818.205 821.959 1990 23.830 846.347 870.178 1991 104.980 785.685 890.665 1992 188.971 723.686 912.473 1993 (A' E~all.) 122.328 335.720 458.049 Ynoupyeio BIOllllxaviac; 1988 765.867 1989 827.991 1990 22'502 847.676 870.178

146 TeXVLKa XpOVLKa louaioc;-auyouotoc; '95 l1ivakac; 3. EKno~ne~ ana ~ev~ivokivtjta oxti~ata KaTa TO eto~ 1989. EIX Kal EAacppa cpoptllya Hot Soak - CONCAWE Diurnal- CONCAWE Running - CONCAWE Evaporative - CONCAWE HotSoak - CORINAIR Diurnal - CORINAIR Running - CORINAIR Evaporative - CORINAIR Subtotal - CONCAWE Subtotal- CORINAIR Motorcycles 2- Stroke<50cc Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc Motorcycles 4 - Stroke>50cc Total - CONCAWE Total - CONCAWE T8P 80 2 NOx CO VOC Fuel t/y t/y t/y t/y t/y t/y 569. 2117. 13023. 273811. 27709. 705543. 1427. 3481. 220. ------- 5128. 11359 5622. 5364 22344 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 569. 2117. 13023. 273811. 32836. 705543. 569. 2117. 13023. 273811. 32836. 705543. 53. 71. 66. 13200. 7920. 23760. 14. 11. 9. 2574. 1755. 3510. 19. 53. 140. 9360. 1404. 17784. ------------------~~------------------------------------------------ 654. 2252. 13239. 298945. 43915. 750597. 654. 2252. 13239. 298945. 43915. 750597. Gasolines Leaded Gasolines Unleaded 750597. O. l1ivakac; 4. KaTavo~ti Kno~nwv KaTa KaTllVOpia ~ev~ivokivt]tou ox~~ato~ TO ho~ 1989. T8P 802 NOx CO VOC Fuel t/y t/y t/y t/y t/y t/y EIX Kat EAacppa (f)optllya PRE ECE (-1971) Hot Start 76. 337. 1768. 44582. 3973. 119959. Cold Start Corrected 76. 360. 1766. 58397. 4865. 119959. Evaporative - CONCAWE 683. Evorative - CORINAIR 2983. ECE 15-00/01 (1972-77) Hot Start 127. 496. 2966. 56076 5309. 176614. Cold Start Corrected 127. 530. 2963. 73452. 6500. 176614. Evoporative - CONCAWE 1145. Evoporative - CORINAIR 5004. ECE 15-02 (1978-80) Hot Start 111. 359. 2452. 41875. 4348. 127915. Cold 'Start Corrected 111. 384. 2449. 54851. 5324. 127915. Evaporative - CONCAWE 999. Evaporative - CORINAIR 4363.

IOUAIOC;-AuyouOTOC; '95 TexvlKo XPOVIKO 147 ECE 15-03 (1981-84) Hot Start 127. 413. 3029. 39159. 4996. 146971 Cold Start Corrected 127. 441. 3026. 51293. 6117. 146971. Evaporative - CONCAWE 1147. Evaporative - CORINAIR 5013. ECE 15-04 (1985-92) Hot Start 129. 377. 2821. 27344. 4004. 134084. Cold Start Corrected 129. 402. 2818. 35818. 4902. 134084. Evoporative - CONCAWE 1154. Evoporative - CORINAIR 4981. nivakac; 5. EKno~mte; ono ~ev~ivokivfjto oxil~oto KOTel TO TOe; 1989 ~e ~ev~ivfj (7psi) - YnoBeTlKn nepitltwofj. ~elw~tvfje; TlTfJTlKOTfJTOe; TSP S02 NOx eo voe Fuel t/y t/y t/y t/y t/y t/y EIX Kat exacppo CPOPTTlYO 569. 2117. 13023. 273811. 27709. 705543. Hot Soak - CONCAWE 593 Diurnal - CONCAWE 1711. Running - CONCAWE Jtf~ Evaporative - CONCAWE 2396. HotSoak - CORINAIR Diurnal - CORINAIR Running - CORINAIR 11359 5622. 5364 Evaporative - CORINAIR 22344 -------------------~----------------------~------------------------- Subtotal - CONCAWE 569. 2117. 13023. 273811. 30104. 705543. Subtotal - CORINAIR 569. 2117. 13023. 273811. 50053. 705543. Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc 53. 71. 66. 13200. 7920. 23760. Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc 14. 11. 9. 2574.~ 1755. 3510. Motorcycles 4 - Stroke>50cc 19. 53. 140. 9360. 1404. 17784. Total- CONCAWE 654. 2252. 13239. 298945. 41183. 750597. Total - CONCAWE 654. 2252. 13239. 298945. 61132. 750597. Gasolines Leaded Gasolines Unleaded 750597. O.

148 T&XVIKQ XpOVIKQ loualoc;-auvouaroc; '95 nivakac; 6. EKnOJ.lnec: one ~e:v~lvoklvl1ta OX~J.lOTO KOTa TO etoc: 1992. T8P 80 2 NOx eo voe Fuel tjy tjy tjy tjy tjy tjy EIX KQl EAO<ppO <P0PTTWO 643. 2270. 11749. 225576. 24855. 830096. Hot Soak - CONCAWE 1305. Diurnal - CONCAWE 3117. Running - CONCAWE 197. -------- Evaporative - CONCAWE 4619. HotSoak - CORINAIR Diurnal - CORINAIR Running - CORINAIR 10107. 5042. 4777. -------- Evaporative - CORINAIR 19926. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal- CONCAWE 643. 2270. 11749. 225576. 29474. 830096. Subtotal - CORINAIR 643. 2270. 11749. 225576. 44781, 830096. Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc 71. 96t 89. 17700. 17700. 31860. Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc 19. 14. 12. 3432. 2340. 4680. Motorcycles 4 - Stroke>50cc 25. 72. 189. 12600. 1890. 23940. Total- CONCAWE 758. 2451. 12039. 259308. 44324. 890576. Total - CONCAWE 758. 2451. 12039. 259308. 59631. 890576. Gasolines Leaded Gasolines Unleaded 669868. 220708. nivakac; 7. KOTOVOIl~ e:knollnwv KOTa KOTl1yoplo ~e:v~lvokivl1tou OX~J.lOTOC: TO etoc: 19929. EIX KQl EAmppo <IloPTllYO PRE ECE (-1971) Hot Start 10. 49. 238. 6523. 585. 17616. Cold Start Corrected 10. 53. 237. 8545. 716. 17616. Evaporative - CONCAWE 94. Evorative - CORINAIR 410. ECE 15-00/01 (1972-77) Hot Start 86. 363. 1978. 41236 3882. 129241. Cold Start Corrected 86. 388. 1976. 54014. 4753. 129241, Evoporative - CONCAWE 780. Evoporative - CORINAIR 3410. ECE 15-02 (1978-80) Hot Start 87. 301. 1922. 35602. 3695 107051. Cold Start Corrected 87. 321. 1920. 46634. 4524. 107051. Evaporative - CONCAWE 784. Evaporative - CORINAIR 3425. ECE 15-03 (1981-84) Hot Start 128. 443. 3053. 42449. 5447. 157809.

IOUAlo~-AuyouOTO~ '95 TeXVIKQ XPOVtKQ 149 Cold Start Corrected 128. 473. 3050. 55603. 6669. 157809. Evaporative - CONCAWE 1156. Evaporative - CORINAIR 5049. ECE 15-04 (1985-92) Hot Start 180. 555. 3872. 41696. 6072. 197672. Cold Start Corrected 180. 593. 3868 54617. 7434. 197672. Evoporative - CONCAWE 1612. Evoporative - CORINAIR 6958. 3way Open Loop CATALYST Hot Start 15. 44. 222. 2143. 227. 23444. Cold Start Corrected 15. 47. 258. 2547. 289. 23444. Evoporative - CONCAWE 142. Evaporative - CORINAIR 597. 3way Open Loop CATALYST Hot Start 136. 369. 204. 988. 8t 197263. Cold Start Corrected 136. 395. 440. 3615. 471. 197263. Evoporative - CONCAWE 51. Evaporative - CORINAIR 76. nivaka~ 8. EKnollnec; ano ~E:V~lVOKivnTa OXnllaTa Kani TO etoc; 1992 1lE: ~E:v~ivn lle:lwllevnc; mntlkiltnmc; (7psi) - Yno9E:TlKn nepimwoi1. T8P 80 2 NOx CO VOC Fuel fly fly fly fly fly fly EIX Kal Ao<ppa q>opttjya 643. 2270. 11749. 225576. 24855. 830096. Hot Soak - CONCAWE 563. Diurnal- CONCAWE 1541. Running - CONCAWE 82. -------- Evaporative - CONCAWE 2186. HotSoak - CORINAIR 10107. Diurnal - CORINAIR 5042. Running - CORINAIR 4777. -------- Evaporative - CORINAIR 19926. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal - CONCAWE 643. 2270. 11749. 225576. 27041. 830096. Subtotal- CORINAIR 643. 2270. 11749. 225576. 44781. 830096. Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc 71. 961. 89. 17700. 10620. 31860. Motorcycles 2 - Stroke<50cc 19. 14. 12. 3432. 2340. 4680. Motorcycles 4 - Stroke>50cc 25. 72. 189. 12600. 1890. 23940. Total - CONCAWE 758. 2451. 12039. 259308. 41891. 890576. Total- CONCAWE 758. 2451. 12039. 259308. 59631. 890576. Gasolines Leaded Gasolines Unleaded 669868. 220708.

150 TEXVIKa XpOVIKa 10UAIO~-AUyoUOTO~ '95 BI~Aloypacpia 1. Lohrer, W. (1984). Control of VOC Emissions from Industrial and Architectural Surface Coating. PERPA. 2. Andreadis, A., J. Skotaras, J. Voutsinas, and A. Kotidou. (1985). Control of VOC Emissions from Industrial and Architectural Surface Coating. PERPA. 3. McArragher, J.S. et al. (1987). An Investigation into Evaporative Hydrocarbon Emissions from European Vehicles. CONCAWE. Report No. 87/60. 4. EAAllvlKa AIUAloT~pla Aonponupyou. (1989). npo 5IaypQ(pE~ npolovntlv netpeaa[ou EOWTEPIK~~ Ayop6.~. 5. BUPQ~, A., A. Aaf.laOKO~, A. KOuvToupa~, r. raf3f3a Vll~ Kat b.. lijuaao~, (1990). AVTlppunavTlK~ TEXVO Aoy[a - ruvn;plloll 'EAEYXO~ Kat EmoKEu~ AUToKl V~TWV TEXVIKO Emf.lEAlln;plo EAACti5o~. 6. Eagleton, H.S., at al. (1989). CORINAIR Working Group on Emission Factors for Calculating 1985 Emissions from Road Traffic. Vol. 1: Methodology and Emission Factors. Contract No. 88/6611/0067. CEC. DG-XI. 7. Taxui5p6f.lo~ (1990). Emi5EivwOI'] TIl~ ATIlOOqlalplK~~ Punavoll~ ~ Emf3apuvOI'] TOU KpaTlKou npoonoao YIOI.IOU. OIKOVOIlIKO~ Taxuop61l0~. 13 AEKEIlf3piou 1990. rea. 52-112. 8. OIKovollonouAo~, A.n. (1990). AVQAUOIl Euato91lo[a~ TWV Enmti5wv PunavOI']~ TIl~ A9~va~ 'EvavTl MtTpwv EMyxou Kat KUKAOql0PIOKWV neplopl Ollwv/BtATlOTO rx~1l0to AloXEiplOIl~. TEXNIKA. TEUXO~ 50, o. 4-15 KOl 94-98. 9. Smith, T.M., (March 4, 1993). Memorandum on the Release of EPA Report «MTBE-Oxygenated Gasolines and Public Health Issues». Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. EPA. Washington, D.C. 10. Calvert, J.G., J.B. Heywood, R.F. Sawyer, and J.H. Seinfeld, (1993). Achieving Acceptable Air Quality: Some Reflections on Controlling Vehicle Emissions. Science. Vol 262, 2 July 1993. 11. Economopoulos, A.P. (1993). Control of Air Emissions at Source. WHO/EMRO. Regional Workshop on Prevention of Environmental Pollution at Source. 20-23 September 1993. 12. ruvi5eollo~ EAMvwv AVTlnpoownwv AUTOKIVnTWV, (1993). Anooupoll 1 nopeio npo~ TO 2000. r.e.a.a.