Lecture 2 September 11, 2009 The Periodic Table

Welcome to 3.091 Lecture 2 September 11, 2009 The Periodic Table

Public domain image from Wikimedia.

John Dalton 1803 Public domain image from Wikimedia.

Dalton s Model of the Atom (1803) 1. Matter is composed of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of an element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements have different weights and different chemical properties. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds. 5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. When a compound is decomposed, the atoms are recovered unchanged.

1869 H Li Na K Rb Cs Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Y Ti Zr V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg B Al In Tl C Si Sn Pb N P As Sb Bi O S Se Te Cl He Br I La Ce Th U Tb Er Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

1869 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

principles of modern chemistry: * recognize patterns * develop a quantitative model that explains our observations makes predictions that can be tested by experiment

Comparison of ekasilicon with germanium ekasilicon 72 g/mol 5.5 g/cm 3 high m.p. Es forms EsO 2 which has high m.p. and ρ = 4.7 g/cm 3 EsCl 4 volatile liquid with b.p. < 100ºC and ρ = 1.9 g/cm 3 germanium 72.59 g/mol 5.36 g/cm 3 m.p. = 958ºC Ge forms GeO 2 m.p. = 1100ºC and ρ = 4.70 g/cm 3 GeCl 4 volatile liquid b.p. = 83ºC and ρ = 1.88 g/cm 3

Boiling point vs proton number

Electrical conductivity vs proton number

1.00794 259.34 252.87 0.0899 2.20 13.598 1s 1 Hydrogen 6.941 180.5 1342 0.534 0.98 5.392 [He]2s 1 Lithium 1 IA IA 22.989768 97.72 883 0.97 0.93 5.139 [Ne]3s 1 Sodium 39.0983 63.38 759 0.86 0.82 4.341 [Ar]4s 1 Potassium 85.4678 39.31 688 1.532 0.82 4.177 [Kr]5s 1 Rubidium 132.90543 28.44 671 1.879 0.79 3.894 [Xe]6s 1 Cesium (223.0197) 27 677 0.7 [Rn]7s 1 Francium 1 H 1 3 Li 1 11 Na 1 19 K 1 37 Rb 1 55 Cs 1 87 Fr 1 9.012182 1287 2471 1.8477 1.57 9.322 [He]2s 2 Beryllium 24.3050 650 1090 1.74 1.31 7.646 [Ne]3s 2 Magnesium 40.078 842 1484 1.54 1.00 6.113 [Ar]4s 2 Calcium 87.62 777 1382 2.6 0.95 5.695 [Kr]5s 2 Strontium 137.327 727 1897 3.594 0.89 5.212 [Xe]6s 2 Barium (226.0254) 700 <1140 5.8 0.9 5.279 [Rn]7s 2 Radium 2 IIA IIA 4 Be 2 12 Mg 2 20 Ca 2 38 Sr 2 56 Ba 2 88 Ra 2 3 IIIA IIIB 44.955910 1541 2830 2.989 1.36 6.54 [Ar]3d 14s2 Scandium 88.90585 1526 3336 4.469 1.22 6.38 [Kr]4d 15s2 Yttrium 138.9055 920 3455 * 6.146 1.10 5.577 [Xe]5d 16s2 Lanthanum (227.0278) 1051 3198 10.07 1.1 6.9 [Rn]6d 17s2 Actinium 21 Sc 3 39 Y 3 57 La 3 89 ** Ac 3 47.88 16 8 3287 4.5 1.54 6.82 [Ar]3d 24s2 Titanium 91.224 1855 4409 6.49 1.33 6.84 4 IVA IVB [Kr]4d 25s2 Zirconium 178.49 2233 72 4603 13.31 1.3 Hf 4 7.0 [Xe]4f 145d26s2 Hafnium (261) 104 Rf 4 [Rn]5f 146d27s2 Rutherfordium** 5 6 7 8 VA VIA VIIA VIIIA VB VIB VIIB VIII 50.9415 51.9961 54.93805 55.847 22 1910 23 1907 24 1246 25 1538 26 3,4 3407 2,3,4,5 2671 2,3,6 2061 2,3,4,6,7 2861 5.96 7.20 7.47 7.86 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 V Cr Mn 6.74 6.766 7.435 7.870 Fe 2,3 [Ar]3d 34s2 [Ar]3d 54s1 [Ar]3d 54s2 [Ar]3d 64s2 Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron 92.90638 95.94 (97.9072) 101.07 40 2477 41 2623 42 2157 43 2334 44 4744 4639 4265 4150 8.57 10.2 11.5 12.3 1.6 2.16 1.9 2.2 Nb 3,5 2,3,4,5,6 Mo Tc 7 2,3,4,6,8 Ru 6.9 7.099 7.28 7.37 [Kr]4d 45s1 [Kr]4d 55s1 [Kr]4d 55s2 [Kr]4d 75s1 Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 3017 73 3422 74 3186 75 3033 76 5458 5555 5596 5012 16.6 19.35 20.5 22.61 1.5 2.36 1.9 2.2 Ta 5 2,3,4,5,6 1,2,4,6,7 2,3,4,6,8 W Re Os 7.89 7.98 7.88 8.7 [Xe]4f 145d36s2 Tantalum [Xe]4f 145d46s2 Tungsten [Xe]4f 145d56s2 Rhenium [Xe]4f 145d66s2 Osmium (262) (263) (262) 107 (265) 105 106 108 Bh Db Sg Hs [Rn]5f 146d37s2 [Rn]5f 146d47s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 Dubnium** Seaborgium** Bohrium** Hassium** Ti Zr 4 58.93320 1495 2927 8.92 1.88 7.86 [Ar]3d 74s2 Cobalt 102.90550 1964 3695 12.4 2.28 7.46 [Kr]4d 85s1 Rhodium 192.22 2446 4428 22.65 2.20 9.1 9 VIIIA VIII [Xe]4f 145d76s2 Iridium 58.6934 1455 2913 8.90 1.91 Co 2,3 Ni 7.635 [Ar]3d 84s2 Nickel 106.42 45 1554.9 46 2963 12.02 2.20 Rh 2,3,4 Pd 2,4 8.34 [Kr]4d 10 Palladium 195.08 77 1768.4 78 2,3,4,6 3825 21.45 2.28 Ir Pt 9.0 (266) [Rn]5f 146d77s2 Meitnerium** 27 109 Mt [Xe]4f 145d96s1 Platinum (269) 10 VIIIA VIII 110 Uun [Rn]5f 146d97s1 Ununnilium 63.546 28 1084.62 29 2,3 2562 8.94 1.90 Cu 1,2 7.726 [Ar]3d 104s1 Copper 107.8582 961.78 2162 10.5 1.93 7.576 [Kr]4d 105s1 Silver 196.96654 1064.18 79 2,4 2856 19.31 2.54 Au 1,3 9.225 [Xe]4f 145d106s1 Gold (272) 11 IB IB 47 Ag 1 111 Uuu [Rn]5f 146d107s1 Unununium 65.39 419.53 907 7.14 25% 1.65 9.394 [Ar]3d 104s2 Zinc 112.411 321.07 767 8.642 1.69 8.993 [Kr]4d 105s2 Cadmium 200.59 38.83 356.73 13.546 2.00 10.437 [Xe]4f 145d106s2 Mercury (277) 12 IIB IIB 30 Zn 2 48 Cd 2 80 Hg 1,2 112 Uub [Rn]5f 146d107s2 Ununbium 10.811 2075 4000 2.31 2.04 8.298 [He]2s 2p1 Boron 26.981539 660.32 2519 2.702 1.61 5.986 [Ne]3s 2p1 Aluminum 69.723 29.76 2204 6.095 1.81 5.999 [Ar]3d 104s2p1 Gallium 114.818 156.60 2072 7.30 1.78 5.786 [Kr]4d 105s2p1 Indium 204.3833 304 1473 11.85 2.04 6.108 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p1 Thallium 13 IIIB IIIA Ununtrium 5 B 3 13 Al 3 31 12.011 4492 TP 3825 SP 2.25 2.55 11.260 [He]2s 2p2 Carbon 72.61 938.25 2833 5.35 2.01 Ge 4 7.899 [Ar]3d 104s2p2 Germanium 118.710 49 231.93 50 2602 7.28 1.96 Sn 2,4 7.344 [Kr]4d 105s2p2 Tin 207.2 81 327.46 82 1,3 1749 11.34 2.33 Pb 2,4 7.416 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p2 Lead Ga 3 In 3 Tl 113 Uut (285) 14 IVB IVA 28.0855 1414 3265 2.33 1.90 8.151 [Ne]3s 2p2 Silicon 6 2, 4 C 14 Si 4 32 114 Uuq [Rn]5f 146d107s27p2 Ununquadium 74.92159 817 TP 614 SP 5.727 25o C 2.18 9.81 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 Arsenic 121.757 630.63 1587 6.684 25o C 2.05 8.641 [Kr]4d 105s2p3 Antimony 208.98037 271.40 1564 9.78 2.02 7.289 78.96 79.904 83.80 33 221 34 7.2 35 157.36 36 685 58.6 153.22 4.81 3.119 3.74 2.55 2.96 As 3,5 Se Br Kr 9.752 11.814 13.999 [Ar]3d 104s2p4 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 [Ar]3d 104s2p5 Selenium Bromine Krypton 127.60 126.90447 131.29 51 449.51 52 113.7 53 111.75 54 988 184.4 108.04 6.25 4.93 5.89 2.1 2.66 Sb Te 1,5,7 I Xe 9.009 10.451 12.130 [Kr]4d 105s2p4 [Kr]4d 105s2p5 [Kr]4d 105s2p6 Tellurium Iodine Xenon (208.9824) (209.9871) (222.0176) 83 254 84 85 302 71 86 962 337 61.7 9.196 9.73 2.0 2.2 Bi Po 2,4 1,3,5,7 At Rn 8.42 10.748 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p4 Polonium [Xe]4f 145d106s2p5 Astatine [Xe]4f 145d106s2p6 Radon [Xe]4f 145d106s2p3 Bismuth 15 VB VA 14.00674 210.00 195.79 1.25046 3.04 14.534 [He]2s 2p3 Nitrogen 30.973762 44.15 277 1.82 2.19 10.486 [Ne]3s 2p3 Phosphorus 115 Uup Ununpentium 7 2, 3,4,5 N 15 3,4,5 P (289) 16 VIB VIA 15.9994 218.79 182.95 1.429 3.44 13.618 [He]2s 2p4 Oxygen 32.066 115.21 444.60 2.07 2.58 10.360 [Ne]3s 2p4 Sulfur 8 O 2 16 2,4,6 S 116 Uuh [Rn]5f 146d107s27p4 Ununhexium 17 VIIB VIIA 18.9984032 219.62 188.12 1.69 3.96 17.422 [He]2s 2p5 Fluorine 35.4527 101.5 34.04 3.214 3.16 12.967 [Ne]3s 2p5 Chlorine 117 Uus Ununseptium 9 F 1 17 1,3,5,7 Cl 18 VIII 0 4,002602 272.226 atm 268.93 0.1785 24.587 1s 2 Helium 20.1797 248.59 246.08 0.9002 21.564 [He]2s 2p6 Neon 39.948 189.35 185.85 1.784 15.759 [Ne]3s 2p6 Argon (293) 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 118 Uuo [Rn]5f 146d107s27p6 Ununoctium * ** 140.115 799 3424 6.770 1.12 5.466 [Xe]4f 15d16s2 Cerium 232.0381 1750 4788 11.72 1.3 6.08 [Rn]6d 27s2 Thorium 58 Ce 3,4 90 Th 4 140.90765 931 3510 6.773 1.13 5.422 [Xe]4f 36s2 Praseodymium 231.03588 1572 15.37 1.5 5.89 [Rn]5f 26d17s2 Protactinium 144.24 (144.9127) 59 1016 60 1042 61 3066 3000 7.00 7.254 1.14 1.13 Pr 3,4 5.489 Nd 3 5.554 Pm 3 [Xe]4f 46s2 [Xe]4f 56s2 Neodymium Promethium 238.0289 (237.0482) 91 1135 92 644 93 4131 3,4,5,6 3,4,5,6 19.05+0.02 20.45 1.38 1.36 Pa 4,5 6.05 U 6.19 Np [Rn]5f 36d17s2 [Rn]5f 46d17s2 Uranium Neptunium 150.36 1072 1790 7.536 1.17 5.631 [Xe]4f 56s2 Samarium (244.0642) 640 3228 19.816 1.28 5.8 [Rn]5f 67s2 Plutonium 62 Sm 2,3 94 3,4,5,6 Pu 151.965 822 1596 5.244 1.2 5.666 [Xe]4f 76s2 Europium (243.0614) 1176 2507 13.67 1.3 5.993 [Rn]5f 77s2 Americium 63 Eu 2,3 95 3,4,5,6 Am 157.25 1314 3264 7.901 1.20 6.141 [Xe]4f 75d16s2 Gadolinium (247.0703) 1345 13.51 1.3 6.02 [Rn]5f 76d17s2 Curium 64 Gd 3 96 Cm 3 158.92534 1359 3221 8.230 1.2 5.842 [Xe]4f 96s2 Terbium (247.0703) 1050 14.78 1.3 6.23 [Rn]5f 97s2 Berkelium 65 Tb 3,4 97 Bk 3,4 162.50 1411 2561 8.551 1.22 5.927 [Xe]4f 106s2 Dysprosium (251.0796) 900 1.3 6.30 [Rn]5f 107s2 Californium 66 Dy 3 98 Cf 3 164.93032 1472 2694 8.80 1.23 6.018 [Xe]4f 116s2 Holmium (252.083) 860 1.3 6.42 [Rn]5f 117s2 Einsteinium 67 Ho 3 99 Es 3 167.26 1529 2862 9.066 1.24 6.101 [Xe]4f 126s2 Erbium (257.0951) 1527 1.3 6.50 [Rn]5f 127s2 Fermium 68 Er 3 100 Fm 3 69 70 71 168.93421 1545 173.04 824 174.967 1663 1946 1194 3393 9.321 6.966 9.84 1.25 1.1 1.27 6.18436Tm 6.25394Yb 5.42589 [Xe]4f 136s2 Thulium [Xe]4f 146s2 Ytterbium [Xe]4f 145d16s2 Lutetium (258.10) (259.1009) (252.11) 827 101 827 102 1627 1.3 1.3 Md 2,3 No 2,3 6.58 6.65 [Rn]5f 137s2 [Rn]5f 147s2 [Rn]5f 146d17s2 Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Lu 3 103 Lr 3 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

the superheavies (269) 110 Uun [Rn]5f 14 6d 9 7s 1 Ununnilium (272) 111 (277) 112 113 Uuu [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 1 Unununium Uub [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 Ununbium Ununtrium Uut (285) 114 Uuq [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 7p 2 Ununquadium 115 Uup Ununpentium (289) 116 Uuh [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 7p 4 Ununhexium 117 Uus Ununseptium (293) 118 Uuo [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 7p 6 Ununoctium Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Naming the Superheavy Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 nil un bi tri quad pent + ium hex sept oct enn

111 unununium Uuu 112 ununbium Uub 113 ununtrium Uut 114 ununquadium Uuq 115 ununpentium Uup 116 ununhexium Uuh 117 ununseptium Uus 118 ununoctium Uuo 119 ununenium Uue 120 unbinilium Ubn

(266) 109 (269) 110 (272) 111 (277) 112 113 Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uut [Rn]5f 14 6d 7 7s 2 [Rn]5f 14 6d 9 7s 1 [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 1 [Rn]5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium 110 Ds 111 Rg Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Darmstadtium Roentgenium

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Strathern, Paul. Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001. ISBN: 9780312262044.

Table 1.1 The Structure of the Atom particle symbol charge (C) mass (kg) electron e 1.6 10 19 9.11 10 31 proton p + +1.6 10 19 1.673 10 27 neutron n o 0 1.675 10 27

12.011 4492TP 3825SP 2.25 2.55 11.260 [He]2s 2 p 2 Carbon 6 2,+4 C Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Atomizer Telescope + _ X Electrically charged condenser plates Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909) Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Atomizer Telescope!!! radiation source Electrically charged condenser plates Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909) Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Kroll Reaction TiCl 4 Mg TiCl 4 (g) Mg(l) Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Kroll Reaction T = 900 o C Reaction site TiCl 4 (g) Mg(l) Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Kroll Reaction T = 900 o C TiCl 4 (g) Mg(l) MgCl 2 (l) Ti(S) Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Titanium sponge produced by the Kroll Process: TiCl4 + 2 Mg = 2 MgCl2 + Ti giant ingot of titanium

Aleksandr P. BORODIN composer and member of The Five : Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky, and RimskyKorsakov professor of chemistry, MedicoSurgical Academy, St. Petersburg friend of Mendeleyev today s selection: Polovtsian Dance No. 17 from Prince Igor

D.I. Mendeleyev (1834 1907) image made during the 60s showing him as he was at the time he enunciated the Table of the Elements source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.