Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα

Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 1

Atmospheric structure and composition 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 2

Air Pollutant Contaminant that affects human life, plant life, animal life and property could be termed as an air pollutant. Introduction of a non-physical chemical Change of the composition of the natural atmosphere (e.g.co 2 increase) Air pollutants are classified into two categories: Primary pollutants: These pollutants are emitted from a source directly into the atmosphere. e.g. Sulfur dioxide and Hydrocarbons Secondary pollutants: These are formed due to the chemical reaction among two or more pollutants. e.g. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN ) 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 3

The problem of air pollution Τί είναι ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση? Ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση ορίζεται η μεταβολή της σύστασης ατμόσφαιρας, είτε από την είσοδο ενώσεων που δεν υπάρχουν στη φυσική της σύσταση, είτε από μεταβολή της συγκέντρωσης υπαρχόντων ενώσεων Κλίμακες του προβλήματος Παγκόσμια (παγκόσμια θέρμανση, μείωση στρατοσφαιρικού όζοντος) Περιφερειακή (όξινη βροχή) Τοπική Αστική Κλίμακα δρόμου Ρύπανση εσωτερικών χώρων Οι κυριότεροι ατμοσφαιρικοί ρύποι είναι: Το Διοξείδιο του Θείου (SO 2 ) Το Μονοξείδιο του Άνθρακα (CO) Τo Διοξείδιo του Αζώτου (NO 2 ) Το Όζον (O 3 ) Τα Αιωρούμενα Σωματίδια (κυρίως PM 2.5, PM 1 ) Το Βενζόλιο (C 6 H 6 ) Ο Μόλυβδος (Pb) Το διοξείδιο του Άνθρακα (CO 2 ) σε συγκέντρωση ανώτερη της φυσιολογικής Πηγές ατμοσφαιρικών ρύπων: Ανθρωπογενείς πηγές Βιομηχανική δραστηριότητα Παραγωγή ενέργειας Μεταφορές Οικιακή θέρμανση Χρήση καταναλωτικών προίόντων Φυσικές πηγές Βιογενείς εκπομπές Ηφαίστεια Επιπτώσεις ατμοσφαιρικής ρύπανσης Ανθρώπινη υγεία Οικοσύστημα - Βιόσφαιρα Τεχνητό περιβάλλον 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 4

Air pollution scales Global warming Global & regional scale Acid rain Urban scale Street canyon Indoor pollution 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 5

Major air pollutants Particulate matter (UFPs, PM 1, PM 2.5, PM 1 ) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Ozon (O 3 ) Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) Lead (Pb) (CO 2 ) at levels beyond normal 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 6

Source Classification Transportation sources: Includes emissions from transportation sources during the combustion process Stationary combustion sources: These sources produce only energy and the emission is a result of fuel combustion Industrial sources: These sources emit pollutants during the manufacturing of products Solid waste Disposal: Includes facilities that dispose off unwanted trash Miscellaneous: sources that do no fit in any of the above categories like, coal mining etc. Natural sources: Volcanos 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 7

Air pollution effects 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 8

Eras of Air Pollution Pre-Industrial Era Early-Industrial Era Early 2 th Century Late 2 th Century Early 21 st Century 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 9

Units for measurement of Air Pollution There are two units of measurement. They are as follows: µg/m 3 and ppm (parts per million) At 25 C and 1 atm At C and at a pressure of 76 cm of Hg, volume of the air is 22.41 l/mol. To obtain volume at any temperature, use gas law P 1 V 1 /T 1 = P 2 V 2 /T 2 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 1

Atmospheric processes 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 11

Atmospheric processes 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 12

Atmospheric processes 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 13

Atmospheric processes Air pollution modelling Navier-Stokes equation Emissions inventory C t i Transportation ( ) ( ) = VC + K C + P L C + S R i i i i i i i Dispersion Chemical transformation Emissions Removal Emissions model Emissions process Emissions control Air quality model Air quality assessment Meteorological data Meteorological model Meteorology process 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 14

Indoor Box models Environmental Air pollution models Outdoor Gauss models Empirical models ANN models dc = + + dt dc2 V = Q Ca C + E kc V + Q C C dt ( ) ( ) 1 V Q Ca C1 E 1 kc1v 1 Q1 2 C2 C1 ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models ( z h) ( z h) ( y) Q 2 + 2 2 C( xyz,, ) exp + exp + exp 2 2 2 2πuσσ y z 2σ z 2σ z 2σ z Lagrange Euler c = + + t 2 V c D c S Air pollution models CALINE 4 OSPM STREET CALTOX SILAM CMAQ REMSAD UAM-V CAMx PHOΕNIX FEM3MP ANSYS-CFX INTERA t ( ) ( ) ρφ + div ρυφ ΓΦgradΦ = SΦ FEM3MP CFD model Choosing a model: Nature and complexity of the problem Input data limitations Computational cost 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 15

Air pollution study fields One model approach (US EPA) Nested gridding All sources and processes are taken into account simultaneously Mobile Sources NOx, VOC, Toxics (Cars, trucks, airplanes, boats, etc.) Industrial Sources Chemistry Ozone PM Acid Rain NOx, VOC, SOx, Toxics (Power plants, factories, refineries/chemical plants, etc.) Area Sources Meteorology Visibility Air Toxics Atmospheric Deposition Development of algorithms for adapting the problem on the proper scale NOx, VOC, Toxics (Homes, small business, farming equipment, etc.) 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 16

Air quality assessment Analytical methods Remote sensing Satellites LIDAR Beta attenuation High importance of spatial and temporal resolution Passive sampling Active sampling 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 17

Integrated system for air pollution monitoring EO data Emission inventory Image processing AQ and Met data AOT Atmospheric dispersion model Data Fusion Z 2 =C PM (b scat,rh) σ z2 =cost Model Fusion σ z1 =f(w) Z 1 =C PM (Mod) K=σ 2 z1/(σ 2 z1+σ 2 z2) C K PM =Z 1+K(Z 2 -Z 1 ) 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 18

Human exposure assessment High importance of spatial and temporal resolution Passive sampling Active sampling Direct measurements Calculation based on the respective concentration levels of the locations encountered and the residence time CT = fn Cn n 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 19

Outdoor air Air quality models validation Indoor air Measured PM concentrations INDOORTRON Modelled PM concentrations Models fusion 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab INDOORTRON Enve-Lab, modelled 215 in ANSYS-CFX 2

Particulate matter Chemical speciation Emissions inventory PM sampler Chemical exctraction Positive matrix factorization Principal Component Analysis Regression analysis Beta-Attenuation Source apportionment Lidar 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 21

Biomass in Thessaloniki Practical example 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 22

25 2 15 1 5 Nasopharyngeal Trach eo bro nchial Pulmonary bronchioles Nasopharyngeal Trach eo bro nchial Pulmonary bronchioles Traffic Urban backgroun d 25 2 15 1 5 Nasopharyngeal Trach eo bro nchial Pulmonary bronchioles Nasopharyngeal Trach eo bro nchial Pulmonary bronchioles Traffic Urban backgroun d Environmental Biomass in Thessaloniki Practical example Meteorological parameters prediction Temperature Humidity Wind speed Wind direction Precipitation Index Region specific oxidative potential index Index Lung cancer risk Indoor concentrations 1 PM PM day before 2 ANN Forecasted Ambient air PM Measured HRT deposition + INTERA comp. platform Dynamics in time n Population exposure Ambient air PM monitoring network Database Training loop Anthropometric data Time activity data Housing data Health impact Chemical analysis Source apportionment (e.g. Levoglucosan, BC, metals) Refined risk assessment (e.g. PAHs analysis, redox activity) 15 12 9 6 3 Urban background Other sources Biomass Monetary impact 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 23

Sampling sites (1/212 4/213) Sampling filters Before After Urban background station Traffic station 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 24

PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 PM2.5 PM1 Environmental Traffic site October-December 212 Measurements (1/12 4/13) 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 PM2.5 PM1 Urban background site October-December 212 4 4 2 2 PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Traffic site January-April 213 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Urban background site January-April 213 2 2 5/1/213 7/1/213 9/1/213 11/1/213 13/1/213 15/1/213 17/1/213 19/1/213 21/1/213 23/1/213 25/1/213 27/1/213 29/1/213 31/1/213 2/2/213 4/2/213 6/2/213 8/2/213 1/2/213 12/2/213 14/2/213 16/2/213 18/2/213 2/2/213 22/2/213 24/2/213 26/2/213 28/2/213 2/3/213 4/3/213 6/3/213 8/3/213 1/3/213 12/3/213 14/3/213 16/3/213 18/3/213 2/3/213 22/3/213 24/3/213 26/3/213 28/3/213 3/3/213 1/4/213 3/4/213 5/4/213 7/4/213 9/4/213 11/4/213 13/4/213 15/4/213 5/1/213 7/1/213 9/1/213 11/1/213 13/1/213 15/1/213 17/1/213 19/1/213 21/1/213 23/1/213 25/1/213 27/1/213 29/1/213 31/1/213 2/2/213 4/2/213 6/2/213 8/2/213 1/2/213 12/2/213 14/2/213 16/2/213 18/2/213 2/2/213 22/2/213 24/2/213 26/2/213 28/2/213 2/3/213 4/3/213 6/3/213 8/3/213 1/3/213 12/3/213 14/3/213 16/3/213 18/3/213 2/3/213 22/3/213 24/3/213 26/3/213 28/3/213 3/3/213 1/4/213 3/4/213 5/4/213 7/4/213 9/4/213 11/4/213 13/4/213 15/4/213 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 25

Levoglucosan and black carbon 8 7 Levoglucosan - Biomass burning tracer 8 7 Black Carbon- Fossil fuels combustion tracer Levoglucosan (μg/m 3 ) 6 5 4 3 2 Black carbon (μg/m 3 ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Urban background Traffic Urban background Traffic 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 26

Biomass contribution to PM1 15 Traffic site Other sources 15 Urban background Other sources Biomass Biomass 12 12 PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 9 6 9 6 3 3 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 27

ANN model performance 12 Urban background PM1 Urban Background PM2.5 Urban Background 12 Traffic PM1 Traffic PM2.5 Traffic Predicted (μg/m 3 ) 9 6 R² =.7776 R² =.7559 Predicted (μg/m 3 ) 9 6 R² =.7559 R² =.72 3 3 3 6 9 12 Observed (μg/m 3 ) 3 6 9 12 Observed (μg/m 3 ) 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 28

Indoor PM concentrations 25 5%-95% 2 Median Mean Indoor PM (μg/m 3 ) 15 1 5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 Measured Modeled 212 Modeled 211 Measured Modeled 212 Modeled 211 Measured Modeled 212 Modeled 211 Without fireplace With fireplace Warm period Cold period 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 29

PM exposure 25 5%-95% Exposure to PM (μg/m 3 ) 2 15 1 5 Median Mean PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 PM1 PM2.5 212 211 212 211 212 211 Fireplace Warm period Cold period 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 3

Indoor PM concentrations during open fireplaces operation PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 1.4 1.2 1..8.6.4.2 PM.5-.7μm no fireplace with fireplace PM concentration (μg/m 3 ).8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 PM.7-1μm no fireplace with fireplace. 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour. 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 PM 1-5μm no fireplace with fireplace PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PM 5-1μm no fireplace with fireplace 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 31

Intra-day PM exposure variability PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Outdoor Indoor (home) Exposure Exposure (Inh. Coef) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 Time of the day 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 32

PAHs and cancer risk Urban ΤΕQ/[PM] (1-2 ng/μg) Traffic PM 1. PM 2.5 PM 1 PM 1. PM 2.5 PM 1 11.3 9.49 7.53 13.5 1.4 7.51 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 33

PM concentration (μg/m 3 ) 12 9 6 3 Environmental UFPs PM1 PM2.5 PM1 UFPs PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Traffic PM concentrations 25%-75% Region specific oxidative potential index Urban background Median Mean PM mass (μg) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Nasopharyngeal Tracheobronchial Traffic HRT deposition Pulmonary bronchioles 25%-75% Median Mean Nasopharyngeal Tracheobronchial Urban background Pulmonary bronchioles.35 ROS (DDT activity) 25 Region specific oxidative potential index ROS (pmol/min/μg).28.21.14.7 25%-75% Median Mean Index 2 15 1 5 25%-75% Median Mean. UFPs PM1 PM2.5 PM1 UFPs PM1 PM2.5 PM1 Traffic Urban background Nasopharyngeal Tracheobronchial Pulmonary bronchioles Traffic Nasopharyngeal Tracheobronchial Pulmonary bronchioles Urban background 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 34

Cases (#) Cases (#) 3 25 2 15 1 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 Environmental 211 212 211 212 1 Warm period (8 months) Mortality (annual) Health impact assessment Mortality and morbidity 2 Cold period (4 months) 211 212 211 212 1 Warm period (8 months) 3 4 Cardiovascular hospital admissions 2 Cold period (4 months) 3 4 Cases (#) Cases (#) 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 211 212 211 212 1 Warm period (8 months) Chronic bronchitis new cases 211 212 211 212 1 Warm period (8 months) 2 Cold period (4 months) 3 Respiratory hospital admissions (annual) 2 Cold period (4 months) 3 4 4 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 35

Monetary cost (16 ) Monetary cost (1 6 ) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 3 2 1 Environmental 211 212 211 212 1 2 3 4 Warm period (8 months) Mortality cost Monetary impact assessment Mortality and morbidity Cold period (4 months) Cardiovascular hospital admissions cost Monetary cost (1 6 ) Cases (#) 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 211 212 211 212 1 Warm period (8 months) Chronic bronchitis new cases cost 2 Cold period (4 months) 3 Cardiovascular hospital admissions 4 211 212 211 212 1 2 3 4 211 212 211 212 1 2 3 4 Warm period (8 months) Cold period (4 months) Warm period (8 months) Cold period (4 months) 6. Μηχανική ποιότητας αέρα Enve-Lab Enve-Lab, 215 36