Color Key. Hydrogen Iodine Gold. Oxygen Sulfur Copper. Nitrogen Phosphorus Electron. Chlorine Silicon Proton. Fluorine Helium Neutron

APPENDIX APPENDIX C C Table C-1 Color Key Carbon Bromine Sodium/ Other metals Hydrogen Iodine Gold Oxygen Sulfur Copper Nitrogen Phosphorus Electron Chlorine Silicon Proton Fluorine Helium Neutron Table C-2 Symbols and Abbreviations rays from radioactive materials, helium nuclei rays from radioactive materials, electrons rays from radioactive materials, high-energy quanta change in wavelength frequency A ampere (electric current) amu atomic mass unit Bq becquerel (nuclear disintegration) C Celsius degree (temperature) C coulomb (quantity of electricity) c speed of light cd candela (luminous intensity) c specific heat D density E F G g Gy H Hz h h J K K a K b K eq K sp kg M m m mol energy, electromotive force force free energy gram (mass) gray (radiation) enthalpy hertz (frequency) Planck s constant hour (time) joule (energy) kelvin (temperature) ionization constant (acid) ionization constant (base) equilibrium constant solubility product constant kilogram (mass) molarity mass, molality meter (length) mole (amount) min N N A n P Pa q R S s Sv T V V v W w X minute (time) newton (force) Avogadro s number number of moles pressure, power pascal (pressure) heat ideal gas constant entropy second (time) sievert (absorbed radiation) temperature volume volt (electric potential) velocity watt (power) work mole fraction 912 Chemistry: Matter and Change

Table C- SI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Scientific notation femto f 10 15 pico p 10 12 nano n 10 9 micro 10 6 milli m 10 centi c 10 2 deci d 10 1 deka da 10 1 hecto h 10 2 kilo k 10 mega M 10 6 giga G 10 9 tera T 10 12 peta P 10 15 Table C- The Greek Alphabet Alpha Α Nu Ν Beta Β Xi Ξ Gamma Γ Omicron Ο Delta Pi Π Epsilon Ε Rho Ρ Zeta Ζ Sigma Σ Eta Η Tau Τ Theta Θ Upsilon ϒ Iota Ι Phi Φ Kappa Κ Chi Χ Lambda Λ Psi Ψ Mu Μ Omega Ω Table C-5 Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Value Atomic mass unit amu 1.6605 10 27 kg Avogadro s number N 6.022 10 2 particles/mole Ideal gas constant R 8.1 LkPa/molK 0.0821 Latm/molK 62. mm HgL/molK 62. torrl/molk Mass of an electron m e 9.109 10 1 kg 5.8586 10 amu Mass of a neutron m n 1.6792 10 27 kg 1.008 665 amu Mass of a proton m p 1.6726 10 27 kg 1.007 276 amu Molar volume of ideal gas at STP V 22.1 L/mol Normal boiling point of water T b 7.15 K 100.0C Normal freezing point of water T f 27.15 K 0.00C Planck s constant h 6.626 076 10 Js Speed of light in a vacuum c 2.997 925 10 8 m/s 91

Table C-6 Properties of Elements Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass* (amu) Melting Point Boiling Point Density (g/cm ) (gases measured at STP) Atomic Radius (pm) First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Standard Reduction Potential (V) (for elements from or to oxidation state indicated) Enthalpy of Fusion (kj/mol) Specific Heat (J/g C ) Enthalpy of Vaporization (kj/mol) Abundance in Earth s Crust (%) Major Oxidation States Actinium Ac 89 [227] 1050 00 10.07 20 99 ()2.1 1. 0.120 29 trace Aluminum Al 1 26.98159 660.7 2517.6 2.699 1 577.5 ()1.67 10.71 0.9025 290.8 8.1 Americium Am 95 [2] 1176 2607 1.67 18 579 ()2.07 10 28.5 2,, Antimony Sb 51 121.760 60.7 1587 6.697 161 8 ()0.15 19.5 0.2072 19 2 10 5,5 Argon Ar 18 9.98 189.7 185.86 0.00178 98 1521 1.18 0.520 6.52 10 6 Arsenic As 7.92159 816 615 5.778 121 97 ()0.2 27.7 0.289 1.9 10,5 (280 kpa) (sublimes) (sublimes) Astatine At 85 [210] 00 50 916 (1)0.2 2.8 90. trace 1,5 Barium Ba 56 17.27 726.9 185.62 222 502.9 (2)2.92 8.012 0.20 10 0.09 2 Berkelium Bk 97 [27] 986 1.78 170 601 ()2.01, Beryllium Be 9.012182 1287 268 1.88 112 899.5 (2)1.97 7.895 1.82 297.6 2 10 2 Bismuth Bi 8 208.9807 271. 156 9.78 151 70 ()0.17 10.9 0.1221 179 8 10 7,5 Bohrium Bh 107 [26] Boron B 5 10.811 2080 927 2.6 85 800.6 ()0.89 50.2 1.026 50.5 9 10 Bromine Br 5 79.90 7.25 59.5.1028 119 119.9 (1)1.065 10.571 0.762 29.56 2.5 10 1,1,,5 Cadmium Cd 8 112.11 20.8 770 8.65 151 867.7 (2)0.025 6.19 0.211 100 1.6 10 5 2 Calcium Ca 20 0.078 81.5 18 1.55 197 589.8 (2)2.8 8.5 0.615 155.66 2 Californium Cf 98 [251] 900 186 608 ()2, Carbon C 6 12.011 620 200 2.266 77 1086.5 ()0.12 10.6 0.7099 711 0.018,2, Cerium Ce 58 10.115 80 70 6.77 181.8 51 ()2. 5.2 0.192 1 0.007, Cesium Cs 55 12.905 28. 67.8 1.9 262 75.7 (1)2.92 2.087 0.221 67 2.6 10 1 Chlorine Cl 17 5.527 101 0.0021 91 1255.5 (1)1.58 6.1 0.7820 20.1 0.01 1,1,,5 Chromium Cr 2 51.9961 1907 2679 7.2 128 652.8 ()0.7 20.5 0.91 9 0.01 2,,6 Cobalt Co 27 58.92 195 2912 8.9 125 758.8 (2)0.277 16.192 0.210 82 0.0028 2, Copper Cu 29 6.56 1085 2570 8.92 128 75.5 (2)0. 1.8 0.852 0 0.0058 1,2 Curium Cm 96 [27] 10 50 1.51 17 581 ()2.06, Dubnium Db 105 [262] Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 107 2600 8.56 178.1 572 ()2.29 10. 0.17 250 6 10 2, Einsteinium Es 99 [252] 860 186 619 ()2 Erbium Er 68 167.26 197 2900 9.05 176.1 589 ()2.2 17.2 0.1681 29.5 10 Europium Eu 6 151.965 826 1596 5.25 208. 57 ()1.99 10.5 0.1820 176 2.1 10 2, Fermium Fm 100 [257] 627 ()1.96 2, Fluorine F 9 18.99802 219.7 188.2 0.001696 69 1681 (1)2.87 0.51 0.828 6.5 0.05 1 Francium Fr 87 [22] 27 650 280 9 2 6.6 trace 1 Gadolinium Gd 6 157.25 112 000 7.886 180. 592 ()2.29 15.5 0.255 11.7 6. 10 Gallium Ga 1 69.72 29.77 220 5.90 1 578.8 ()0.529 5.59 0.709 256 0.0018 1, Germanium Ge 2 72.6 95 2850 5.2 12 761.2 ()0.12 1.8 0.215. 1.5 10 2, * [ ] indicates mass of longest-lived isotope. 91 Chemistry: Matter and Change

Table C-6 Properties of Elements (continued) Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass* (amu) Melting Point Boiling Point Density (g/cm ) (gases measured at STP) Atomic Radius (pm) First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Standard Reduction Potential (V) (for elements from or to oxidation state indicated) Enthalpy of Fusion (kj/mol) Specific Heat (J/g C ) Enthalpy of Vaporization (kj/mol) Abundance in Earth s Crust (%) Major Oxidation States Gold Au 79 196.9665 106 2856 19.2 1 889.9 ()1.52 12. 0.12905 2. 10 7 1, Hafnium Hf 72 178.9 2227 60 1.28 159 65. ()1.56 29.288 0.12 661 10 Hassium Hs 108 [277] Helium He 2.002602 269.7 268.9 0.0001787 1 272 0.02 5.191 0.08 (256 kpa) Holmium Ho 67 16.902 161 2600 8.78 176.2 581 ()2. 17.1 0.166 251 1.5 10 Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 259.19 252.76 0.0000899 7 112 (1) 0.0000 0.117 1.298 0.90 1,1 Indium In 9 11.818 156.61 2080 7.29 167 558.2 ()0.82.26 0.207 21.8 2 10 5 1, lodine I 5 126.907 11.6 18.5.9 18 1008. (1)0.555 15.517 0.218 1.95.6 10 5 1,1,5,7 Iridium Ir 77 192.22 27 550 22.65 15.5 880 ()0.926 26. 0.106 56.6 1 10 7,,5 Iron Fe 26 55.85 156 2860 7.87 126 759. ()0. 1.807 0.9 50 5.8 2, Krypton Kr 6 8.80 157.2 15.5 0.0079 112 151 1.6 0.280 9.0 Lanthanum La 57 18.9055 920 20 6.17 187 58 ()2.7 8.5 0.1952 02 0.005 Lawrencium Lr 10 [262] ()2.06 Lead Pb 82 207.2 27 176 11.2 16 715.6 (2)0.1251.77 0.1276 178 0.001 2, Lithium Li 6.91 180.5 17 0.5 156 520.2 (1).05.569 18 0.002 1 Lutetium Lu 71 17.967 1652 27 9.8 17.8 52 ()2. 11.9 0.155 1 8 10 5 Magnesium Mg 12 2.05 650 1105 1.78 160 77.8 (2)2.56 8.77 1.02 127. 2.76 2 Manganese Mn 25 5.9805 126 2061 7. 127 717.5 (2)1.18 12.058 0.791 219.7 0.1 2,,,6,7 Meitnerium Mt 109 [268] Mendelevium Md 101 [258] 65 2, Mercury Hg 80 200.59 8.9 57 1.5 151 1007 (2)0.855 2.295 0.1950 59.1 2 10 6 1,2 Molybdenum Mo 2 95.9 262 679 10.28 19 685 (6) 0.11 6 0.2508 590 1.2 10,5,6 Neodymium Nd 60 1.2 102 111 7.00 181. 50 ()2.2 7.1 0.190 28.7 0.00 2, Neon Ne 10 20.1797 28.61 26.05 0.0008999 71 2081 0. 1.001 1.77 Neptunium Np 9 [27] 60 900 20.5 155 597 (5)0.91 9.6 6 2,,,5,6 Nickel Ni 28 58.69 155 288 8.908 12 76.7 (2)0.257 17.15 0.2 75 0.0075 2,, Niobium Nb 1 92.9068 277 858 8.57 16 66.1 (5)0.65 26.9 0.268 690 0.002,5 Nitrogen N 7 1.0067 210 195.8 0.001209 75 102 ()0.092 0.72 1.097 5.58 0.002,2,1,1,2,,, 5 Nobelium No 102 [259] 62 (2)2.5 2, Osmium Os 76 190.2 05 5025 22.57 15 80 ()0.687 1.7 0.10 627.6 2 10 7,6,8 Oxygen O 8 15.999 218.8 18 0.00129 60 11.9 (2) 1.229 0. 0.9178 6.82 5.5 2,1 Palladium Pd 6 106.2 1552 290 11.99 17 805 (2) 0.915 17.6 0.21 62 10 7 2, Phosphorus P 15 0.97762.2 280.5 1.82 109 1012 ()0.06 0.659 0.76968 9.8 0.11,,5 Platinum Pt 78 195.078 1769 82 21.1 18.5 868 ()1.15 19.7 0.126 510. 1 l0 6 2, Plutonium Pu 9 [2] 60 20 19.86 162 585 ()1.25 2.8 0.18.5,,5,6 Polonium Po 8 [209] 25 962 9. 16 81 ()0.7.81 0.125 10 2,2,,6 Potassium K 19 9.098 6.2 766. 0.862 21 18.8 (1)2.925 2. 0.7566 76.9 1.8 1 Praseodymium Pr 59 10.90765 95 520 6.782 182. 522 ()2.5 11. 0.190 2.6 9.1 10, Promethium Pm 61 [15] 102 000 7.2 18. 56 ()2.29 8.17 29 * [ ] indicates mass of longest-lived isotope. 915

Table C-6 Properties of Elements (continued) Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass* (amu) Melting Point Boiling Point Density (g/cm ) (gases measured at STP) Atomic Radius (pm) First Ionization Energy (kj/mol) Standard Reduction Potential (V) (for elements from or to oxidation state indicated) Enthalpy of Fusion (kj/mol) Specific Heat (J/g C ) Enthalpy of Vaporization (kj/mol) Abundance in Earth s Crust (%) Major Oxidation States Protactinium Pa 91 21.0588 1552 227 15.7 16 568 (5)1.19 1.6 81 trace,,5 Radium Ra 88 [226] 700 160 5 228 509.1 (2)2.916 8.6 16.8 2 Radon Rn 86 [222] 71 62 0.0097 10 107 16. 16. Rhenium Re 75 186.207 180 5650 21.22 17 760 (7)0.. 0.168 707 1 10 7,,6,7 Rhodium Rh 5 102.9055 1960 727 12.9 1 720 ()0.76 21.6 0.227 9 1 10 7,,5 Rubidium Rb 7 85.678 9.5 697 1.52 28 0 (1)2.925 2.19 0.6 69.2 0.0078 1 Ruthenium Ru 101.07 210 119 12.1 1 711 ()0.68 25.5 0.281 567.8 2,,,5 Rutherfordium Rf 10 [261] Samarium Sm 62 150.6 1072 1800 7.56 180. 52 ()2. 8.9 0.1965 191 7 10 2, Scandium Sc 21.95591 159 281 162 61 ()2.0 15.77 0.5677 0.8 0.0022 Seaborgium Sg 106 [266] Selenium Se 78.96 221 685.79 117 90.7 (2) 0.92 5. 0.212 26. 5 10 6 2,2,,6 Silicon Si 1 28.0855 111 21 2.6 118 786.5 ()0.1 50.2 0.7121 59 27.2 2, Silver Ag 7 107.8682 961 2195 10.9 1 70.8 (1)0.7991 11.65 0.2502 255 8 10 6 1 Sodium Na 11 22.989768 97.8 897. 0.968 186 95.9 (1)2.71 2.602 1.228 97. 2.27 1 Strontium Sr 8 87.62 776.9 182 2.6 215 59.5 (2)2.89 7.08 0.01 17 0.08 2 Sulfur S 16 2.065 115.2.7 2.08 10 999.6 (2)0.5 1.7272 0.7060 9.62 0.0 2,,6 Tantalum Ta 7 180.979 017 558 16.65 16 760.8 (5)0.81 6.57 0.102 77 2 10,5 Technetium Tc [98] 2157 265 11.5 16 702 (6)0.8 2.0 577 2,,6,7 Tellurium Te 52 127.60 50 990 6.25 18 869 (2)1.1 17. 0.2016 50.6 2 10 7 2,2,,6 Terbium Tb 65 158.925 156 20 8.272 177. 56 ()2.1 10. 0.1819 29 1 10, Thallium Tl 81 20.8 0.5 157 11.85 170 589.1 (1)0.6.27 0.1288 162 7 10 5 1, Thorium Th 90 22.081 1750 787 11.78 179 587 ()1.8 16.11 0.1177 5.9 8.1 10 Thulium Tm 69 168.921 155 1950 9.18 175.9 596 ()2.2 18. 0.1600 21 5 10 5 Tin Sn 50 118.710 22 262 7.265 11 708. ()0.151 7.07 0.227 296 2.1 10 2, Titanium Ti 22 7.867 1666 58.5 17 658.1 ()0.86 1.16 0.5226 25 0.6 2,, Tungsten W 7 18.8 22 5555 19. 19 770. (6)0.09 5. 0.120 806 1.2 10,5,6 Ununbium Uub 112 [285] Ununhexium Uuh 116 [289] Ununnilium Uun 110 [281] Ununoctium Uuo 118 [29] Ununquadium Uuq 11 [289] Unununium Uuu 111 [272] Uranium U 92 28.0289 110 11 19.05 156 597 (6)0.8 12.6 0.11618 2 2. 10,,5,6 Vanadium V 2 50.915 1917 17 6.11 1 650. ()0.5 22.8 0.886 59.7 0.016 2,,,5 Xenon Xe 5 11.29 111.8 108.09 0.0058971 218 1170 2.29 0.1582 12.6 Ytterbium Yb 70 17.0 82 1196 6.97 19. 60 ()2.22 7.66 0.155 155. 10 2, Yttrium Y 9 88.90585 150 26.5 180 600 ()2.7 17.15 0.298 9 0.005 Zinc Zn 0 65.9 19.6 907 7.1 1 906. (2)0.7626 7.22 0.88 115 0.0076 2 Zirconium Zr 0 91.22 1852 00 6.51 160 60 ()1.7 20.92 0.2780 590.5 0.0162 * [ ] indicates mass of longest-lived isotope. 916 Chemistry: Matter and Change

Table C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements Sublevels Elements 1s 2s 2p s p d s p d f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 1 Hydrogen 1 2 Helium 2 Lithium 2 1 Beryllium 2 2 5 Boron 2 2 1 6 Carbon 2 2 2 7 Nitrogen 2 2 8 Oxygen 2 2 9 Fluorine 2 2 5 10 Neon 2 2 6 11 Sodium 2 2 6 1 12 Magnesium 2 2 6 2 1 Aluminum 2 2 6 2 1 1 Silicon 2 2 6 2 2 15 Phosphorus 2 2 6 2 16 Sulfur 2 2 6 2 17 Chlorine 2 2 6 2 5 18 Argon 2 2 6 2 6 19 Potassium 2 2 6 2 6 1 20 Calcium 2 2 6 2 6 2 21 Scandium 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 22 Titanium 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 Vanadium 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 Chromium 2 2 6 2 6 5 1 25 Manganese 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 26 Iron 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 27 Cobalt 2 2 6 2 6 7 2 28 Nickel 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 29 Copper 2 2 6 2 6 10 1 0 Zinc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 Gallium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 2 Germanium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 Arsenic 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 Selenium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 Bromine 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 6 Krypton 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 Rubidium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 8 Strontium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 9 Yttrium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 0 Zirconium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2 1 Niobium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 Molybdenum 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1 Technetium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 2 Ruthenium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 1 5 Rhodium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8 1 6 Palladium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 Silver 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 8 Cadmium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 9 Indium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 1 50 Tin 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 51 Antimony 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 52 Tellurium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5 Iodine 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5 5 Xenon 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 917

Table C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements (continued) Sublevels Elements 1s 2s 2p s p d s p d f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 55 Cesium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 56 Barium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2 57 Lanthanum 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 58 Cerium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 6 2 59 Praseodymium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2 60 Neodymium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2 61 Promethium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 2 62 Samarium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 2 6 Europium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 2 6 Gadolinium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2 65 Terbium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9 2 6 2 66 Dysprosium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 2 67 Holmium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 2 68 Erbium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 2 69 Thulium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 70 Ytterbium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 71 Lutetium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 1 2 72 Hafnium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 2 7 Tantalum 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 7 Tungsten 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 75 Rhenium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 5 2 76 Osmium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 6 2 77 Iridium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 7 2 78 Platinum 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 9 1 79 Gold 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 80 Mercury 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 81 Thallium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 1 82 Lead 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 2 8 Bismuth 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 8 Polonium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 85 Astatine 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 5 86 Radon 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 87 Francium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 1 88 Radium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 2 89 Actinium 2 2 8 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 90 Thorium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 2 2 91 Protactinium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 2 6 1 2 92 Uranium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 9 Neptunium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 9 Plutonium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 6 2 6 2 95 Americium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 7 2 6 2 96 Curium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2 97 Berkelium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 9 2 6 2 98 Californium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 10 2 6 2 99 Einsteinium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 11 2 6 2 100 Fermium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 12 2 6 2 101 Mendelevium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 102 Nobelium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 10 Lawrencium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 1 2 10 Rutherfordium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 2 2? 105 Dubnium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 2? 106 Seaborgium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 2? 107 Bohrium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 5 2? 108 Hassium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 6 2? 109 Meitnerium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 7 2? 110 Ununnilium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 8 2? 111 Unununium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 9 2? 112 Unumbium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2? 11 Ununquadium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2? 2? 116 Ununhexium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2?? 118 Ununodium 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 1 2 6 10 2? 6? 918 Chemistry: Matter and Change

Table C-8 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions 1 2 Acetate, CH COO Carbonate, CO 2 Arsenate, AsO Hexacyanoferrate(II), Amide, NH 2 Chromate, CrO 2 Arsenite, AsO Fe(CN) 6 Astatate, AtO Dichromate, Cr 2 O 2 7 Borate, BO Orthosilicate, SiO Azide, N Hexachloroplatinate, Citrate, C 6 H 5 O 7 Diphosphate, P 2 O 7 Benzoate, C 6 H 5 COO PtCl 2 6 Hexacyanoferrate(III), Bismuthate, BiO Hexafluorosilicate, SiF 2 6 Fe(CN) 6 Bromate, BrO Molybdate, MoO 2 Phosphate, PO Chlorate, ClO Oxalate, C 2 O 2 Chlorite, ClO 2 Peroxide, O 2 2 1 2 Cyanide, CN Peroxydisulfate, S 2 O 2 8 Ammonium, NH Mercury(I), Hg 2 2 Formate, HCOO Phosphite, HPO 2 Neptunyl(V), NpO 2 Neptunyl(VI), NpO 2 2 Hydroxide, OH Ruthenate, RuO 2 Plutonyl(V), PuO 2 Plutonyl(VI), PuO 2 2 Hypobromite, BrO Selenate, SeO 2 Uranyl(V), UO 2 Uranyl(VI), UO 2 2 Hypochlorite, ClO Selenite, SeO 2 Vanadyl(V), VO 2 Vanadyl(IV), VO 2 Hypophosphite, H 2 PO 2 Silicate, SiO 2 Iodate, IO Sulfate, SO 2 Nitrate, NO Sulfite, SO 2 Nitrite, NO 2 Tartrate, C H O 2 6 Perbromate, BrO Tellurate, TeO 2 Perchlorate, ClO Tellurite, TeO 2 Periodate, IO Tetraborate, B O 2 7 Permanganate, MnO Thiosulfate, S 2 O 2 Perrhenate, ReO Tungstate, WO 2 Thiocyanate, SCN Vanadate, VO Table C-9 Ionization Constants Ionization Constant Ionization Constant Ionization Constant HCOOH CH COOH CH 2 ClCOOH CHCl 2 COOH CCl COOH HOOCCOOH HOOCCOO CH CH 2 COOH C 6 H 5 COOH H AsO H 2 AsO H BO H 2 BO 1.77 10 1.75 10 5 1.6 10.7 10 2.02 10 1 5.6 10 2 1.55 10 1. 10 5 6.25 10 5 6.0 10 1.05 10 7 5.75 10 10 1.82 10 1 HBO 2 H 2 CO HCO HCN HF HNO 2 H PO H 2 PO HPO 2 H PO H 2 PO H PO 2 H 2 S 1.58 10 1.5 10 7.68 10 11 6.17 10 10 6. 10 5.62 10 7.08 10 6.1 10 8.17 10 1 5.01 10 2 2.00 10 7 5.89 10 2 9.1 10 8 HS HSO H 2 SO HSO HSeO H 2 Se0 HSeO HBrO HClO HIO NH H 2 NNH 2 H 2 NOH 1.00 10 19 1.02 10 2 1.29 10 2 6.17 10 8 2.19 10 2 2.29 10.79 10 9 2.51 10 9 2.9 10 8.16 10 11 5.62 10 10 7.9 10 9 1.15 10 6 919

Table C-10 Solubility Guidelines A substance is considered soluble if more than three grams of the substance dissolves in 100 ml of water. The more common rules are listed below. 1. All common salts of the group 1A elements and ammonium ions are soluble. 2. All common acetates and nitrates are soluble.. All binary compounds of group 7A elements (other than F) with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury(i), and lead.. All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium, lead, calcium, silver, and mercury(i). 5. Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates are insoluble. Solubility of Compounds in Water Acetate Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Chromate Hydroxide Iodide Nitrate Oxide Perchlorate Phosphate Sulfate Sufide Aluminum S S S S I S S I S I S D Ammonium S S S S S S S S S S S S S Barium S S P S S I S S S S S I I D Calcium S S P S S S S S S P S P P P Copper (II) S S S S I S I S I S I Hydrogen S S S S S S S S S S S Iron(II) S P S S I S S I S I S I Iron(III) S S S I I S S I S P P D Lead(II) S S S S I P P S P S I P I Lithium S S S S S? S S S S S P S S Magnesium S S P S S S I S S I S P S D Manganese(II) S S P S S I S S I S P S I Mercury(I) P I I S I P I S I S I P I Mercury(II) S S S S P I P S P S I D I Potassium S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Silver P I I S I P I S P S I P I Sodium S S S S S S S S S D S S S S Strontium S S P S S P S S S S S I P S Tin(II) D S S S I S D I S I S I Tin(IV) S S S S I D I S S I Zinc S S P S S P P S S P S I S I S soluble P partially soluble I insoluble D decomposes 920 Chemistry: Matter and Change

Table C-11 Specific Heat Values (J/gK) AlF 0.898 BaTiO 0.7918 BeO 1.020 CaC 2 0.9785 CaSO 0.720 CCl 0.85651 CH OH 2.55 CH 2 OHCH 2 OH 2.1 CH CH 2 OH 2.19 CdO 0.82 CuSO 5H 2 O 1.12 c Fe C 0.5898 FeWO 0.775 HI 0.22795 K 2 CO 0.82797 MgCO 0.8957 Mg(OH) 2 1.21 MgSO 0.8015 MnS 0.572 Na 2 CO 1.0595 NaF 1.116 c NaVO 1.50 Ni(CO) 1.198 PbI 2 0.1678 SF 6 0.6660 SiC 0.6699 SiO 2 0.795 SrCl 2 0.769 Tb 2 O 0.168 TiCl 0.7655 Y 2 O 0.597 c Table C-12 Molal Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Constants K fp Freezing Point K bp Boiling Point (C kg/mol) (C kg/mol) Acetic acid.90 16.66.22 117.90 Benzene 5.12 5.5 2.5 80.100 Camphor 7.7 178.75 5.611 207.2 Cyclohexane 20.0 6.5 2.75 80.725 Cyclohexanol 9. 25.15 -- -- Nitrobenzene 6.852 5.76 5.2 210.8 Phenol 7.0 0.90.60 181.89 Water 1.86 0.000 0.512 100.000 Table C-1 Heat of Formation Values H f (kj/mol) (concentration of aqueous solutions is 1M) H f Ag(s) 0 AgCl(s) 127.068 AgCN(s) 16.0 Al 2 O 1675.7 BaCl 2 (aq) 871.95 BaSO 17.2 BeO(s) 609.6 BiCl (s) 79.1 Bi 2 S (s) 1.1 Br 2 0 CCI (l) 128.2 CH (g) 7.81 C 2 H 2 (g) 226.7 C 2 H (g) 52.26 C 2 H 6 (g) 8.68 CO(g) 110.525 CO 2 (g) 9.509 CS 2 (l) 89.70 Ca(s) 0 CaCO (s) 1206.9 CaO(s) 65.1 Ca(OH) 2 (s) 986.09 Cl 2 (g) 0 Co O (s) 891 CoO(s) 27.9 Cr 2 O (s) 119.7 H f CsCl(s).0 Cs 2 SO (s) 1.02 CuI(s) 67.8 CuS(s) 5.1 Cu 2 S(s) 79.5 CuSO (s) 771.6 F 2 (g) 0 FeCl (s) 99.9 FeO(s) 272.0 FeS(s) 100.0 Fe 2 O (s) 82.2 Fe O (s) 1118. H(g) 217.965 H 2 (g) 0 HBr(g) 6.0 HCl(g) 92.07 HCl(aq) 167.159 HCN(aq) 108.9 HCHO 108.57 HCOOH(l) 2.72 HF(g) 271.1 HI(g) 26.8 H 2 O(l) 285.80 H 2 O(g) 21.818 H 2 O 2 (l) 187.8 H PO (l) 595. H f H PO (aq) 1279.0 H 2 S(g) 20.6 H 2 SO (aq) 608.81 H 2 SO (aq) 81.0 HgCl 2 (s) 22. Hg 2 Cl 2 (s) 265.22 Hg 2 SO (s) 7.12 I 2 (s) 0 K(s) 0 KBr(s) 9.798 KMnO (s) 87.2 KOH 2.76 LiBr(s) 51.21 LiOH(s) 8.9 Mn(s) 0 MnCl 2 (aq) 555.05 Mn(NO ) 2 (aq) 65.5 MnO 2 (s) 520.0 MnS(s) 21.2 N 2 (g) 0 NH (g) 6.11 NH Br(s) 270.8 NO(g) 90.25 NO 2 (g).18 N 2 O(g) 82.05 Na(s) 0 H f NaBr(s) 61.062 NaCl(s) 11.15 NaHCO (s) 950.8 NaNO (aq) 7.8 NaOH(s) 25.609 Na 2 CO (s) 110.7 Na 2 S(aq) 7. Na 2 SO (s) 187.08 NH CI(s) 1. O 2 (g) 0 P O 6 (s) 160.1 P O 10 (s) 298.0 PbBr 2 (s) 278.7 PbCl 2 (s) 59.1 SF 6 (g) 1220.5 SO 2 (g) 296.80 SO (g) 5.51 SrO(s) 592.0 TiO (s) 99.7 TlI(s) 12.5 UCl (s) 1019.2 UCl 5 (s) 1059 Zn(s) 0 ZnCl 2 (aq) 88.19 ZnO(s) 8.28 ZnSO (aq) 106.15 921