The Fuel Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum Stalk

19 7Π8 2007 8 PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY Vol. 19 No. 7Π8 Aug., 2007 3 3 3 ( 100083) 4 :TK6 ; S21612 : A : 10052281X(2007) 07Π821109207 The Fuel Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum Stalk Liu Li Sun Junshe 3 3 Kang Liping Liu Ping (College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China) Abstract The progress of fuel ethanol production from sweet sorghum stalk is introduced in this paper, including methods of preserving raw materials, liquid2state fermentation of juice, solid2stated fermentation of smashed stalks, pretreatment of stalk bagasse and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation ( SSF). The key technologies of converting sweet sorghum stalks into fuel ethanol are discussed in detail, which are raw materials preservation and pretreatment of stalk bagasse. A more economical and feasible process flow, found promising for further investigation is suggested. Key words sweet sorghum ; ethanol ; liquid2state fermentation ; solid2state fermentation ; pretreatments, [1, ], [2 4 ] [7 ], [8 ] [5,6 ] [9 ] C 4, 4,, 102 ( ), [10,11 ] : 2006 5 3 (No. 20436020) 3 3 e2mail :sunjsh61 @163. com

1110 19 [21, 200 ] 500kg, [12,13 1 4 000 5 000kg 18 % 24 % ], 79 % [14, ] [22 ] 4 6, 50 % 1, [15 ] 1 Table 1 Chemical composition a bark [15 ] of sweet sorghum, pith and whole sorghum pith bark cellulose 1214 817 1912 hemicellulose 1012 613 1715 lignin 418 016 818 sucrose 5510 6714 3212 glucose 312 317 214 ash 013 012 015 a The results are expressed as percentage ( %) of dry weight. Mean S. D. between duplicates were less than 10 %, [23 ] [24 ] [25 ],, 1975 [26 ] Eliand [27 ] 24h,, 1978 [28 ] 1982, 1991 [16 ],, : Wyman [17 ] 3 0117 %,, 516 %, [18,19 ], 27 25 40cm 19 [20 ] 90 %, [29 ],, Eckhoff [30 ] 3 ;, (015 % 115 % 310 %) 5 ( - 16 2 12 22 32 )

7Π8 1111 3 ph 1618 % (vπv), Schmidt [31 ] [32 35 ] (enzyme2assisted ensiling), [47 ], 2816 %, Schmidt, [36,37 ] [48 ] [49 ], 66Brix,, [38 ] 3 2,, 1 [50, ] 713 %(vπv) 3 60 % 80 % 2, : [39,40 ] [51,52 ; ] [53 55 ] [41 ] (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 MgSO 4 KH 2 PO 4 CaCl 2 13 % 80 % MgSO 4 CaCl 2 24h, 01298g Πg, 8918 % 1t [42 45, ] 3101t 1995, Mamma 16gΠ100g 31gΠ100g Fusarium oxysporum Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5815 % Fusarium oxysporum Bvochora [46 ] Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( 34gΠ100ml ) 512 814g Π100g

1112 19, [58, ] 1 :, ( < 20 %) 4 70 % 80 % 90 %, [56 ], [57 ] ( 2) 50 % 70 % [59 ] 1 Fig. 1 SEM images of unpretreated and hot2water pretreated [57 ] corn stover [59 ] A : unpretreated corn stover ( 500) ; B : 3h 2 Table 2 Composition of lignocellulosic raw materials a [57 ] enzymatically hydrolyzed, unpretreated corn stover ( 1 000) ; C : hot2water pretreated corn stover ( 500 ) ; D : 3h substrate xylose glucose acid insoluble ash lignin enzymatically hydrolyzed, hot2water pretreated corn stover P. nigra 1710 110 3514 115 2516 015 313 013 ( 1 000) E. globules 1212 019 3610 018 3111 017 316 015 wheat straw sweet sorghum bagasse B. carinata residue 2618 211 3518 113 1617 018 1113 019 2513 116 4416 118 1810 017 418 017 1411 112 3217 119 1817 019 512 016 a The results are expressed as percentage based on dry weight of raw material. Data are mean values of triplicate analysis standard deviation 20 70 (DOE) (NREL) [60 ] [61 ] (SSF) [62,63 ] [64 68 ] 2000, National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ), Auburn University, Dartmouth College, Michigan State University, Purdue University, Texas,, A&M University [69 71 ] 6, NREL,,,

7Π8 1113 [72,73 ] [74,75 ] 78 ] ph 81 ], [76 [79 [82,83 ], [84 ] ;, Mamma [85 ] ;,, ( 2), Manzanares 3 2 5 2 3 [57 ] 3 smashed stalk Table 3 Composition of fibrous residue a of different raw materials after steam explosion pretreatment at selected conditions [57 ] substrate solids recovery P. nigra 6214 012 316 117 (212) E. globules 6219 116 416 210 (219) wheat straw sweet sorghum bagasse B. carinata residue 5010 012 617 110 (313) 6215 114 119 013 (112) 5318 018 418 119 (215) xylose b glucose b acid insoluble lignin b 5210 019 (3214) 5313 117 (3315) 5613 015 (2811) 5219 111 (3310) 5417 017 (2914) 4115 15 (2519) 4415 210 (2810) 3512 014 (1716) 3614 111 (2217) 3611 118 (1914) a The results are expressed as percentage based on dry weight of raw material. Data are mean values of triplicate analysis standard deviation b Data are expressed in brackets as a percentage based on dry weight of raw material sweet sorghum stalk inorganic salts, (xylose + glucose) 70 % 5, 6215 %,,,, 60 % 70 % 6019 % 5,, smash juice fermentation distillation rectification ethanol squeeze C5,6 sugars stalk bagasse pretreatment, hydrolysis residue chemical production, burning 2 Fig. 2 Process flow diagram of conversion of sweet sorghum into fuel ethanol 5,

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