Silica & Silicate Minerals

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Silica & Silicate Minerals The silicate minerals make up the largest & most important content of rock forming minerals. They are classified based on the structure of silicate group.

1- معدن الكوارتز Quartz group: 1- Quartz (ᵦ-Qz, ᵨ-Qz0. 2- Tridymite. 3- Cristobalite. 4- Agate. 5- Opal. 6- Chert. 7- : Quartz, SiO 2 آخر معدن يتبلور فى الصهير. يحدد بشكل قاطع حامضية الصخور النارية. يتبلور فى نظامين إعتمادا على درجة حرارة التبلور: - نظام السداسى system( )Hexagonal عندما يكون كامل النمو. - نظام الثالثى system( )Triginal عندما يكون غير كامل النمو. النظام السداسى أكثر تماثال للنظام الشيكى من النظام الثالثى. يتواجد طبيعيا فى الصخور على هيئة عدة معادن: من خصائص الكوارتز شفاف جدا إذا لم يكن به شوائب. Impurities like: Na, k, Al. NaAlSiO 4

Quartz is the most common mineral on the face of the Earth. It is found in nearly every geological environment and is at least a component of almost every rock type. It frequently is the primary mineral, >98%. It is also the most varied in terms of varieties, colors and forms. This variety comes about because of the abundance and widespread distribution of quartz. A collector could easily have hundreds of quartz specimens and not have two that are the same due to the many broad categories.

Pink quartz crystals from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Rose quartz specimen from the Albert Chapman Collection

Blue Qz

'blue quartz' from Madagascar

Blue Qz

Blue Qz

A large group of colorless quartz crystals from Hot Springs, Arkansas. Picture of Jewel Tunnel Imports.

Agate slice is from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Smoky quartz crystal from Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a large fluid inclusion (water) with a large gas bubble above the water.

Colorless, synthetic quartz grown by the Western Electric Corporation for use in communication devices.

: -2 معادن الفلسبار Feldspar minerals سلسلة مستمرة من المعادن. لها صيغة عامة Solid solution W Z 4 O 8 )W= K, Na, Ca..---Z= Al, Si( = Si : Al 1 3 : او 1 :1 معادن الفلسبار تتكون من محلول جامد Anorthite, Albite, Orthoclase هذه المكونات الثالث نوع من انواع ال له ثالث مكونات هى Polymorphism Ba Al Si 3 O 8 االورثوكليز Orthoclase, K Al Si 3 O 8 او أحادى الميل Monoclinic معدنان: Microclineمعدن مرتب Ordered يتبلور فى درجة حرارة منخفضة. Sanidine غير مرتب Disordered يتبلور فى درجة حرارة مرتفعة. Anorthoclase (Na, K) Al Si 3 O 8

البالجوكليز :)Plagioclase( ثالثى الميل Triclinic Albite, Na Al Si 3 O 8. Oligoclase (Na, Ca)(Si, Al) 4 O 8 --- (Na : Ca= 4 :1). Andesine (Na, Ca)(Si, Al) 4 O 8 --- (Na : Ca= 3 :2). Labradorite (Na, Ca)(Si, Al) 4 O 8 --- (Na : Ca= 2 :3). Bytownite (Na, Ca)(Si, Al) 4 O 8 --- (Na : Ca= 1 :4). Anorthite Ca Al 2 Si 2 O 8. -

فى محلول جامد ثنائى المكونات يمكن ان يتكون ال Anorthoclase (Na, K) Al Si 3 O 8 عندما تنخفض درجات الحرارة بشكل بطىء يتكون بلورات متداخلة من االلبايت و االورثوكليز يعطى تركيب البرثايت )Perthite( و البرثايت العكسى.)Antiperthite( فى االورثوكليز. البرثايت نجد البالجوكليز الصودى فى شكل اشرطة veins( )Films or و العكس فى البرثايت العكسى. اما باإلحالل )replacement( و التحول اإلحاللى.)metasomatism( ايضا من العمليات الشائعة ما يسمى بالسرستة )Sericitization( وذلك بتحول معادن االلبايت و األورثوكليز الى معدن السرسيت )Sericite( وهو شائع فى صخور الجرانايت الغنية بالفلسبارات القلوية. 3K Al Si 3 O 8 + H 2 O = Kh 2 Al 3 Si 3 O 12 + K 2 SiO 3 + 5SiO 2

ال فى بعض االحيان تزيد نسبة المسكوفايت على الفلسبار فى الصخور وبالتالى يتكون الصخر من الكوارتز و المسكوفايت و يسمى الصخر بال.)Greisen( )Albitization( تحول معادن البالجوكليز الكلسى الى البايت بفعل metasomatism( )Dynamothermal ويتم ذلك فى وجود محاليل غنية بالصوديوم و البوتاسيوم. )Kaolinization( االورثوكليز الى كاولين فى وجود بخار الماء الحار و الغنى بالفلور تتحول معادن.)Kaoline(

تفاعالت كثيرة للفلسبار منها: 5Ca Al 2 Si 2 O 8 + K Al Si 3 O 8 + H 2 O = 2Ca 2 Al 3 O 12 OH + K Al 3 Si 3 O 10 OH + 2SiO 2 Zoisite muscovite QZ 2K Al Si 3 O 8 + Ca 2+ = Ca Al 2 Si 2 O 8 + 4SiO 2 + 2K + Orthoclase Anorthite QZ NaCa Al 2 Si 5 O 16 + Na + +Si 4+ = 2Na Al Si 3 O8 + Ca 2+ + Al 3+ Labradorite Albite

Orthoclase

-3 مجموعة معادن الفلسباثويد group( )Feldspathoid : تسمى أشباه الفلسبارات. شبيه بالفلسبار فى كل شى لكنها فقيرة فى السليكا و غنية جدا بالقلويات Al(.)Na, K, تتكون من صهير غنى بالعناصر القلوية و فقير فى السليكا. ال تظهر فى الصخور التى تحتوى على الكوارتز. من اهم المعادن: Leucite, K Al Si 2 O 6 Nepheline, Na Al Si 2 O 4 Sodalite, Na 8 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 (Cl 2 ) معدن ال Leucite يوجد بكثرة فى الصخور البركانية. أيضا يتواجد ال Leucite فى حالة تشابة شكلى مع معدن التريديمايت العالى الحرارة Tridymite(.)High

-4 مجموعة معادن األولفين group( :)Olivine minerals Forsterite, mg 2 SiO 4. Fayalite, Fe 2 Sio 4. Olivine, (mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4. Glaucochroite, CaMnSiO 4. Tephroite, Mn 2 SiO 4. Monticellite, CaMgSiO 4. Olivine Found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, can be found as beach sand from volcanic islands, used in manufacturing of basic refractories, or as magnesium ore.

تتميز معادن االولفين بأنها تتبلور فى نظام مغلق.)Closed packed structure( لها كثافة عالية. قد يحدث تغيير و يتحول األولفين إلى سربنتين فى عملية تسمى السربنية :)Serpentinization( Mg 6 Si 3 O 12 + 2Ca + Si = Ca 2 Mg 2 Si 4 O 12 +4Mg

Olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 No cleavage Single tetrahedra

-5 معادن البايروكسين group( :)Pyroxine Diopside, CaMgSi 2 O 6 Hedenbergite, CaFeSi 2 O 6 Jadeite, NaAlSi 2 O 6 Hypersthene, (Mg, Fe) SiO 3 Enstatite, Mg SiO 3 Aegirine, NaFeSi 2 O 6 جميع معادن البايوكسين تتبلور فى نظامين: Orthorhombic او Monoclinic من معادن البايوكسين:

معدن الوجايت يوجد بكثرة فى الصخور البركانية القاعدية و المتوسطة.)Andesite( )Basalt( الهايبرسين و االنستتايت فى الصخور الجوفية القاعدية.)Gabbro( تفاعالت عديدة للبايروكسين...

Pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 2 cleavages (90 o ) Single chains

Pyroxene under the microscope

Augite

-6 معادن األمفيبول group( :)Amphibole تتبلور فى فصيلة ال Orthorhombic او Monoclinic هذه المعادن تكون عدة اطوار متشابها.Isomorphism تتميز بتركيب فراغى مفتوح space(.)open

General formula: W 0-1 X 2 Y 5 [Z 8 O 22 ] (OH, F, Cl) 2 W = Na K X = Ca Na Mg Fe 2+ (Mn Li) Y = Mg Fe 2+ Mn Al Fe 3+ Ti Z = Si Al Again, the great variety of sites and sizes a great chemical range, and hence a broad stability range The hydrous nature implies an upper temperature stability limit

أهم معادن االمفيبول: Anthophyllite serie Monoclinic amphibole (Mg, Fe) 7 (Si 4 O 11 ) 2 (OH) 2 سلسلة االنثوفلليت معادن االمفيبول المتبلورة في فصيلة وحيد الميل Cummingtonite series (Fe, Mg) 7 (Si 4 O 11 ) 2 (OH) 2 Tremolite series Ca 2 (Mg, Fe) 5 Si 4 O 11 ) 2 (OH) 2 هورنبلند (Mg, Hornblende series Ca 2 Na 0-1 Fe,Al) 5 [(AL,Si) 4 O 11 ] 2 (OH) 2 Alkail-amphibole Series كيومينجتونيت تريمواليت االمفيبوالت القلوية Glaucophane Riebeckite Arfvedsonite Na 2 Mg 3 Al 2 (Si 4 O 11 ) 2 (OH) Na 2 Fe 3 3+ (Si 4 O 11 ) 2 (OH) 2 Na 3 Fe 2+ Fe 3+ (Si 4 O 11 ) 2 (OH الجوكوفين الريبيكيت االرفيدونيت

Tremolite (Ca-Mg) occurs in meta-carbonates Actinolite occurs in low-grade metamorphosed basic igneous rocks Mg-Fe-rich amphiboles) are metamorphic and occur in metaultrabasic rocks and some meta-sediments. The complex solid solution called hornblende occurs in a broad variety of both igenous and metamorphic rocks Sodic amphiboles are predominantly metamorphic where they are characteristic of high P/T subduction-zone metamorphism. predominant blue sodic amphiboles Riebeckite occurs commonly in sodic granitoid rocks.

2 [2CaO3(Mg, Fe)O 2 Al 2 O 3 6SiO 2 H 2 O] +H 2 O Hornblende 2CaO3Al 2 O 3 6SiO 2 H 2 O + 6MgOAL 2 O 3 3SiO 2 2H 2 O+3SiO 2 Zoisite Al-Serpentine Quartz

Amphibole Ca 2 (Mg,Fe) 5 Si 8 0 22 (OH) 2 2 cleavages (60 o and 120 o ) Double chains

hornblende

Hornblende

Amphibole - hornblende

Hornblende a member of the amphibole group

7 -معادن المايكا group( )Mica : هنالك انواعآ عديدة متشابهة Isomorphism في سلسلة مجموعة الميكا. ويعتبر معدن البايوتيت اكثر معادن المايكا إنتشارا في الصخور النارية اما معدن الموسكوفيت فيتواجد في الصخور النارية الحامضية مثل الجرانيت. Micas - Found in igneous (pegmatities and granites) and metamorphic rocks (schists and amphibolites), used for elect and heat insulation, paper products, fireproof paint and dry lubricants W(XY) 2-3 Z 4 O 10 (OH,F) 2 Na, K= W Fe 3+, Fe 2+, Mg, Li, Al =Y,X

Biotite Mica K(Mg,Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 Sheets 1 cleavage

Mica - biotite (black mica) under the microscope

Mica - white mica (muscovite) under the microscope