Χρονολόγηση Phase Α (uncertain): before 913/4 (terminus ante quem) Phase Β: first half of the 13th century ( ).

Περίληψη : Theotokos Chrysokefalos was the first metropolitan church of Trebizond and the official imperial and burial church of the Grand Komnenoi; thus, it is reported by sources as a great church and is compared to Hagia Sophia of Constantinople. It is believed that it was built in two phases: before 913/14 and in the second half of the 13th century. After Trebizond fell to the Ottomans in 1461 Chrysokefalos stopped being a metropolitan church and was turned into the main Muslim mosque of the city (Fatih Orta or Büyük Camii). Χρονολόγηση Phase Α (uncertain): before 913/4 (terminus ante quem) Phase Β: first half of the 13th century (1214-1235). Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Middle City (Mesokastro, Orta Hisar), Trebizond. 1. Historical Background The epithet Chrysokephalos of the church of the Virgin Mary (Theotokos) probably came from the gilded (chrysos = gold, kephali = head in Greek) bronze tiles that were supposed to cover its roof. 1 However, according to Joseph Lazaropoulos (14th c.), this epithet already known from the years of Constantine IX Monomachus (1042 1055) comes from a gold icon of Theotokos existing in the church, probably hanging from a column. 2 1.1. Uses Chrysokephalos was the first metropolitan church of the Church of Trebizond and the official imperial and burial church of the Grand Komnenoi; thus, it is reported by sources as a great church 3 and is compared to Hagia Sophia of Constantinople. According to Μichael Panaretos, 4 Emperors Αndronikos I Gidon (1235) and John II (1297), Empress Theodora Kantakouzene (1426), wife of Alexios IV, as well as Alexios IV (1429) himself, according to Laonikos Chalkokondyles, were buried there. 5 Moreover, Panaretos 6 reports that John III Grand Komnenos (1342-1344) was crowned emperor at the church ambo in September 1342. According to the same source, 7 the metropolitans Barnabas (1333) and Niphon (1364) as well as other eminent figures famous for the services they had offered to the state and the church were buried there. Between 1382 and 1389, as reported by Joseph Lazaropoulos, 8 Dionysios, the founder of the namesake monastery of Mt. Athos, was buried there. 2. Architectural Description The church of Theotokos Chrysokephalos, originally the Katholikon of a monastery complex, dominates at the centre of the fortified city. The church is a three-aisled vaulted basilica with narthex and galleries. The central aisle is wider and higher, while the side aisles are narrower and lower. 9 To the east of the aisles there are square vaulted compartments, while the central aisle is the only one resulting in a five-sided arch, a feature connected with an early chronology. 10 The vaulted galleries (catechumena) are above the narthex and the side aisles; they communicate through a staircase with the NE compartment and through a row of arches with the main church. 11 The absence of arch in the NE compartment is attributed to the fact that the latter used to serve as the imperial cloakroom (metatorion), which had to be in direct contact with the sanctuary and the galleries. The cross, the dome, the exonarthex and the stoes on the north and the south side as well as the smaller semicircular arch in the SE compartment were added later. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 1/8

2.1. Dimensions The church of Theotokos Chrysokephalos was the largest 12 church in Trebizond. It is 28.63 m long, 15.05 m wide and 11.83 m high. The dome, supported by pendentives on four plinth pillars, is 6.37 m high and 6.90 m in diameter, 13 lighted by twelve arched windows externally surrounded by respective covings. 2.2. Decorations The church was decorated only with mosaics rather than reliefs or other sculptures. The marble fluted Ionian pillars and the capitals of the northern stoa come from an earlier building. 14 The lowest part of the sides, north and south, in the arch of the sanctuary were covered with marble interrupted by inlaid mosaic decorations of colourful marble tesserae and roses. 15 The marble parapets of the central wall of the arch are still visible. The floor of the church was covered with colourful marble, mainly with representations of rosettes (opus sectile). 16 The upper parts of the arch, above the marble, the internal and external surfaces of the church walls as well as the surfaces of the arches and the vaults were decorated with mosaics now covered with plaster. There are various reports about representations of the Evangelismos (Annunciation) and saints Constantine and Helen. 17 No remains of the imperial functional furniture or of the imposing burial monuments existing in the church and the surrounding area, known from sources, have been preserved. 3. Construction 3.1. Οverall The church is made from carven stones connected with plaster, according to the isodomic system. Because of the geology of the ground, the area had large amounts of stone, which were widely used, as it happened with the technique employed in both public and private buildings of the city. 18 Unlike other Byzantine churches, where bricks were lavishly used in the external decoration, the carven stone is the main architectural decoration of Theotokos Chrysokephalos. Bricks were also used in the ridge and the arches of some windows, as it happened in the churches of St. Anne and St. Eugenios. Thin square plinths were used in the small arches of the narthex as well. 19 The limited use of the plinth also explains the absence of three-light openings, an element common in other churches of the same period. 20 3.2. Building Stages Because Theotokos Chrysokephalos was the most important church of the Empire of Trebizond, it underwent a lot of modifications. The most extensive modification in the ground plan was the addition of a dome and a cross to the original church, which was probably a basilica with galleries. S.Balance 21 tried to convincingly prove the building stages of the church and complete the indefinite chronologies. Thus, she attributed some architectural stages to the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, which A.Bryer - D.Winfield 22 doubted, without excluding the existence of a church earlier than the 10th century, 23 whose shape remains unknown. The two scholars tried to connect the modifications the church gradually underwent with the respective historical evidence. As a result, they consider that the domed threeaisled basilica, which included an arch, the narthex, the metatorion in the NE compartment, the galleries above the narthex and the aisles (accessible from the metatorion), and possibly the ambo and the marble (opus sectile) floor, was built after 1214 (after the Komnenoi were defeated by the Laskarides dynasty and the Seljuks) and was completed before 1235. The addition of some certain features (metatorion, ambo, galleries) after 1214 is connected with the special services held in the church, such as the coronations of Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 2/8

the Grand Komnenoi. Scholars believe that the marble (opus sectile) floor was constructed after 1222, according to a previously used inscription included on the floor and bearing the name of Alexios Komnenos, who was identified with Αlexios I Grand Komnenos (1204-1222) rather than the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118), since during the longest part of his reign Trebizond was in revolt. Therefore, this period is connected with Emperor Andronikos I Gidos (1222-1235), who, when Sultan Melik besieged the city in 1223, spent the restless night of the siege praying in the church together with a monastery monk called Gerasimos. 24 According to Joseph Lazaropoulos, 25 when he defeated the Sultan, the emperor pillaged him and offered the icon of Chrysokephalos precious stones, pearls and a marvellous Gospel "εἶ τα ὁ βασιλεὺ ς θέλων ἀπονεῖ μαι τῇ Θεοτόκω [...] τὰ εἰ κότα" ( because the emperor wanted to confer favour on Theotokos [...] within reason ). The next stage, according to the same scholars, 26 was in the period of the metropolitan Akakios (1339-1351) and is connected with the time the city was set to fire in 1341 by the Türkmen, as reported by Panaretos. In that stage, 27 after 1341, the Türkmen threat was reduced and the church was rebuilt to a great extent: the vault was elevated, the cross and the dome were added, the exonarthex was probably constructed and the catechumena were extended; the metatorion was also extended, the north and probably the south stoa as well as the south arch were added. These additions, and especially the extension of the metatorion and the catechumena, were suitable for an imperial church, although there is no written source mentioning and, consequently, dating these modifications. Several modifications were made after the fall of the city of Trebizond (1461), when the church was transformed into a Muslim mosque. An entrance was opened on the northern side of the church, while temporary wooden structures were added near the entrance and the eastern side of the church. To the SE of the church the arches of the south aisle were destroyed before the mihrab was added. Moreover, the gallery windows were closed and transformed into niches. 28 4. Present Condition The Katholikon is the only construction preserved from the original monastery complex, which included the arched monastery buildings and possibly the bishop s residence. The fountain that existed on the southern side of the church, with a faucet in the shape of a dragon head, was probably destroyed in 1877. 29 In 1917, when Trebizond was under the Russian forces, archaeologists directed by F.Uspenkij removed all additions constructed on the eastern and northern side of the church after it was transformed into a Muslim mosque. 30 One year later (1918), when the Russian troops had already left the place, the grave of Alexios IV at the back of the church and to the east of the arch was also destroyed by the Turks. 31 From then on, the building of the diocese of Trebizond, the most important mosque in the city since 1461, has undergone serious interventions. During the restoration of 1988, the luxurious Byzantine floor and the marble of the sanctum s arch were covered with cement. 32 1. Βaklanov, Ν., Deux Monuments Byzantins de Trébizonde. 1. L Église de Saint Eugène, 2. La Chrysocéphalos, Byzantion 4 (1927/1928), p. 389. 2. Λαζαρόπουλος, Ιωάννης (Ιωσήφ, Μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος), Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων, Papadopoulos Kerameus, A. (ed.), Fontes historiae imperii Trapezuntini (Amsterdam 1965), p. 115. See. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239, note. 452 Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4 5 (1933), pp. 379 380, 386, 390. 3. Λαζαρόπουλος, Ιωάννης (Ιωσήφ, Μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος), Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων, στο Papadopoulos- Kerameus, A. (ed.), Fontes historiae imperii Trapezuntini (Amsterdam 1965), p. 115, par. 18. See. Χρύσανθος, Μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 389, note 5. 4. Πανάρετος, Μιχαήλ, Χρονικόν, στο Λάμπρος, Σ. (ed.), «Το Τραπεζουντιακόν Χρονικόν του Πρωτοσεβαστού και Πρωτονοταρίου Μιχαήλ Παναρέτου», Νέος Ελληνομνήμων 4 (1907), 293, par. 56. See. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 392, notes 5-7. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 3/8

5. Χαλκοκονδύλης, Λαόνικος, Αποδείξεις Ιστοριών δέκα, Βιβλ. 9, Bekker, I. (ed.), Laonici Chalcocondylae Atheinsis historiarum libri decem (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1834), pp. 463-464. See. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 387, note 1. 6. Πανάρετος, Μιχαήλ, Χρονικόν, στο Λάμπρος, Σ. (ed.), «Το Τραπεζουντιακόν Χρονικόν του Πρωτοσεβαστού και Πρωτονοταρίου Μιχαήλ Παναρέτου», Νέος Ελληνομνήμων 4 (1907), 273, par. 12. See. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 392, note 3. 7. Πανάρετος, Μιχαήλ, Χρονικόν, στο Λάμπρος, Σ. (ed.), «Το Τραπεζουντιακόν Χρονικόν του Πρωτοσεβαστού και Πρωτονοταρίου Μιχαήλ Παναρέτου», Νέος Ελληνομνήμων 4 (1907), 285.35. See Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 242, note 471 Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 250, note 3, p. 392, note 9, p. 393, note 4. 8. Λαζαρόπουλος, Ιωάννης (Ιωσήφ, Μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος), Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων, στο Papadopoulos- Kerameus, A. (ed.), Fontes historiae imperii Trapezuntini (Amsterdam 1965), p. 131. see. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239, note. 446. 9. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 238 Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 382 Βaklanov, Ν., Deux Monuments Byzantins de Trébizonde. 1. L Église de Saint Eugène, 2. La Chrysocéphalos, Byzantion 4 (1927/1928), p. 379. 10. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 241, note. 462 Ballance, S., The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond, Anatolian Studies 10 (1960), p. 149. 11. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 383 Βaklanov, Ν., Deux Monuments Byzantins de Trébizonde. 1. L Église de Saint Eugène, 2. La Chrysocéphalos, Byzantion 4 (1927/1928), p. 379. 12. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 379. 13. Millet, G., Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 19 (1895), p. 451 Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 384. 14. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239. 15. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 385 Millet, G., Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 19 (1895), p. 458-459. 16. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 386 Millet, G., Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 19 (1895), p. 458. 17. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239 18. Millet, G., Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 19 (1895), p. 456 Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 379. 19. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 383 Βaklanov, Ν., Deux Monuments Byzantins de Trébizonde. 1. L Église de Saint Eugène, 2. La Chrysocéphalos, Byzantion 4 (1927/1928), p. 382. 20. Millet, G., Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 19 (1895), p. 456. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 379. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 4/8

21. Ballance, S., The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond, Anatolian Studies (1960), p. 151. and See Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239, note. 454. 22. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239 ff. 23. There is no evidence about the shape of the church in this period except for an inscription of 913/4 reporting metropolitan Basil, which proves that the building was a metropolitan church. The tradition reported by several researchers that the church was founded in the 4th c. by Hannibalianus, the nephew of Constantine the Great, should be rejected. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 240, note 455, and see Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 380 Millet, G., Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 19 (1895), p. 421. 24. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 240. 25. Λαζαρόπουλος, Ιωάννης (Ιωσήφ, Μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος), Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων, στο Papadopoulos-Kerameus, A. (ed.), Fontes historiae imperii Trapezuntini (Amsterdam 1965), p. 131-132. Πρβλ. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 240, note. 457 (with sources) Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 390. 26. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 242-243. 27. Ballance dates this phase from as early as the 12th century. 28. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 382. 29. Bryer, A.A.M. Winfield, D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos I (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20, Washington D.C. 1985), p. 239 Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), pp. 79, 389. 30. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 382. 31. Χρύσανθος, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, «Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος», Αρχείον Πόντου 4-5 (1933), p. 389. 32. Κορομηλά, Μ., Οι Έλληνες στη Μαύρη Θάλασσα. Από την εποχή του Χαλκού ως τις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα (Αθήνα 2001), p. 268. Βιβλιογραφία : Κορομηλά Μ., Οι Έλληνες στη Μαύρη Θάλασσα. Από την εποχή του Χαλκού ως τις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα, Αθήνα 1991 Bryer A.A.M., Winfield D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, 1 (With Maps and Plans by R. Anderson and Drawings by J. Winfield), Washington D.C. 1985, Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20 Bryer A.A.M., Winfield D., The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, 2 (With Maps and Plans by R. Anderson and Drawings by J. Winfield), Washington D.C. 1985, Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 5/8

Papadopoulos-Kerameus A., Fontes Historiae Imperii Trapezuntini I, Papadopoulos-Kerameus, A. (ed.), Amsterdam 1965 Χρύσανθος Φιλιππίδης, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζούντος, "Η Εκκλησία Τραπεζούντος", Αρχείον Πόντου, 4/5, 1933, 1-1070 Ballance S., "The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond", Anatolian Studies, 10, 1960, 141 176 Millet G., "Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 19, 1895, 419-459 Baklanov N., "Deux monuments byzantins de Trebizonde", Byzantion, 4, 1927/1928, 363-391 Κάλφογλου Ι., "Ο εν Τραπεζούντι ναός της Θεοτόκου της Χρυσοκεφάλου", Αργοναύται, 5, 1916, 9-10 Οικονομίδης N., "Χρονολόγησις της ανοικοδομήσεως του ναού της Χρυσοκεφάλου", Αρχείον Πόντου, 18, 1953, 214-217 Ιωάννης Λαζαρόπουλος (Ιωσήφ, μητροπολίτης Τραπεζού, Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων [A further partial collection from among the Saint s Numerous Miracles], Rosenqvist, J.O. (επιμ. μτφρ.), The hagiographic dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athos Dionysiou 154, Uppsala 1996 Δικτυογραφία : Trebizond http://romeartlover.tripod.com/trebison.html Παναγία Χρυσοκέφαλος http://www2.fhw.gr/choros/trapezounda/gr/webpages/605.html Γλωσσάριo : aisle Τhe part of the naos of a church set off by the internal rows of piers or columns, namely by the structures supporting the roof. ambo The elevated pulpit used for preaching in the church nave. exonarthex (outer narthex) The transverse vestibule or portico preceding the narthex of the church. isodomic masonry (opus quadratum) A type of masonry in which blocks of equal length and thickness are laid in courses, with each vertical joint centered on the block below. katholikon The main church in a monastic complex, heart of the monastic activity. light (of a window) The arched opening or window in Byzantine churches. Depending on the number of lights, there are single-light, double-light and three-light windows. mihrab Α niche in a mosque pointing towards Mecca narthex A portico or a rectangular entrance-hall, parallel with the west end of an early Christian basilica or church. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 6/8

opus sectile, the Technique of floor or wall decoration. Thin pieces of polychrome marble are carved or joined so that a decorative motif could be depicted. pendentive Triangular surface used for the transition from the square base of the church to the hemispheric dome. rosette, the An ornament with a generally circular combination of parts resembling a flower or plant. stoa, portico, the A long building with a roof supported by one or two colonnades parallel to its back wall. three-aisled basilica An oblong type of church internally divided into three aisles: the middle and the two side aisles. The middle aisle is often lighted by an elevated clerestory. In the Early Byzantine years this type of church had huge dimensions. Πηγές John Lazaropoulos (Joseph, metropolitan of Trebizond), Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων [A further partial collection from among the Saint s Numerous Miracles], in Rosenqvist, J.O., (edit. trn.), The hagiographic dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athos Dionysiou 154 (Uppsala 1996). Panaretos, Michael, Χρονικόν, Λάμπρος, Σ. (edit.), Το Τραπεζουντιακόν Χρονικόν του Πρωτοσεβαστού και Πρωτονοταρίου Μιχαήλ Παναρέτου, Νέος Ελληνομνήμων (1907), pp. 257 295. Panaretos, Michael, Χρονικόν, Λαμψίδης, Ο. (edit.), Μιχαήλ του Παναρέτου περί των Μεγάλων Κομνηνών, Αρχείον Πόντου 22 (1958), pp. 5 128. Χαλκοκονδύλης, Λαόνικος, Αποδείξεις Ιστοριών δέκα, στο Bekker, I. (επιμ.), Laonici Chalcocondylae Atheinsis historiarum libri decem, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1834. Παραθέματα On the icon of Theotokos «Χρυσή Κεφαλή» (Golden Head) «πρό γε δὲ πάντων ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ παραγίνεται καὶ τῇ τῆς μητρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου καὶ παρθένου ἀχράντῳ εἰκόνι καὶ κιβωτῷ καὶ ἐμψύχῳ στήλῃ τῇ καλουμένῃ Χρυσῇ Κεφαλῇ.» Joseph Lazaropoulos, Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων [A further partial collection from among the Saint s Numerous Miracles], ed. Papadopoulos Kerameus A., Fontes historiae imperii Trapezuntini, p. 115. The Donation of Andronikos Gidos to the Church of Theotokos Chrysokephalos «εἶτα ὁ βασιλεὺς θέλων ἀπονεῖμαι τῇ Θεοτόκω καὶ τῷ μάρτυρι τὰ εἰκότα, λίθους τιμίους καὶ μαργάρους λαμπρούς, οὓς ἐκ τῆς λείας εἰλήφει Μελὶκ τοῦ σουλτάνου ἐκείνου, τῇ τιμίᾳ κεφαλῇ τῆς ἀχράντου στήλης τῆς πανυμνήτου Θεοτόκου τῆς Χρυσοκεφάλου καὶ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ ἐν ἐγκάλαις αὐτῆς ἀνεχομένου, προσεκόλλαψε καὶ κατεκόσμησεν.» Joseph Lazaropoulos, Έτι σύνοψις των του αγίου θαυμάτων μερική εκ των πλείστων [A further partial collection from among the Saint s Numerous Miracles], ed. Papadopoulos Kerameus A., Fontes historiae imperii Trapezuntini, p. 131. Χρονολόγιο before 913/4: an early version of the church is said to be built Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 7/8

1214 1235: construction of the domed three aisled basilica in the period of the Grand Komnenoi 1341: reconstruction of the church after 1461: the church is transformed into the main Muslim mosque of the city 1917: when Trebizond was under the Russian forces, the archaeological mission under F.Uspenkij removed all the additions from the mosque. 1988: renovation of the mosque Δημιουργήθηκε στις 16/8/2017 Σελίδα 8/8