TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities that characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If the uncertainty in the value exceeds five in the last digit, the value is preceded by an approximate sign. For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width, Γ, of the resonance is given. To estimate the approximate half-life, the Heisenberg relationship may be used: the half-life = 4.56 - seconds / Γ (MeV). The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the table is October. Table Layout C Column number Column title 1 Isotope or Element op Description For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. Isotopic Abundance The abundance of an isotope in normal terrestrial samples of an element, listed in atom percent. Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight of elements is given on the same scale. Half-Life/Resonance Width Half-life in decimal notation. μs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and a = years. For quasi-stable nuclides, the measured width at half-maximum of the energy resonance is given. Decay Mode/Energy Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; ec = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; sf = spontaneous fission; ββ, ECEC, 2p, 2n, 3n = double beta, double EC, two proton and multiple neutron decay. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. Particle Energy/ End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles, neutrons and protons are given in MeV units and their intensities in percent. Spin and Parity Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2π; parity is positive or negative. Magnetic Dipole Moment Magnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. An absolute value is indicated in the absence of a positive or a negative sign. Electric Quadrupole Moment Electric quadrupole moments in barn units (- cm2). An absolute value is indicated in the absence of a positive or a negative sign. Gamma Ray Energy/ Gamma ray energies are given in MeV units and intensities in percent. Annihilation radiation (ann.rad.) refers to the 511.006 kev photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 yr ig h te d M at er ia General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journal articles and reports: 1. G. Audi, F.G. Kondev, M. Wang, B. Pfeiffer, X. Sun, J. Blachot, M. MacCormick, The NUBASE12 Evaluation of Nuclear Properties, Chinese Physics C High Energy and Nuclear Physics 36, 17 (12). 2. M. Wang, G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, F.G. Kondev, M. MacCormick, X. Xu, B. Pfeiffer, The AME12 Atomic Mass Evaluation (II., Tables, graphs and references), Chinese Physics C High Energy and Nuclear Physics 36, 03 (12). 3. J. Meija, T.B. Coplen, M. Berglund, W.A. Brand, P. DeBièvre, M. Gröning, N.E. Holden, J. Irrgeher, R.D. Loss, T. Walczyk, T. Prohaska, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 13, Pure & Applied Chemistry 88, 5 (). 4. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Standard Atomic Weight of Ytterbium Revised (press release, August ). http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/standard-atomic-weight-of-ytterbium-revised.html (accessed Dec ). 5. J. Meija, T.B. Coplen, M. Berglund, W.A. Brand, P. DeBièvre, M. Gröning, N.E. Holden, J. Irrgeher, R.D. Loss, T. Walczyk, T. Prohaska, Isotopic compositions of the elements 13 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Applied Chemistry 88, 3 (). 6. E.M. Baum, H.D. Knox, T.R. Miller, Chart of the Nuclides, 17th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab (09). 11-2 ls -T ay lo 7. N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (89). 8. N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (90). 9. E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (86).. J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (October 11). 11. N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, (00). 12. N.J. Stone, Table of Nuclear Magnetic Dipole and Electrical Quadrupole Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 90, 75 (05). 13. N. J. Stone, Table of Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables, 111-112, 1 (). 14. I. M. Villa, P. De Biѐvre, N. E. Holden, P. R. Renne, Recommendation on the half-life of 87Rb, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 4, 382 ().. I. M. Villa, M. L. Bonardi, P. De Biѐvre, N. E. Holden, P. R Renne, IUPAC-IUGS status report on the half-lives of 8U, 5U and 4U, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 172, 387 ().. A. K. Jain, B. Maheshwari, S. Garg, M. Patial, B. Singh, Atlas of Nuclear Isomers, Nuclear Data Sheets 1, 1, (). r& Fr an ci s This research was carried out under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH886. The author is at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, and can be contacted at holden@bnl.gov.
Table of the Isotopes 11-3 Natural abundance (Atom %) Half-life/ Resonance width (MeV) Particle energy/ Nuclear magnetic mom. (nm) Elem. or Isot. Atomic mass or weight Decay mode/ Energy (/MeV) Spin (h/2π) on 1.0086649 6.5 s β- /0.785 0.782/0. 1/2+ -1.9143 β-, γ / 0.00 1H 1.00784-1.00811 Elect. quadr. mom. (b) 1 H 99.972-99.999 1.0078032 >2.8 a 1/2+ +2.79473 2 H 0.001-0.0 2.0141778 1+ +0.8574382 +2.86 mb 3 H 3.00498 12. a β-/0.059 0.060/0. 1/2+ +2.97896 4 H 4.0 Γ = 1.2 n/ /0 2-5 H 5.035 Γ < 0.5 n/ /0 (1/2+) 6 H 6.045 Γ ~ 6. n/ (2-) 7 H 7.05 Γ ~ 0.1 2He 4.0002(2) 3 He 0.0002(2) 3.0032 1/2+ -2.1750 4 He 99.9998(2) 4.000341 0+ 5 He 5.01 Γ = 0.60(2) n, α 3/2- γ-energy/ 6 He 6.08859 0.8069 s β-/3.508 3.5/0. 0+ β, d 0.35/0.00017 7 He 7.099 Γ ~ 0. n (3/2)- 8 He 8.033934 0.1 s β-/.65 /84. 0+ 0.9807/84. β- n/ /. 0.4776/5. β, t /0.82 9 He 9.0440 Γ = 0.(6) n /0 (1/2-) He.053 Γ = 0.1 2n /0 0+ 3Li 6.938-6.997 4 Li 4.0 Γ = 6.0 p/ /0 2-5 Li 5.01 Γ = 1.2 p/α 3/2-6 Li (1.9-7.8) 6.09 1+ +0.8047-0.81 mb 7 Li (92.2-98.1) 7.000344 3/2- +3.644-0.0400 8 Li 8.04863 0.839 s β-/.004 12.5/0. 2+ +1.65334 +0.04 α/ α(1.6) 9 Li 9.0790 0.178 s β-/13.606 13.5/75. 3/2-3.4368-0.04 β-/ n 11/. Li.0355 Γ = 0.11(5) n /7. 1+ 11 Li 11.0437 8.8 ms β-/.6 /8.3 3/2(-) 3.671-0.0339 3.368/33. β-, n /85.7 0.3/7. β-, 2n /4.1 2.590/8. β-, 3n /1.9 5.958/3. β-, d /0.013 2.895/1.5 β-, t /0.00009 2.811/1.1 12 Li 12.05 < 0.01 µs 13 Li 13.063 Γ = 1.3 4Be 9.0(5) 5 Be 5.04 p, 3He (1/2+) 6 Be 6.073 Γ = 0.092(6) 2p,α 0+ 7 Be 7.097 53. d ec/0.86 3/2- -1.40 0.4776/.4 8 Be 8.00551 Γ = 6.8(17) ev 2α/0.046 0+ 9 Be 0. 9.0 3/2- -1.1776 +0.05 Be.013535 1.39 6 a β-/0.5559 0.555/0. 0+ 11 Be 11.0661 13.8 s β-, β-α/11.51 11.48/61. 1/2+ -1.681 2.1/35.5 β-, p// -5 12 Be 12.092.0 ms β-, (n)/11.71 n//0.5 0+ (0.95-4.4) 13 Be 13.0361 Γ ~ 1. 14 Be 14.043 4.6 ms β-/.2 0+ 3.5346/0.9 β-, n 0.8/94. 3.6845/7. β-, 2n /6. β-, α /<0.012 β-, t /<0.04 Be.053 Γ = 0.6 β- Be.062 Γ = 0.8 2n 0+ 5B.806-.8 7 B 7.07 Γ = 1.4(2) p, α (3/2-) 8 B 8.061 0.770 s β+, 2α/17.979 13.7(β+)/93. 2+ 1.0358 +0.064 ann.rad. 9 B 9.01333 Γ = 0.5(2) kev p, 2α/ 3/2- B (.9 -.4).0137 3+ +1.8006448 +0.0845 11 B (79.6-81.1) 11.0095 3/2- +2.688649 +0.0406 12 B 12.01435 0.02 s β-/13.369 1+ +1.00 0.0132 4.438/1.3 β- α/1.6/ 3.5/0.00065 13 B 13.01778 0.0174 s β- /13.437 13.4 3/2- +3.1778 +0.037 3.68/7.6 β- n/0./ 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0. 14 B 14.04 14. ms β-/.64 2-1.5 0.0 6.094/90. B.01 9.9 ms β-, (n)/.09 n//99.7 (3/2-) 2.66 0.038
11-4 Table of the Isotopes Natural abundance (Atom %) Half-life/ Resonance width (MeV) Particle energy/ Nuclear magnetic mom. (nm) Elect. quadr. mom. (b) γ-energy/ Elem. or Isot. Atomic mass or weight Decay mode/ Energy (/MeV) Spin (h/2π) B.0398 Γ < 0.1 n 17 B 17.047 5.1 ms β-, (n)/.7 2.55 0.039 B.056 < 0.0 µs 0- B.063 2.9 ms β-, (n)/.5 1n//72. (3/2-) 2n//. 3n// < 9. 6C 12.0096-12.01 8 C 8.0376 Γ = 0.(4) p 0+ 9 C 9.034 1. ms β+, p, 2α/.498 (3/2-) 1.391 ann.rad. C.0853. s β+/3.648 1.865 0+ ann.rad. 0.7/0. 11 C 11.01143.4 m β+, ec/1.982 0.9608/99. 3/2- -0.964 0.0333 ann.rad. 12 C (98.84-99.04) 12.000000000 0+ 13 C (0.96-1.) 13.003354835 ½- +0.7012 14 C 14.0039 5.70 x 3 a β-/0.648 0.65/0. 0+ C.060 2.45 s β-/9.772 4.51/68. ½+ 1.72 5.8/68. 9.82/32. (7. 9.05) C.01470 ~ 0.750 s β-/8.012 β/3.3, 4.3/84, 0+ β, n n/0.8, 1.7/84, 17 C 17.06 0. s β-/13.17 3/2+ 0.758 1.375 β-, n n/1.6 3.7/11. 1.849 1.906 C.08 0.092 s β-/11.81 0+ β-, n n/0.88 4.59/. C.035 0.05 s n ½+ C.040 0.02 s β,n 1n//~ 65. 0+ 2n// <. C.049 < 0.03 µs C.058 6 ms β-, n 1n//~ 61. 0+ 2n// < 37. 7N 14.00643-14.007 N.042 Γ = 2.3() 11 N 11.01 Γ = 0.83 ½+ 12 N 12.061 11.00 ms β+, β+α/17.338.38/95. 1+ +0.457 +. mb ann.rad. 4.438/2. 13 N 13.005739 9.97 m β+ /2.04 1.0/0. ½- 0.32 14 N (99.578 14.0074004 1+ +0.403761 +0.044-99.663) N (0.337-0.4).000899 ½- -0.39 m N 5.3 μs IT 5+ 0.1 N.006 7.13 s β- /.4 4./68. 2-6.1/68.8.44/. 1.986 - mb 7.1/4.7 β+, α // -3 1.85/.0012 (0.99 8.87) (0.6-2.3) 17 N 17.0084 4.17 s β-, β- n/8.68 3.7/0. ½- 0.3551 0.871/3. 0.4 1.7n/95. 2.42/0.3 β- α/ 8.0, 8.2 N.0141 0.62 s β- /13.90 9.4/0. 1-0.33 0.012 0.8/48. β-, α (1.08-5.)/12. 1.65/47. β-, n /14 1.982/77. (0.535 7.13) N.0170 0.336 s β-/12.53 0.5 (0.096 3.14) β-, n 0.45-4.51/42. N.04 0.136 s β- /17.97 β-, n 1.-3.68/43. N.0 0.083 s β-,n 4.98//90.5 1.2 β- //3.5 N.034 0.02 s β-,n 1n// ~ 41. 2n// < 13. N.041. ms β-, n n//~ 42. 2n//~ 8. 3n// < 3.4 N.051 < 0.052 µs N.060 < 0. µs 8O.99903-.99977 12 O 12.0343 Γ < 0.07 2p 0+ 13 O 13.08 8.9 ms β+, p/17.77 1.560 (p) (3/2-) 1.389 0.011 ann.rad. p/(1.00-13.5) 4.438/0.56 14 O 14.008596 70.62 s β+ /5.14 1.81/99. 0+ ann.rad. 2.2/99.4
Table of the Isotopes 11-5 Elem. or Isot. Natural abundance (Atom %) Atomic mass or weight Half-life/ Resonance width (MeV) Decay mode/ Energy (/MeV) Particle energy/ Spin (h/2π) Nuclear magnetic mom. (nm) Elect. quadr. mom. (b) O.0066 1.2 s β+ /2.754 1.7/0. 1/2-0.75 ann.rad. O (99.738.9949146 0+ - 99.776) 17 O (0.0367.9991757 5/2+ -1.8938-0.06-0.0400) γ-energy/ O (0.7-0.2) 17.9999613 0+ O.00358.48 s β- /4.8 3./60. 5/2+ 1.53 3.6 mb 0.7/95.9 4.60/40. 1.3569/50.4 (0.11 4.) O.00408 13.5 s β- /3.814 0+ 1.057/0. O.0087 3.4 s β- /8.11 (0. 4.6) O.00 2.2 s β- /6.5 0+ 0.072/0 0.638/98 1.862/63 (0.9-2.499) O.0 0.097 s β -, n /7.2% 2.4/51.5 4.066/17.1 (0.911-3.868) O.0 ~ 65. ms β-, n n//. 0+ 1.83/. 0.52/14. 1./12. O.0 Γ ~ 0.02 O.037 Γ = 0.0 2n 0+ O.048 < 0.0 µs O.056 < 0. µs 0+ 9F.9984033(6) 14 F 14.0343 Γ = 0.9 F.00 Γ = 0.8(3) p (1/2+) F.01 Γ = 0.037(14) p 0-17 F 17.0095 64.4 s β+ /2.761 1.75/ 5/2+ +4.7-0.076 ann.rad. F.000937 1.85 h β+, ec/1.656 0.635/97. 1+ ann.rad. F 0..998403 ½+ +2.687 F.9999813 11.00 s β- /7.05 5.398/0. 2+ +2.0934 0.056 1.634/0. 3.33/0.009 F.99995 4. s β- /5.684 3.7/8. 5/2+ 3.9 0.011 0.3507/90. 5.0/63. 1.395/. 5.4/. (1.746 4.684) F.000 4. s β- /.82 3.48/. 4+ 2.694 0.003 1.46/0. 4.67/7. 2.08/82. 5.50/62. (0.82 4.37) F.0036 2.2 s β- /8.5 5/2+ 1.701/48. 2.1/34. (0.493 3.83) F.0081 0.3 s β- /13.5 1.98/ F.01 ~ 50. ms β-, (n) n//14. 1.70/39. (0.57 2.) m F 2.2 ms IT, β- 4+ F.00. ms β-, (n) n//11. 2.02/67. 1.67/. F.0 5.0 ms β-, (n) n//90. 2.02/. F.035 < 0.04 µs F.043 2.5 ms β-, (n) n//0. F.052 < 0. µs F.06 > 0. µs Ne.1797(6) Ne Γ = 0.6 2p (3/2-) Ne.08 Γ = 0.08 2p 0+ 17 Ne 17.017714 9. ms β+, p/14.53 1.4.6/6.9 1/2-0.787 ann.rad./ β+, α /0.014 0.495 Ne.005709 1.665 s β+ /4.446 3.4/92. 0+ ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8 (0.658 1.70) Ne.0081 17. s β+ /3.8 2./99. 1/2+ -1.885 ann.rad./ (0.11 1.55) Ne 90.48(3).9940 0+ Ne 0.(1).9938467 3/2+ -0.660 +0.2 Ne 9.(3).9913851 0+ Ne.994467 37.2 s β- /4.376 3.95/32. 5/2+ -1.08 +0. 0.440/33. 4.39/67. (1.64 2.98) Ne.993611 3.38 m β- /2.47 1./8. 0+ 0.47/0. 1.98/92. 0.874/7.9 Ne.9978 0.61 s β- /7. 6.3/ 1/2+ -1.006 0.0895/96. 7.3/ (0.98 3.69)
11-6 Table of the Isotopes Natural abundance (Atom %) Half-life/ Resonance width (MeV) Particle energy/ Nuclear magnetic mom. (nm) Elect. quadr. mom. (b) γ-energy/ Elem. or Isot. Atomic mass or weight Decay mode/ Energy (/MeV) Spin (h/2π) Ne.0005 7 ms β-, n/7.3 n //0.13 0+ 0.082/0 1.8/6 0.3/5 0.1/3 1.1/1 2.489/1 Ne.0076. ms β-, n/12.7 n //3. (3/2+) Ne.012. ms β-, n/12.3 n//12. 0+ 2.06/. 2n//3. 0.86/3. Ne.0. ms β-, (n)/.4 n//. (3/2+) 2.92/55. β-, 2n 2n//4. (0. 1.) Ne.0 7. ms β-, (n) n//9. 0+ 0.1/9. Ne.03 3. ms 32 Ne 32.040 ~ 3.5 ms 0+ 33 Ne 33.049 < 0. µs 34 Ne 34.057 > 1.5 µs 0+ 11Na.989769(2) Na.0 Γ < 0.02 p Na.0139 0.03 s β+, p/11. Na.00735 0.446 s β+ /13.89 2+ +0.3694 + 0. ann.rad./ α 2./ 1.634/79. Na.997655.42 s β+ /3.547 2.50/95. 3/2+ +2.3863 +0.14 ann.rad./ 0.351/5. Na.994437 2.601 a β+ /90/2.842 0.545/90. 3+ +1.746 +0. ann.rad./ ec// 1.45/99.9 Na 0..989769 3/2+ +2.752 +0.4 m Na.2 ms IT, β- 1+ -1.93 0.47/0. Na.99096 14.96 h β- /5.58 1.389/>99. 4+ +1.690 1.3686/0. 2.754/0. (0.997 4.8) Na.98995 59.3 s β- /3.835 2.6/7. 5/2+ +3.683-0.00 0.3897/12.7 3./. 0.5850/13. 4.0/65. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836 2.80) m Na 9 μs IT 1+ 0.08 Na.994 1.071 s β- /9. 3+ +2.851-5.3 mb 1.809/98.9 (0.-7.37) Na.99408 0.0 s β- /9.01 7.95/ 5/2+ +3.90-7.1 mb 0.9847/87.4 β-, n/ 1.698/11.9 Na.9989. ms β- /14.0 12.3/ 1+ +2.43 +0.039 1.473/37. β-, n/ 2.389/.6 Na.008 44. ms β-, n/13.3 11.5/ 3/2+ +2.45 +0.085 2.560/36. (1.04 3.99) Na.009 50. ms β-, n/17.5 n//. 2+ +2.08 1.483/46. Na.0132 17.2 ms β-, n/.9 n//37. 3/2- +2. 1.483/14. (0.05 3.54) 32 Na 32.0 13.5 ms β- /.1 0.0 3.935 β-, n 0.171-0.894 β-, 2n 1.483/4.2 33 Na 33.0 8.0 ms β- /. /~ 38 0.886/ β-, n 0.8,1.02/47(6) 0.546/6.4 β-, 2n /13(3) 0.050 2.55 34 Na 34.034 5. ms β- /. 35 Na 35.041 1.5 ms β- / 36 Na 36.05 < 0. µs 37 Na 37.06 > 1.5 µs 12Mg.4-.7 Mg.0342 4-12 s 2p Mg.09 91. ms β+ /.73 /70 0+ β+, p / Mg.0117 1. ms β+, p/13. 5/2+ - 0.98 0.332/51. β+, α Mg.999571 3.876 s β+ /4.786 3.05/ 0+ 0.07/60. 0.58/0. (1. 1.93) Mg.9941 11.32 s β+ /4.057 3.09/92. 3/2+ 0.536 0.114 0.440/8.2 Mg (78.88-79.05).9850417 0+ Mg (9.988.9858370 5/2+ - 0.85545 +0.9 -.034) Mg (.96-11.09).989 0+ Mg.9843406 9.45 m β- /2.63 1.59/41. 1/2+ - 0.411 0.17068/0.9 1.75/58. 0.84376/72. 2.65/0.3 1.01443/.
Table of the Isotopes 11-7 Natural abundance (Atom %) Half-life/ Resonance width (MeV) Particle energy/ Nuclear magnetic mom. (nm) Elect. quadr. mom. (b) γ-energy/ Elem. or Isot. Atomic mass or weight Decay mode/ Energy (/MeV) Spin (h/2π) Mg.98388.9 h β- /1.832 0.459/95. 0+ 0.06/95. 0.4006/36. 0.94/36. 1.342/54. Mg.9886 1.3 s β-/7.55 5.4/ 3/2+ + 0.978 0.960/. 1.398/. 2.4/36. Mg.99046 0.32 s β- /7.0 0+ 0.4/85. Mg.99665 0. s β- /11.7 8.4/.9 1/2+ - 0.8836 1.613/47. 0.947/37. (0.666-4.640) β-, n /1.7 32 Mg.99911 0.12 s β- /.3 0+ 2.765/. 33 Mg 33.00533 91. ms β- /13.7 /83. 3/2-1.848/ β-, n /17. 34 Mg 34.0089 0.02 s β- /11.3 0+ 35 Mg 35.017 0.07 s (7/2-) 36 Mg 36.0 4. ms 0+ 37 Mg 37.0 > 0. µs (7/2-) 38 Mg 38.037 > 0. µs 0+ 39 Mg 39.045 < 0. µs 40 Mg 40.052 > 0.17 µs 0+ 13Al.98385(7) Al.0 < 0.035 µs Al.0 59. ms β+ /.6 p/1.3/. 4+ ann.rad./ β+, p//55 p/0.48-7.52 0.584/47. β+, 2p//11 (1.-2.) β+, α α/3.3/0.3 m Al ~ 0.35 s β+, p/0.17 0.554 0.839 Al.0074 0.47 s β+ /12. p/0.56/46 5/2+ 3.89 0. ann.rad./ β+, p/ p/2.01/ m Al 0.1 s IT/0.49 1+ 3.0 β+ 13.3 1.3686/5.3 Al.99995 2.07 s β+ /13.878,p 3.40/48. 4+ 1.078(2)/. 4.42/41. 1.368(2)/96. 6.80/3. 2.753(2)/43. 8.74/8. 4.3(3)/. 5.392(3)/. 7.0662(2)/41. Al.9904 7.17 s β+ /4.7 3./ 5/2+ 3.646 0. ann.rad./ 1.61(2)/0. 0.975(2)/5. m Al 6.345 s β+ / 3.2/ 0+ ann.rad./ Al.98689 7.1 5 a β+ /82/4.0042 1./ 5+ +2.804 +0. ann.rad./ ec/ 1.8087/99.8 Al 0..98385 5/2+ +3.6407 +0.147 Al.98 2. m β- /4.64 2.865/0. 3+ 3. 0.17 1.7778(6)/0. Al.98046 6.5 m β- /3.680 1.4/. 5/2+ 1.32(8)/89. 2.5/70. 2.02(8)/4. 2.42(8)/7. Al.98 3.68 s β- /8.56 5.05/ 3+ 3.01 1.3(3)/35. 2.5(5)/65. Al.9839 0.64 s β- /8.00 6./ 5/2+ 3.8 0.135 0.753(3)/. 1.69473(3)/59. 2.364(4)/73. 32 Al.9881 33. ms β- /13.0 1+ 1.96 0.0 33 Al 32.9909 41.7 ms β- /12.0 /91.5 0.141 1.940/2.5 β-, n /8.5 (1.01 4.34) 34m Al ms β- 1+ 34 Al 33.9967 56. ms β- /17.1 4.5/44 4 0.9/57 β-, n /. (0.12 4.) 35 Al 34.9998 38. ms β-/14.3 0.974/48 5/2+ 0.064/45. β-, n / 38. (0.12 5.63) 36 Al 36.006 0.09 s β-/.3 β-, n /<. 37 Al 37.011 11. ms β-/. 38 Al 38.017 > 7.6 ms 39 Al 39.0 > 8. ms 40 Al 40.0 > 0. µs 41 Al 41.036 > 0. µs 42 Al 42.044 > 0.17 µs 43 Al 43.05 > 0.17 µs
11-8 Table of the Isotopes Natural abundance (Atom %) Half-life/ Resonance width (MeV) Particle energy/ Nuclear magnetic mom. (nm) Elect. quadr. mom. (b) γ-energy/ Elem. or Isot. Atomic mass or weight Decay mode/ Energy (/MeV) Spin (h/2π) 14Si.084-.086 Si.036. ms β+, p 1.99/ 0+ Si.0 40.7 ms β+, p/5.9/~ 80 1.32,(0.6 11.6) β+, 2p//4 Si.01 143 ms β+, p/.81 1.44,3.92,1.09 0+ ann.rad./ (1.66 4.47) Si.0041 1 ms β+, p/12.74 p/4./9.5 5/2+ ann.rad./ p/0.40/4.75 p/0.56-6.80 Si.994 2.8 s β+ /5.066 3.2/ 0+ ann.rad./ 0.84(8)/. Si.986705 4.14 s β+ /4.81 3.85/0. 5/2+ -0.865 0.06 ann.rad./ 2.1(5)/0.2 Si (92.1.9769535 0+ - 92.3) Si (4.645-4.699).976494665 1/2+ -0.5553 Si (3.037-3.1).9737701 0+ Si.9753632 2.62 h β- /1.49 1.471/99.9 3/2+ 1.62(5)/0.05 32 Si.9742 1.5 2 a β- /0.4 0.3/0. 0+ 33 Si 32.977977 6.1 s β- /5.85 3.92 (3/2+) 1. 1.43(5)/13. 1.8477/0. 2.538(2)/. 34 Si 33.9786 2.8 s β- /4.60 3.09/ 0+ 0.407(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64. 1.60756(5)/36. 35 Si 34.9846 0.9 s β- /.50 36 Si 35.9867 0.5 s β- /7.9 0+ β-, n /~ 12. 37 Si 36.993 ~ 0.09 s β- /12.5 β-, n /~ 17. 38 Si 37.9955 > 1 µs β- /.7 0+ β-, n 39 Si 39.002 48. ms β- /14.8 40 Si 40.006 33. ms 0+ 41 Si 41.013. ms 42 Si 42.0 13. ms 0+ 43 Si 43.0 > 0. µs 44 Si 44.0 > 0.36 µs P.9737698(5) P.036 P.0 < 0.03 µs P.012 44. ms β+, p/.1/37 p/0.41/.0 3+ p/1.98/2.4 p/0.78-7.49 β+, 2p//2.2 P.9992 0.3 s β+, p/11.63 p/0.73, 0.61/0.07 1/2+ P.993 0. ms β+ /14.332 3.94/13. 3+ 0. 0.14 ann.rad./ 5./13. 1.779(2)/98. 6.96/. 2.839(2)/2.8 8.8/7. 3.040(2)/3.2 11.49/52. 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. P.9801 4.14 s β+ /4.94 3.945/98. 1/2+ 1.49 ann.rad./ 1.3/1.32 2.4/0.39 P.9784 2.50 m β+ /4. 3.5/99.9 1+ ann.rad./ 2.0(3)/0.07 P 0..9737698 1/2+ +1.1 32 P.9739076 14. d β- /1.76 1.7/0. 1+ -0. 33 P 32.97173.3 d β- /0.9 0.9/0. 1/2+ 34 P 33.97365 12.4 s β- /5.374 3.2/. 1+ 1.78 4.1/ 5.1/85. 2.1(5)/. 35 P 34.973 47. s β- /3.989 2.34/0. 1/2+ 1.572(1)/0. 36 P 35.9783 5.7 s β- /.41 0.902/77. 3.1/0. 37 P 36.9796 2.3 s β- /7.90 0.6462/ 1.58/ 38 P 37.9843 0.6 s β- /12.4 1./ β-, n /~ 12. 2.4/ 39 P 38.986 0.3 s β- /.5 β-, n / 40 P 39.991 0. s β- /14.5 β-,n /~.
PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMON DRUGS This table lists the names, properties, categories, and therapeutic uses of selected single-component and multicomponent drugs. The drugs have been chosen to represent a variety of categories and are widely used throughout the world. Table 1 contains the generic (and in some cases chemical) name of single-component drugs with data on their melting point, boiling point, density, and solubility in various solvents, when available. Table 2 classifies the drugs by therapeutic categories and gives additional information about their uses. Table 3 provides an index that can be used to locate an individual single-component drug by its trade name. It should be noted that not all trade names are provided as many drugs are manufactured by more than one organization. Table 4 provides similar information for multicomponent drugs and links the components to the property data given in Table 1 through the ordering number. In all tables, the ordering number is unique to a specific single-component drug as listed in Table 1. It should be noted that most drug products in the marketplace have one or more inactive ingredients. These are not included in these tables. References 1. The Combined Chemical Dictionary on DVD, Version :1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, June 14; also available on the Internet at www.chemnetbase.com. 2. Milne, G. W. A., Drugs: Synonyms and Properties, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, Hampshire, UK, 00. 3. Corey, E. J., Czakó, B., and Kürti, L., Molecules and Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 07. 4. Physicians Desk Reference, 67th Edition, Thomson PDR, Montvale, NJ, 13. 5. O Neil, M. J., Editor, The Merck Index, th Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, 13. 6. Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. <http://www.scbt.com>. Accessed August. 7. Wishart, D. S. et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 34, D668, 06. 8. ChemACX. Version..2; CambridgeSoft Corporation: Cambridge, MA. Accessed August. 9. PubChem Database, National Center for Biotechnology Information <http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>. Accessed August. Jessica L. Burger Physical Properties of Common Single-Component Drugs Table 1 contains physical properties of 0 common singlecomponent drugs. The data come from a variety of sources as listed in the reference section. The properties, units, and special notations are given in the table below. A few drugs have no properties listed except their physical state (in some) cases. These include monoclonal antibodies (indicated by an * after the name), drugs produced as recombinant DNA (indicated by a + after the name), and vaccines. ORDERING: Entry number; also used to link to information in other tables Common name: Common name of the drug: generic or chemical t m / C: Melting point in C; superscript p indicates predicted value; lit. indicates literature value t b / C: Boiling point in C; superscript p indicates predicted value; all values are for 760 mmhg unless otherwise indicated ρ/g ml -1 : Density in g ml -1 ; all values are for C unless otherwise indicated by numerical superscript; superscript p indicates predicted value Phys. state: Indication of whether the drug is a solid or uid Storage: Recommendations for normal storage; RT = room temperature H 2 O: in water in unless otherwise indicated; temperature values, when available, are given in the superscript CH 3 OH: in methanol in unless otherwise indicated; temperature values, when available, are given in the superscript C 2 H 5 OH: in ethanol in unless otherwise indicated; temperature values, when available, are given in the superscript DMSO: in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in unless otherwise indicated; temperature values, when available, are given in the superscript DMF: in dimethyl formamide (DMF) in unless otherwise indicated; temperature values, when available, are given in the superscript Table 1. Physical Properties of Common Single-Component Drugs H 2 O/ CH 3 OH/ C 2 H 5 OH/ DMSO/ ORDERING Common name t m / C t b / C ρ/ g ml -1 Phys. state Storage 1 Abatacept 2 Abiraterone acetate 1-1 506.7 p ~1.1 p Solid - C <l sparingly ~2 ~ 3 Acetaminophen 8-172 387.83 p 1. Solid RT 0.014 50 0 mmol L -1 0 mmol L -1 freely 4 Acetylsalicylic acid Solid RT 80 41 5 Adalimumab: heavy chain* Liquid 6 Adalimumab: light chain* Liquid 7 Aflibercept 1.081 Liquid 2-8 C >0 8 Albuterol sulfate 3-5 1.4 p Solid - C freely freely 9 Alendronate sodium 6.7 p Solid RT Allopurinol Solid 4 C freely 11 Alprazolam 8-9.5 Solid 40 (ph 7) DMF/ 7-41
7-42 Properties and Functions of Common Drugs ORDERING Common name t m / C t b / C ρ/ g ml -1 Phys. state Storage H 2 O/ CH 3 OH/ C 2 H 5 OH/ DMSO/ 12 Amitriptyline hydrochloride 7-9.5 Solid 0.00971 13 Amlodipine 133-135 5.2 p 1.2 p Solid RT 75.3 freely 14 Amlodipine besylate 133-135 5. p 1.2 p Solid RT 75.3 freely Amoxicillin 3.94 p 701.8 p 1.6 p Solid 4 C Amphetamine aspartate Solid slightly monohydrate 17 Amphetamine sulfate Solid slightly Apixaban 3.53 p 770.5 p 1.4 p Solid 4 C <1 <1 ~3 Aripiprazole 134-136 Solid - C freely Atazanavir 7-9 1.2 p Solid 4 C freely ~2 ~ ~ Atenolol Solid RT freely freely Atomoxetine Solid - C freely Atorvastatin calcium 176-178 7.2 p Solid RT <1 freely <1 0 Azithromycin 114 8.1 p 1.2 p Solid - C <1 0 0 Bacitracin 1-5 Solid 4 C 50 Bendamustine hydrochloride 149-1 585.2 p Solid - C s 17 79 Bevacizumab* Liquid Bimatoprost 66-68 6.8 p 1.1 p Solid - C freely ~50 ~ Bisacodyl 1.1-135 492.33 p 1.2 p Solid 4 C slightly Bismuth subsalicylate Solid 59.7 Bortezomib 139-143 684. p 1. p Solid - C 5- µmol freely 0 0 L -1 (est. max) 32 Brimonidine tartrate 7-8 432.6 Solid - C 50 mmol L -1 freely freely 34 Buprenorphine Solid 0.08 35 Caffeine 8 1. Solid 666 0 36 Canagliflozin 68-72 642.9 p 1.4 p Solid - C <1 freely <1 88 37 Capecitabine 1-1 517 p 1.49 p Solid RT >40% 7 72 ~14 38 Carisoprodol 89-91 0.0 39 Carvedilol 117 655. p 1. p Solid RT partly 33.8 > miscible 40 Cefdinir Solid - C freely freely 41 Celecoxib 6-7 5.01 p 1.43 p Solid - C <1 5 freely 33 76 42 Cephalexin Solid - C freely freely 43 Certolizumab pegol* 44 Cetuximab* 45 Chlorpheniramine maleate 1-135 Solid RT freely 46 Cimetidine 487.97 p 1. p Solid 4 C freely 37 47 Cinacalcet 440.9 Solid - C 1 freely 33 79 48 Ciprofloxacin 3-7 581.8 p 1.5 p Solid RT freely <1 <1 49 Clavulanate potassium 117.5-1 0 50 Clonazepam 8-0 Solid 0.0 51 Clonidine hydrochloride 2 3.3 p Solid 4 C 50 freely freely 75 52 Clopidogrel bisulfate Solid RT freely 53 Cobicistat 87-5 Solid 4 C 54 Codeine 7.5 9 freely 55 Colesevelam hydrochloride Solid freely 56 Conjugated estrogens 173 Solid 0.0036 57 Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride 5-7 Solid - C >0 freely 50 58 Dabigatran etexilate mesylate Solid 4 C 59 Daptomycin Solid - C 0 5 50 mmol L -1 0 mmol L -1 freely 60 Darbepoetin alfa + Liquid 61 Darunavir 74-76 1.3 p Solid - C freely 62 Dasatinib 2-4 Solid - C very poorly very poorly 0 63 Denosumab* 64 Desvenlafaxine Solid 4 C > > 65 Dexlansoprazole Solid very slightly freely freely 66 Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride Solid 0.82 67 Dextroamphetamine saccharate Solid slightly 68 Dextroamphetamine sulfate Solid slightly 69 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 4.5 p Solid RT 40 mmol L-1 1: 70 Diazepam 1-1 Solid 71 Diclofenac sodium 5-7 Solid RT 50 > ~35 ~35 ~35 72 Digoxin 7-1 0.0648 73 Dimethyl fumarate 2-6 2-3 1.37 Solid RT 1.6-36 ~12 74 Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 9-9.9 1.2 Solid RT 00 freely 500 58 ~ 75 Dipyridamole 5-6 806.48 p Solid RT slightly freely mmol L -1 0 mmol L -1 DMF/
Properties and Functions of Common Drugs 7-43 ORDERING Common name t m / C t b / C ρ/ g ml -1 Phys. state Storage H 2 O/ CH 3 OH/ C 2 H 5 OH/ DMSO/ DMF/ 76 Docusate sodium 3 to 7 1.1 Solid freely 77 Doxycycline 1 Solid - C 50 1:4 1:60 1 78 Duloxetine 7 p 466.2 1.2 Liquid - C slightly 79 Dutasteride 7-8 6.3 p 1.3 p Solid 4 C freely 64 44 62 80 Eculizumab* 81 Efavirenz 134-136 341 p 1.5 p Solid - C freely 82 Elvitegravir 93-96 Solid 4 C 83 Emtricitabine 3-5 443.3 p 1.8 p Solid - C 50 17 50 84 Enalapril maleate 143-144 Solid RT 8 85 Enoxaparin sodium > 0 86 Epoetin alfa + Liquid 87 Erlotinib hydrochloride 3-5 Solid - C <1 sparingly <1 3 88 Erythromycin Solid freely freely 89 Escitalopram oxalate 5 Solid very slightly 90 Esomeprazole Solid - C <1 s 143 143 91 Eszopiclone Solid Very slightly slightly 92 Etanercept + Liquid/ solid 93 Ethinyl estradiol 142-146 Solid 1 part in 6 94 Etonogestrel 2-4 Solid - C 95 Everolimus 1-1 998.75 p 1. p Solid - C <1 freely 0 0 96 Ezetimibe 2-4 655 p 1.3 p Solid 4 C <1 freely 83 82 97 Febuxostat 8-0 Solid 4 C freely 98 Fenofibrate 79-83 470 p 1.2 p Solid - C freely slightly 1 99 Fexofenadine hydrochloride 3-6 Solid - C freely 0 Filgrastim + 1 Fingolimod Solid - freely 2 Fluconazole 138-142 79.8 p 1.5 p Solid RT <1() 61 61 3 Fluoxetine hydrochloride 8-9 Solid 4 RT freely RT >5 RT 4 Fluticasone propionate 5 568 1.3 Solid 4 C 5 Formoterol fumarate dihydrate 136-142 Solid 4 C freely 6 Furosemide 582.1 p 1.6 p Solid RT <1 50 <1 66 freely 7 Gabapentin 2-6 4.44 p 1.1 p Solid RT freely sparingly sparingly sparingly 8 Glatiramer acetate 9 Glimepiride 2-5 750 p 1.3 p Solid RT <1 <1 > 1 Glyburide 173-175 1.4 p Solid 4 C freely 1:0 5 freely 111 Guaifenesin 79 5 ( 1.2 p Solid RT 50 freely 50 40 freely mmhg) 112 Human papillomavirus quadrivalent 113 Hydrochlorothiazide 3-7 Solid RT freely 114 Hydrocodone 8 Solid freely freely 1 Hydrocodone bitartrate 8 Solid freely freely 1 Hydrocortisone 1-4 Solid RT 117 Ibuprofen 77-78 7 (4 1.0 p Solid RT freely mmhg) 1 Imatinib mesylate 4-4 Solid 4 C 0 freely ~0.2 0 ~ 1 Infliximab* 1 Influenza vaccine for intramuscular injection 1 Insulin aspart (rdna origin) Solid insoluble 1 Insulin detemir (rdna origin) Solid freely 1 Insulin glargine 2-4 Solid insoluble 1 Insulin lispro Solid insoluble 1 Interferon beta-1a + 1 Ipilimumab* 1 Ipratropium bromide 9-0 Solid 4 C 83 83 83 1 Isosorbide mononitrate 86-88 364.5 p 1.6 p Solid RT freely freely freely 1 Lansoprazole 173-175 555.8 p 1.5 p Solid 4 C freely freely 14 74 ~ 1 Ledipasvir Solid - C 1 Lenalidomide 9-1 614 p 1.5 p Solid - C <1 freely <1 52 132 Levofloxacin 8-0 Solid 4 C 133 Levothyroxine sodium Solid 0.0% 134 Linagliptin 0-6 661.2 p 1.4 p Solid - C <1 freely 1 17 135 Linezolid 171-175 585.5 1.3 p Solid 4 C <1 freely 8 68 136 Liraglutide Solid freely (ph>7) 68 1.1 137 Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Solid 792
THE ELEMENTS C. R. Hammond and David R. Lide Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons, Z, contained in the atomic nucleus. As of, a total of 1 elements have been positively identified and assigned names and symbols. Elements can occur as two or more isotopes, differing in the number of neutrons, N, in the nucleus. An isotope is characterized by the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus, which is called the mass number A = Z + N. Including those produced artificially, over 00 isotopes have been identified, most of which are unstable to radioactive decay. A total of 8 stable isotopes of 84 elements exist on earth. a The table below summarizes key properties of the 1 elements. More detailed information can be found in the tables of atomic weights and physical properties. Individual descriptions of the elements follow the table. a These numbers include radioactive isotopes whose half-lives are comparable to or greater than the age of the earth, making it possible to define a terrestrial isotopic abundance. See Meija, J., et al., Isotopic compositions of the elements 13, Pure Appl. Chem. ; 88(3): 3 6. Element Symbol Z Atomic wt. CAS Reg. No. State at NTP Primary valences Mass no. of stable isotopes a Melting point in C Boiling point in C Density in g/cm 3 Actinium Ac 89 7440-34-8 sol +3 50 30 Aluminum Al 13.98385(7) 74-90-5 sol +3 660.3 2.70 Americium Am 95 7440-35-9 sol +3, +4, +5, 1176 11 12 +6 Antimony Sb 51 1.760(1) 7440-36-0 sol (gray Sb) +3, +5 1, 1 6.6 87 6.68 Argon Ar 39.948(1) 7440-37-1 gas 0 36, 38, 40-9.34-5.848 1.395-5.8 Arsenic As 33 74.9595(6) 7440-38-2 sol (gray As) +3, +5, -3 75 817 6 sp 5.75 Astatine At 85 7440-68-8 sol 2 Barium Ba 56 137.3(7) 7440-39-3 sol +2 1, 132, 134, 7 45 3.62 135, 136, 137, 138 Berkelium Bk 97 7440-40-6 sol +3, +4 986 13. Beryllium Be 4 9.0(5) 7440-41-7 sol +2 9 17 68 1.85 Bismuth Bi 83 8.98040(1) 7440-69-9 sol +3, +5 9 1.402 64 9.79 Bohrium Bh 7 54037-14-8 sol b +7 b Boron B 5 [.806,.8] 7440-42-8 sol +3, 11 77 4000 2.34 Bromine Br 35 [79.901, 79.907] 77-95-6 +1, +5, -1 79, 81-7.2 58.8 3. Cadmium Cd 48 112.414(4) 7440-43-9 sol +2 6, 8, 1, 3.069 767 8.69 111, 112, 113, 114, 1 Calcium Ca 40.078(4) 7440-70-2 sol +2 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 842 1484 1.54 48 Californium Cf 98 7440-71-3 sol +3 900.1 Carbon C 6 [12.0096, 12.06] 7440-44-0 sol (graphite) +2, +4, -4 12, 13 4489 tp 38 sp 2.2 (.3 MPa) Carbon C 6 [12.0096, 12.06] 7440-44-0 sol (diamond) +2, +4, -4 12, 13 4440 (12.4 3.513 GPa) Cerium Ce 58 140.1(1) 7440-45-1 sol +3, +4 136, 138, 140, 142 799 3443 6.770 Cesium Cs 55 132.905456(6) 7440-46-2 sol +1 133.5 671 1.873 Chlorine Cl 17 [35.446, 35.457] 7782-50-5 gas +1, +5, +7, -1 35,37-1.5-34.04 1.565-34.0 Chromium Cr 51.9961(6) 7440-47-3 sol +2, +3, +6 50, 52, 53, 54 07 71 7. Cobalt Co 58.9334(4) 7440-48-4 sol +2, +3 59 1495 8.86 Copernicium Cn 112 54084--3 /gas b +2, +4 b Copper Cu 63.546(3) 7440-50-8 sol +1, +2 63, 65 84.62 60 8.96 Curium Cm 96 7440-51-9 sol +3 1345 13.51 Darmstadtium Ds 1 54083-77-1 sol b +2, +4, +6 b Dubnium Db 5 53850-35-4 sol b +5 b Dysprosium Dy 66 2.500(1) 74-91-6 sol +3 6, 8, 0, 1412 67 8.55 1, 2, 3, 4 Einsteinium Es 99 74-92-7 sol +3 860 Erbium Er 68 7.9(3) 7440-52-0 sol +3 2, 4, 6, 68 9.07 7, 8, 170 Europium Eu 63 1.964(1) 7440-53-1 sol +2, +3 1, 3 8 5. Fermium Fm 0 7440-72-4 sol +3 Flerovium Fl 114 54085--4 /gas b +2, +4 b 4-1
4-2 The Elements Element Symbol Z Atomic wt. CAS Reg. No. State at NTP Primary valences Mass no. of stable isotopes a Melting point in C Boiling point in C Density in g/cm 3 Fluorine F 9.9984033(6) 7782-41-4 gas -1-9.67-8.11 1.51-8.1 Francium Fr 87 7440-73-5 sol/ b +1 Gadolinium Gd 64 7.(3) 7440-54-2 sol +3 2, 4, 5, 13 33 7.90 6, 7, 8, 0 Gallium Ga 69.7(1) 7440-55-3 sol +3 69, 71.7646 5.91 Germanium Ge 32 72.6(8) 7440-56-4 sol +2, +4 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 938. 33 5.34 Gold Au 79 6.966569(5) 7440-57-5 sol +1, +3 7 64. 36.3 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49(2) 7440-58-6 sol +4 174, 176, 177, 33 4600 13.3 178, 179, 0 Hassium Hs 8 54037-57-9 sol b +8 b Helium He 2 4.0002(2) 7440-59-7 gas 0 3, 4-8.9 0. -8.9 Holmium Ho 67 4.933(2) 7440-60-0 sol +3 5 1472 00 8.80 Hydrogen H 1 [1.00784, 1.00811] 1333-74-0 gas +1 1, 2-9. -2.879 0.07083 - Indium In 49 114.8(1) 7440-74-6 sol +3 113, 1 6.5985 7. Iodine I 53 1.90447(3) 7553-56-2 sol +1, +5, +7, 1 113.7 4.4 4.933-1 Iridium Ir 77 2.7(3) 7439-88-5 sol +3, +4 1, 3 46 44.562 Iron Fe 55.845(2) 7439-89-6 sol +2, +3 54, 56, 57, 58 38 61 7.87 Krypton Kr 36 83.798(2) 7439-90-9 gas 0 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86-7.37-3.4 2.417-3.4 Lanthanum La 57 138.90547(7) 7439-91-0 sol +3 138, 139 9 3464 6. Lawrencium Lr 3 537--5 sol +3 Lead Pb 82 7.2(1) 7439-92-1 sol +2, +4 4, 6, 7, 8 3.462 1749 11.3 Lithium Li 3 [6.938, 6.997] 7439-93-2 sol +1 6, 7 0.50 1342 0.534 Livermorium Lv 1 540-71-9 sol b +2, +4 b Lutetium Lu 71 174.9668(1) 7439-94-3 sol +3 175, 176 63 3402 9.84 Magnesium Mg 12 [.4,.7] 7439-95-4 sol +2,, 650 90 1.74 Manganese Mn 54.938044(3) 7439-96-5 sol +2, +3, +4, 55 61 7.3 +7 Meitnerium Mt 9 54038-01-6 sol b +1, +3, +6 b Mendelevium Md 1 7440-11-1 sol +2, +3 8 Mercury Hg 80 0.592(3) 7439-97-6 +1, +2 6, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 4-38.80 356.6 13.53359 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.95(1) 7439-98-7 sol +6 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 4639.2 98 Moscovium Mc 1 54085-64-2 sol b +1, +3 b Neodymium Nd 60 144.2(3) 7440-00-8 sol +3 142, 143, 144, 74 7.01 145, 146, 148, 0 Neon Ne.1797(6) 7440-01-9 gas 0,, -8.59-6.046 1.7-6.0 Neptunium Np 93 7439-99-8 sol +3, +4, +5, 644 3902.2 +6 Nickel Ni 58.6934(4) 7440-02-0 sol +2, +3 58, 60, 61, 62, 64 1455 13 8.90 Nihonium Nh 113 54084-70-7 sol b +1, +3 b Niobium Nb 41 92.90637(2) 7440-03-1 sol +3, +5 93 77 4741 8.57 Nitrogen N 7 [14.00643, 14.007] 77-37-9 gas +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, -1, 14, -0.0-5.795 0.8061-5.8-2, -3 Nobelium No 2 0-14-5 sol +2, +3 8 Oganesson Og 1 54144--3 sol b 0, +2, +4 b Osmium Os 76 0.(3) 7440-04-2 sol +3, +4 4, 6, 7, 33 5008.587 8, 9, 0, 2 Oxygen O 8 [.99903,.99977] 7782-44-7 gas -2, 17, -8.79-2.962 1.141-3.0 Palladium Pd 46 6.42(1) 7440-05-3 sol +2, +3 2, 4, 5, 54.8 63 12.0 6, 8, 1 Phosphorus P.9737698(5) 77-14-1 sol (white P) +3, +5, -3 44. 0.5 1.8 Phosphorus P.9737698(5) 77-14-0 sol (red P) +3, +5, -3 579.2 4 sp 2. Platinum Pt 78 5.084(9) 7440-06-4 sol +2, +4 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 1768.2 38.5 2.9
The Elements 4-3 Melting point in C Boiling point in C Density in g/cm 3 640 38.7 Element Symbol Z Atomic wt. CAS Reg. No. State at NTP Primary valences Mass no. of stable isotopes a Plutonium Pu 94 7440-07-5 sol +3, +4, +5, +6 Polonium Po 84 7440-08-6 sol +2, +4 4 962 9. Potassium K 39.0983(1) 7440-09-7 sol +1 39, 40, 41 63.5 759 0.89 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90766(2) 7440--0 sol +3 141 9 35 6.77 Promethium Pm 61 7440-12-2 sol +3 42 00 7. Protactinium Pa 91 1.03588(2) 7440-13-3 sol +4, +5 1 72.4 Radium Ra 88 7440-14-4 sol +2 696 5 Radon Rn 86 043-92-2 gas 0-71 -61.7 0.009074 gas Rhenium Re 75 6.7(1) 7440--5 sol +4, +6, +7 5, 7 35 5590.8 Rhodium Rh 45 2.90550(2) 7440--6 sol +3 3 63 3695 12.4 Roentgenium Rg 111 54386--2 sol b +3, +5, -1 b Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678(3) 7440-17-7 sol +1 85, 87 39. 688 1.53 Ruthenium Ru 44 1.07(2) 7440--8 sol +3 0, 1, 2, 4 33 4147 12.1 Rutherfordium Rf 4 53850-36-5 sol b +4 Samarium Sm 62 0.36(2) 7440--9 sol +2, +3 144, 147, 148, 72 1794 7.52 149, 0, 2, 4 Scandium Sc 44.955908(5) 7440--2 sol +3 45 41 36 2.99 Seaborgium Sg 6 54038-81-2 sol b +6 b Selenium Se 34 78.971(8) 7782-49-2 sol (gray Se) +4, +6, -2 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 0.8 685 4.809 82 Silicon Si 14 [.084,.086] 7440--3 sol +2, +4, -4, 1414 35 2.36 Silver Ag 47 7.8682(2) 7440--4 sol +1 7, 9 961.78 62.5 Sodium Na 11.989769(2) 7440--5 sol +1 97.794 882.940 0.97 Strontium Sr 38 87.62(1) 7440--6 sol +2 84, 86, 87, 88 777 1377 2.64 Sulfur S [32.059, 32.076] 7704-34-9 sol +4, +6, -2 32, 33, 34, 36 1. 444.61 2.00 (monoclinic S) Sulfur S [32.059, 32.076] 7704-34- sol (rhombic S) +4, +6, -2 32, 33, 34, 36 95.2 trans 444.61 2.07 monocl Tantalum Ta 73 0.94788(2) 7440--7 sol +5 0, 1 17 5455.4 Technetium Tc 43 7440--8 sol +4, +6, +7 57 42 11 Tellurium Te 52 1.60(3) 13494-80-9 sol +4, +6, -2 1, 1, 1, 449.51 988 6.2 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 Tennessine Ts 117 541-14-3 sol b +1, +3, +5 b Terbium Tb 65 8.935(2) 7440--9 sol +3 9 1359 8. Thallium Tl 81 [4.382, 4.385] 7440--0 sol +1, +3 3, 5 4 1473 11.8 Thorium Th 90 2.0377(4) 7440--1 sol +4 2 1750 4785 11.7 Thulium Tm 69 8.934(2) 7440--4 sol +3 9 45 50 9.32 Tin Sn 50 1.7(7) 7440--6 sol (white Sn) +2, +4 112, 114, 1, 1.9 86 7.7 1, 117, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 Tin Sn 50 1.7(7) 7440--5 sol (gray Sn) +2, +4 112, 114, 1, 13.2 trans 86 5.769 1, 117, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 white Sn Titanium Ti 47.867(1) 7440-32-6 sol +2, +3, +4 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 70 37 4.506 Tungsten W 74 3.84(1) 7440-33-7 sol +6 0, 2, 3, 3414 5555.3 4, 6 Uranium U 92 8.091(3) 7440-61-1 sol +3, +4, +5, 4. 5, 8 1135 41.1 +6 Vanadium V 50.94(1) 7440-62-2 sol +2, +3, +4, 50, 51 3407 6.0 +5 Xenon Xe 54 1.3(6) 7440-63-3 gas 0 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -111.75-8.099 2.942-8.1 132, 134, 136 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.045() 7440-64-4 sol +2, +3 8, 170, 171, 8 6.90 172, 173, 174, 176 Yttrium Y 39 88.90584(2) 7440-65-5 sol +3 89 3345 4.47 Zinc Zn 65.38(2) 7440-66-6 sol +2 64, 66, 67, 68, 70 4.5 907 7.134 Zirconium Zr 40 91.4(2) 7440-67-7 sol +4 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 54 4406 6.52 a b Includes radioactive isotopes of very long lifetimes, whose terrestrial abundance is effectively stable. Predicted