Μάθηµα Εισαγωγή στις Τηλεπικοινωνίες Ενότητα 8η ίκτυα Τηλεπικοινωνιών ίκτυα Πρόσβασης - Μάθηµα 9 ο Καθ. Θωµάς Σφηκόπουλος thomas@di.uoa.gr Κατσιάνης ηµήτρης, Επιστ. Συνεργάτης dkats@di.uoa.gr Τσίπουρας Άρης, Επιστ. Συνεργάτης aris@di.uoa.gr ΕΘΝΙΚΟ & ΚΑΠΟ ΙΣΤΡΙΑΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ Τοµέας Επικοινωνιών και Επεξεργασίας Σήµατος Τµήµα Πληροφορικής & Τηλεπικοινωνιών
Resources Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003 ISBN : 0-13-066102-3 Lillian Goleniewski, Telecommunications essentials ISBN 0-201-76032-0, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. William Stallings, Business Data Communications, Fifth Edition, ISBN 0-13-144257-0 (feb 2004), fourth Edition 2001 ISBN: 0-13-088263-1, Publisher: Prentice Hall Regis J. "Bud" Bates, Broadband telecommunications handbook 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill telecommunications) ISBN 0-07-139851-1 2
Η πρόκληση Αγορά Ζήτηση Προθυµία πληρωµής Συµπεριφορά πελάτη Τεχνολογία Ποικιλία ιαθεσιµότητα Ενοποίηση υπηρεσιών Στρατηγική Που? Πότε? Πώς? 3
Οι Τεχνολογίες... Powerline modems FTTB HFC Cable modem FTTC FTTH ATM SDH APON FTTN PON FSAN ISDN IP BPON MMDS MVDS HDSL ADSL IDSL HDSL IMUX SDSL VDSL CDSL Skystation HALO LMDS GSM Globalstar UMTS/UTRA MBS GEO LEO Skybridge Odyssey DECT DCS1800 Teledesic Iridium Astrolink MEO 4 The market Existing networks Broadband access Operator s plans
Υπάρχει µεγάλη ποικιλία από εναλλακτικές λύσεις για interactive broadband access Satellite Systems Wireless Cellular Systems Fibre in the loop Digital Subscriber Line Hybrid Fibre Coax 5
Πρόσβαση Το περιβάλλον LLU Σενάρια αποδεσµοποίησης Οικονοµικές επιπτώσεις 6
Local Loop 7
υνατότητες PSTN ISDN xdsl Cable MMDS LMDS 802.16 Mobility (3G Umts) Full Services Access Network Fiber to the X (Home Building, Curb etc.) Virtual Network 8
The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL, and Wireless 9
xdsl Asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL) ISDN (like) digital subscriber line (IDSL) High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) Consumer Digital Subscriber Line (CDSL) Single High Speed DSL (SHDSL) Rate-adaptive digital subscriber line (RADSL) Very high-bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) Single or symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) 10
Digital Subscriber Lines Bandwidth versus distanced over category 3 UTP for DSL. 11
Digital Subscriber Lines (2) Operation of ADSL using discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. 12
Digital Subscriber Lines (3) A typical ADSL equipment configuration. 13
Ορεστιάδα Φλώρινα Κιλκίς Γιαννιτσά 3 2 2 ιδυµότυχο 22 Πτολεµαϊδα Πολύγυρος Κατερίνη Γρεβενά Ν. Μουδανιά Τύρναβος Κασσάνδρεια 2 3 Λήµνος Μύρινα 3 Πρέβεζα Καρπενήσι Λευκάδα Άµφισσα Λειβαδιά Ναύπακτος Οινόφυτα Θήβα 5 Αίγιο Αµαλιάδα Κιάτο Άργος 82 Λουτράκι Ναύπλιο ο Μύκονος ΤΜΗΜΑ ΣΧΕ ΙΑΣΜΟΥ ΙΚΤΥΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΒΑΣΗΣ ΕΥΡΕΙΑΣ ΖΩΝΗΣ Σπάρτη Πάρος Κάλυµνος Ρόδος Ιαλυσός Σγούρου 14 N N Σηµεία Παρουσίας (POP) ικτύου DSL 2 Μάλλια Λ. Χερσονήσου 3 Κνωσσός Ιεράπετρα Σητεία Τ.Π.: ΟΛΕΣ ΟΙ ΤΗΛΕΠ. ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΕΣ Τ..: ΟΛΑ ΤΑ ΤΗΛΕΠ. ΙΑΜΕΡΙΣΜΑΤΑ ΤΙΤΛΟΣ: ΠΑΝΕΛΛΑ ΙΚΟΣ ΧΑΡΤΗΣ ΣΗΜΕΙΩΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΣΧΕ ΙΑΣΜΟΥ DSL ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ΕΚ ΟΣΗ: ΙΚΤΥΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΒΑΣΗΣ Χ_ΕΛΛΑ Α.1 / 26-06-2003 ΕΥΡΕΙΑΣ ΖΩΝΗΣ ΚΩ ΙΚΟΣ ΠΡΟΗΓΟΥΜΕΝΗΣ ΕΚ ΟΣΗΣ: ΚΑΜΙΑ ΣΥΝΤΑΚΤΕΣ: 1. ΣΠ. ΠΟΛΥΧΡΟΝΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ 2. Μ. ΠΑΛΑΙΟΓΙΑΝΝΗ
ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ ΙΚΤΥΟΥ INTERNET DSLAM xdsl DSLAM BBRAS xdsl nxe1 nxe1 Casc. And xdsl STM-1 SDH ATM Switch ATM DSLAM SDH DSLAM STM-1 xdsl DSLAM PSTN/ISDN xdsl nxe1 xdsl DSLAM Casc. and xdsl PSTN / ISDN ADSL 15
DSL Summary Table DSL Type Description Data Rate Downstream; Upstream Distance Limit Application IDSL ISDN Digital Subscriber Line 128 Kbps 18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire Similar to the ISDN BRI service but data only (no voice on the same line) CDSL Consumer DSL from Rockwell 1 Mbps downstream; less upstream 18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire Splitterless home and small business service; similar to DSL Lite DSL Lite (same as G.Lite) "Splitterless" DSL without the "truck roll" From 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps downstream, depending on the subscribed service 18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire The standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business G.Lite (same as DSL Lite) "Splitterless" DSL without the "truck roll" From 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps, depending on the subscribed service 18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire The standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business HDSL High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line 1.544 Mbps duplex on two twisted-pair lines; 2.048 Mbps duplex on three twisted-pair lines 12,000 feet on 24 gauge wire T1/E1 service between server and phone company or within a company; WAN, LAN, server access SDSL Symmetric DSL 1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S. and Canada); 2.048 Mbps (Europe) on a single duplex line downstream and upstream 12,000 feet on 24 gauge wire Same as for HDSL but requiring only one line of twisted-pair ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 1.544 to 6.1 Mbps downstream; 16 to 640 Kbps upstream 1.544 Mbps at 18,000 feet; 2.048 Mbps at 16,000 feet; 6.312 Mpbs at 12,000 feet; 8.448 Mbps at 9,000 feet Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access RADSL Rate-Adaptive DSL from Westell Adapted to the line, 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream; 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream Not provided Similar to ADSL UDSL Unidirectional DSL proposed by a company in Europe Not known Not known Similar to HDSL 16 VDSL Very high Digital Subscriber Line 12.9 to 52.8 Mbps downstream; 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps upstream; 1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps downstream 4,500 feet at 12.96 Mbps; 3,000 feet at 25.82 Mbps; 1,000 feet at 51.84 Mbps ATM networks; Fiber to the Neighborhood
ΤΥΠΟΣ Περιγραφή Πρότυπο ITU, ETSI ιαµόρφωση Πλήθος ζευγών Ρυθµός up / downstream Συχνότητες ζώνης διέλευσης ADSL Ασύµµετρο DSL G.992.1 ιακριτή πολυτονική (DMT) 1 Μέχρι 0.5 Μbps / 8 Mbps 25-138 khz up25-1104 khz Down G. lite (UDSL) ADSL χωρίς splitter G.992.2 DMT 1 Μέχρι0.5Mbps / 1.5 Mbps 25-138 khz up25-552 khz Down DSL (ISDN BRI, BA) Ψηφιακό σύστηµα ολοκληρωµένων υπηρεσιών βασικού ρυθµού ή βασικής πρόσβασης G.961 2B1Q 1 160 kbps (συµµετρικά) 0-80 khz HDSL υψίρυθµο DSL G.991.1ETSI TS 101 135 2B1Q 2 1.544 Μbps (συµµετρικά) 0-370 khz ΗDSL2 υψίρυθµο DSL 2ης γενιάς G.991.2 PAM µε κώδικα Trellis 16 σταθµών 1 1.544 Μbps (συµµετρικά) 0-300 khz up0-440 khz Down ΗDSL4 Τετρασύρµατο υψίρυθµο DSL 2ης γενιάς G.991.2 PAM µε κώδικα Trellis 16 σταθµών 2 1.544 Μbps (συµµετρικά) 0-130 khz up0-400 khz Down SDSL Συµµετρικό DSL ETSI TS 101 524 2Β1Q 1 Mέχρι 2320 kbps (συµµετρικά) 0-700 khz G.shdsl υψίρυθµο DSL µονού ζεύγους G.991.2 PAM µε κώδικα Trellis 16 σταθµών 1 Mέχρι 2320 kbps (συµµετρικά) 0-400 khz VDSL Υπερυψίρυθµο DSL G. vdsletsi TS 101 370 DMT ή QAM 1 Μέχρι13 Μbps/22 Mbps 25 khz-12 MHz Ε1 line Γραµµή Ε1 (ισοδυναµεί µε 32 γραµµές 64 kbps) G.703 ιπολική υψηλής πυκνότητας (HDB3) 2 2.048 Mbps (συµµετρικά) 0-2.048 MHz 17
ADSL -TV Twisted Pair ADSL ATU-C ADSL STM-n RING ATM Switch ADSL ATU-R DSLAM STM-n Video Server
VDSL -TV Twisted Pair NT VDSL ONU PON STM-n RING ATM Switch OLT STM-n Video Server 19
Πάροχοι 20 OTE http://www.oteshop.gr/home/adslconnection.htm OTEnet http://www.ondsl.gr/business_general.htm FORTHnet http://www1.forthnet.gr/fastinternetadsl/pricelist.html Vivodi http://www.vivodi.com/site/content.php?sel=85 ACN (Altec Telecoms) http://www4.acn.gr/viewer.asp?rec=49 Tellas http://www.tellas.gr/site/front_end/index_tellas.jsp SPARKnet http://www.myadsl.gr/prices.html
Το επόµενο βήµα ADSL2 (G.992.3) The lite version: G.992.4 ADSL+ (G.adslplus) SELT (Single ended line testing) 21
Cable Television Community Antenna Television Internet over Cable Spectrum Allocation Cable Modems ADSL versus Cable 22
Community Antenna Television An early cable television system. 23
Internet over Cable Cable television 24
Internet over Cable (2) The fixed telephone system. 25
Spectrum Allocation 26 Frequency allocation in a typical cable TV system used for Internet access 6 MHz channel and QAM-64, 36 Mbps (net payload 27 Mbps) With QAM-256, the net payload is about 39 Mbps The European values are 1/3 larger.
Cable Modems 27 Typical details of the upstream and downstream channels in North America.
Wireless Local Loops 28
DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Two channels? Two receivers. 20 million DBS subscribers Internet? 29
Broadband Wireless MMDS Multipoint Distribution Services 1970 6MHz television channels USA 1998 Internet (two way services) 2GHz to 3GHz range, 55 km, 128Kbps to 10Mbps line of sight problems Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 18-22 Mbps 30
Broadband Wireless LMDS 31 Local Multipoint Distribution Service, 10GHz to 45GHz, depending on where you are in the world. 1.5Gbps downstream and 200Mbps upstream, over shared media microcells of 0.5 to 3 miles (1 to 5 kilometers), serving 5,000 to 10,000 homes around 150 video channels and more than 7,000 64Kbps voice channels. line of sight problems L (local) single cell site, up to 5 miles M (multipoint) point-to-multipoint or broadcast method; the wireless return path, from subscriber to the base station, is a point-to-point transmission D (distribution) distribution of signals, simultaneous voice, data, Internet, and video traffic S (service) implies the subscriber nature of the relationship between the operator and the customer; the services offered through an LMDS network are entirely dependent on the operator's choice of business Licensing Licensing
Broadband Wireless Free space optics Point-to-point (range 2 to 4 km) 155Mbps to 10Gbps Point-to-multipoint (1 to 2 km) 155Mbps to 10Gbps. Meshed (200 to 450 m) 622Mbps. 32
802.16 Wireless MAN - WMAX Connection-Oriented multimedia radio architecture The 802.16 transmission environment. 33 Backbone Network Connection (optical fibre) Customer base: Business and Residential (video, voice, data) e.g. 25 MHz, QAM-64, 150 Mbps, QAM-16, 100 Mbps, QPSK 50 Mbps.
802.16 network Lower cost solutions 34
Players 35
Συγκρίσεις 36
FSAN-FTTx Full Services Access Network Fiber to the X (Home Building, Curb etc.) 37
FTTX FN HFC ADSL/ FTTExch ONU PON FTTCab ONU PON FTTB/C PON FTTH BS Radio 38
Scenario: xdsl + LMDS ABBREVIATIONS LAP BAP ISP BSP Local Access Point Broadband Access Point Internet Service Provider Broadc. Service Provider BSP ISP DTT BAP ca 35 km R & D 3 km LMDS LAP xdsl LAP 1 km 39 0 km
Full Service Access Network 2000+ DSL Gateway ISDN PSTN ATM IP GSM NMT UMTS To SN BAP LAP Fibernode UMTS base LMDS base Residential and business 2 Mbit/s Fibre Large business LAP DP DSL Res./SME 2-26 Mbit/s 40
Area definition FTTCab FTTEx 200 m 1.200 m Average Copper cable length 1.400 m Fiber cable 5.200 m Customer 65536 Floor Building 16384 1024 Cabinet 256 Branching box 2 32 LEx 4 Branching box1 1 CEx 1 1:4 1:16 Number of FP (flexibility points) Distribution rate of FP 1:4 1:8 1:8 1:4 1:1 41
ATM vs Etehrnet Core network -Active Optoelectronic - WAN Interfaces Central Exchange (CE) Local Exchange (LE) OLT ATM ATM STM4 ONU ATM OLT GbE - VDSL interface - Fibre cable Copper cable - Passive couplers Main cable Cabinet(Cab) Distribution cable ONU Customers < 750m PON... 100BaseFx... Customers < 750m Subscriber location NT NT NT ONT ONT NT NT NT ATM (P-t-MP) FTTC ATM (P-t-MP) FTTH/O Ethernet (P-t-P) FTTH/O Ethernet (P-t-P) FTTC 42
Comparison: BWA+VDSL vs. Ethernet FTTC Parameter Value Operating frequency band 42 GHz Max. nr. of carriers per AP 16 Net capacity per carrier 63 Mbit/s Cell radius 1.3 km IP Core -Active Optoelectronic - WAN Interfaces Central Exchange (CE) Local Exchange (LE) BWA Access Point GbE - VDSL interface - Fibre cable Copper cable Main cable EoVDSL Cabinet(Cab) Distribution cable Customers < 750m BWA Transceiver EoVDSL Customers < 750m Subscriber location NT NT BWA (P-t-MP) NT NT NT Ethernet (P-t-P) FTTC 43
3G UMTS-IMT UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service), IMT 2000 is mobile multimedia: videophones, fast Internet, media streaming and voice. Data rates vary according to speed and area: highest rates at low speed and in hot spots 44 Picocells Microcells Macrocells Satellite coverage Zone buildings urban rural & semi-rural rural & semi-rural Bitrates 2 Mbit/s 512 kbit/s 144-384 kbit/s? kbit/s Speed 10 km/h 120 km/h 500 km/h 120 km/h
Mobile evolution paths (incumbents) 4 GSM time slots software upgrade + new terminal GSM 9.6 kbps / 14.4 kbps HSCSD hard- & soft-ware upgrade + new terminal (14.4 kbps per slot) circuit switched hard- & soft-ware upgrade (new coding: 48 kbps/slots) GPRS 115.2 kbps EHSCSD 57.6 kbps 144 kbps 4; 5; 6 4 1; 2 ;3 6 2; 3 5 1; 6 hard & software upgrades; (new coding: 48 kbps/slots) packet switched new network + new terminal EGPRS 384 kbps 5 2 new network + new terminal 3 UMTS UMTS II 2 Mbps (stationary) 155 Mbps 384 kbps (120 km/h) (stationary) 144 kbps (500 km/h) after 2010 EGPRS 1999 2000 2001 2002 45
Topologies - Starting point: GSM GSM mobile BSS BSC NSS SIM card BTS MSC HLR Landline Ntw (PSTN/ISDN) 46
Upgrade to GPRS GPRS GSM mobile BSS SGSN Internet (TCP/IP) BSC GGSN NSS SIM card BTS MSC HLR Updates in existing network elements Landline Ntw (PSTN/ISDN) 47
UMTS architecture GSM mobile Co-sited GSM + WCDMA GPRS SGSN Internet (TCP/IP) BSC GGSN SIM card GSM / WCDMA mobile BTS MSC HLR WCDMA mobile UMTS BS UTRAN RNC IN Landline Ntw (PSTN/ISDN) 48
Broadband Wireless 802.20 802.20: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Vehicular Mobility (new) Below 3.5 GHz (>1 Mbps) Cell ranges of up to 15 km Speeds up to 250 km per hour High-speed trains. 49
Συγκρίσεις and The 4 Ps for Mobile Broadband Adoption Pipe, Protocol, Policies, and Profitability 50
Virtual Networks 51
Mobile Virtual Network Operator How A full MVNO, with its own SIM card, network selection code and switching capabilities as well as service center but without spectrum. IA-MVNO (Indirect Access MVNO) or Enhanced service provider without SIM card, but with own core network and service facilities, e.g. own IN or IP application servers. Wireless ISP without own core network; basically an Internet portal providing wireless IP services. 52
53 Who Telecom operators. Power companies. TV and multimedia content providers. Car/Food/Retail industries. Operator-like MVNO business profile. Well known as an operator Average usage levels Initial market share in telecom market Probably 2G mobile market position Average marketing costs Less Operational costs (interconnection costs) Focused on both business and mass market (B2-Sweden, Energis-UK, Kingston-UK, One.Tel-Netherlands, etc.). The Full MVNO case Service-oriented MVNO business profile high brand-value and large customer base company Expansion of its business in the mobile area Less marketing costs Higher risks Higher usage levels Higher operational costs Focused on specific target groups (BSkyB, Virgin Group, Value Telecom, Ford, General Motors-UK) Research questions Business opportunities Technical implications Tariff evolution and uncertainties Revenue and Traffic forecasts Types of services Impact of regulation
2G or 3G MVNOs Planned and operational examples Imagine (Eircell) Sense (Telia) Telia!!! BSkyB (Vodafone) Colt Telecom Hutchison (TIW 3G) Kingston (BT Cellnet) Mint Telecom One.Tel J.Sainsbury Tesco Value (One2One) Virgin (One2One) Hutchison Tele2 Mobile Sense (Sonofon) Tele2 Mobile (Sonofon) Tiscali (Omnitel) Deutsche Telecom 54 Deutsche Telecom Tele2 Mobile Virgin France Telecom Q-Telecom (early) Municipalities VNO
Shift in Business Model due to the introduction of MVNO SIM Card Manufacturers Operators SIM Card Manufacturers Operators Handset Manufacturers MVNO Handset Manufacturers Distributors/Sales Retailers Distributors/Sales Retailers Users Users 55 Source: Report on Business Models for Next Generation Mobile Phones: MPHPT
MVNO types and operations vs MNOs and ESPs Network Operator Marketing Service Provider Enhanced Service Provider Mobile Virtual Network Operator Distribution Customer Care Tariffing / Billing Network Services Switching / Routing Capabilities Radio Access Network 56
3G Full MVNO architecture Billing Customer Care Business Support Call Center BTS Network HLR voicemail WAP Gateway Subscriber Register, VAS, Internet MSC/VLR E GMSC PSTN MNO G SGSN GGSN Internet MVNO GMSC PSTN GGSN Internet HLR voicemail WAP Gateway Subscriber Register, VAS, Internet Billing Customer Care Business Support Call Center 57