3.1 DETECTION AND MAPPING OF HYDROCARBON RESOURCES

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Επιχειρησιακό Πρόγραμμα Εκπαίδευση και ια Βίου Μάθηση Πρόγραμμα ια Βίου Μάθησης ΑΕΙ για την Επικαιροποίηση Γνώσεων Αποφοίτων ΑΕΙ: Σύγχρονες Εξελίξεις στις Θαλάσσιες Κατασκευές Α.Π.Θ. Πολυτεχνείο Κρήτης 3.1 DETECTION AND MAPPING OF HYDROCARBON RESOURCES Gregory N. Tsokas Professor of Exploration Geophysics Lab., School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, gtsokas@geo.auth.gr

Reconnaissance geophysical methods Aeromagnetic survey detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Aeromagnetic survey on behalf of Institute for Geology and Mineral Research ABEM survey (1966) Airborne magnetometric survey Total field intensity Airborne radiometric survey Total radiation intensity Intensities of the K-, U-, and Th- radiations Specifications Flight height ~275m drape Line spacing between flight lines 800m Map compilation processing and interpretation: Exploration Geophysics Lab., Aristotle University- GETECH (Leeds,U.K.) Σταμπολίδης Α., Τσόκας Γ., Αγγελόπουλος Α. Αερομαγνητικός χάρτης Μακεδονίας Θράκης, ΙΓΜΕ Τομέας Γεωφυσικής ΑΠΘ, 1997.

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Airborne survey by Furgo-LCT on behalf of Triton Hellas Aeromagnetic survey Western Greece 1997 Specifications: Flight height ~120m above ground

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Furgo LCT (1997) Fugro Airborne Surveys Aero Commander 500 VH FGZ

Reconnaissance geophysical methods Gravity survey detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Gravity survey

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources REFLECTION SEISMICS

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources REFLECTION SEISMICS EXPLOSIVE SOURCES

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources REFLECTION SEISMICS EXPLOSIVE SOURCES

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources REFLECTION SEISMICS Hydraulic Vibrators (Vibroseis TM )

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources REFLECTION SEISMICS Hydraulic Vibrators (Vibroseis TM )

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources VIBROSEIS TM

MINI sosi detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources UPGOING VIBROSEIS SWEEP DOWNGOING VIBROSEIS SWEEP USUALLY from 4 to about 80 Hz

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Advantage of tapered sweep

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Principle of autocorrelation

Our Earth model =a series of Kronecker s functions

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Geophone: the seismic energy transducer Source : http://seismicinstruments.com

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources ΣΥΣΤΟΙΧΙΑ ΓΕΩΦΩΝΩΝ Πηγή: http://seismicinstruments.com

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

Air gun detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

Hydrophone streamer detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

Hydrophone streamer deployed detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Usual streamer specifications : Length 10 km Depth below sea surface 15-25 m Geophone spacing 12.5 m High cut filters Low cut filters GEOSTREAMER

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Digitization Sampling interval τ Conversion of decimal numbers to binary Recording on magnetic tape

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Data are arranged in CDP gathers (Common Depth Point)

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Normal Move Out t = x 2 + 4h u 2

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources The aim of the initial velocity analysis is to find the velocity, that flattens a reflection hyperbola I.e. it returns the best result when stacking is applied. This is called Stacking velocity v stack Of course this velocity is not always the real RMS velocity. Therefore, a distinction is made between: v stack : the velocity that returns the best stacking result. v rms : the actual RMS-velocity of a layer.

Interval-Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Average-Velocity m n m n m n m I τ z z t t z z V t z d d Vinst n i i n i i n i i n i i av v z V 1 1 i 1 1 τ τ τ Velocities t m : measured reflected ray traveltime m : one-way reflected ray traveltime only through m th layer detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources v rms : the actual RMS-velocity of a layer For multiple flat layers and assuming the offset is small compared with the depth The root-mean-square (RMS) velocity is calculated from interval velocities as shown in the figure The stacking velocity and the root-mean-square velocity approach equality when source-receiver offset approaches zero and layers are horizontal and isotropic.

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Seismic Processing Final seismic sections (subsurface images) must be cleaned from various type of noise, ghosts, multiple reflections etc)

F-K Filtering detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Deconvolution

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources Deconvolution

MIGRATION BEFORE AFTER MIGRATION

Seismic Processing Typical sequence

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources FINAL OUTCOME: Seismic section It simulates the geological section

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources This is section that we must interpret

geological structure Seismic data

Identification of hydrocarbon reservoirs

3D Seismic surveys

detection and mapping of hydrocarbon resources 3D Seismic surveys

3D Seismic surveys

3D Seismic surveys

SEISMIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN IONIAN AND THE LIBYAN SEA up to 2009

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KATAKOLO Discovery: Oil and Gas field (1981) Reservoir: Cretaceous Eocene Limestone in anticline palaeostructure Cap rock Κάλυμμα: Neocene sediments (in unconformity) Estimate of recoverable oil: 3 m bbl Ν. Ρούσος και Φ. Μαρνέλης

INVESTIGATIONS IN CYPRUS 2005 Signing of 2D and 3D MC agreement 2006 Acquisition of 6700 line km MC2D for the first license round 2007 1 st License Round (Noble Energy awarded block 12) 2007 Acquisition of 750 sq km MC3D seismic 2008 Acquisition of 12,000 line km GeoStreamer for the second license round 2011 In planning stage of additional 4000 line km of 2D GeoStreamer acquisition 2011-Minister of Commerce Industry and Tourism indicated Q4 or Q1 2011- Monday 19 th of September Drilling at Block 12 2012 for 2 nd license round.

ΑΝΑΖΗΤΗΣΗ ΥΔΡΟΓΟΝΑΝΘΡΑΚΩΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΥΠΡΟ 2006 Acquisition of 6700 line km MC2D for the first license round

ΑΝΑΖΗΤΗΣΗ ΥΔΡΟΓΟΝΑΝΘΡΑΚΩΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΥΠΡΟ 2008 Acquisition of 12,000 line km GeoStreamer for the second license round

Gas Discovery - Block 12 Natural Gas Discovery 28 Dec. 2011 7tcf gross mean estimated resources 40 sq. miles field area 5,860m total depth 1,688m water depth Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Tourism Republic of Cyprus