Ion equilibrium ก ก 1. ก 2. ก - ก ก ก 3. ก ก 4. (ph) 5. 6. 7. ก 8. ก ก 9. ก 10. 1 2 สารล ลายอ เล กโทรไลต (Electrolyte solution) ก 1. strong electrolyte ก HCl HNO 3 HClO 4 NaOH KOH NH 4 Cl NaCl 2. weak electrolyte ก HNO 2 HClO 2 H 2 SO 3 CH 3 COOH NH 4 OH BaSO4 3. Non electrolyte ก ก 3 ก - (Acid- Base) ก ก - 1. Arrhenius ก H + HCl (aq) H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) OH - KOH (aq) K + (aq) + OH - (aq) ก ก ก 4 ก H + OH - ก ก ก - NH 3 OH - NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - NH 4 Cl H +? NH 4 Cl NH + 4 + Cl - NH 4+ + H 2 O NH 3 + H 3 O + 5 2. Bronsted-Lowry *** ก H + H + ก - (conjugate acid-base pairs) HA ก A - A - HA BH + ก B B BH + 6 1
ก - (conjugate acid-base pairs) HF + H 2 O H 3 O + + F - ก 1 2 ก 2 1 NH 4+ + H 2 O NH 3 + H 3 O + ก??? HNO 2 + H 2 O H 3 O + + NO - ก 2??? NH 3 + H 2 O NH + 4 + OH -? ก?? 7 ก ก (amphoteric substance) amphoteric NH 3 HSO 4 - HCO 3 - ก ก กรดแก ม ค เบสเป นเบสอ อน (HClO 4 กรดแก : ClO 4- เบสอ อน) เบสแก ม ค กรดเป นกรดอ อน (NH 2- เบสแก : CH 3 NH 2 กรดอ อน) 8 3. Lewis acid*** ก ก ก H + + OH.. - HOH ก ก Lewis (Lewis acid) 1. : Na + Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ag + 2. ก ก ก BF 3 3. ก EN ก SO 3 9 Lewis (Lewis base) 1. : OH - 2. ก ก H 2 O NH 3 3. hydrocarbon (CH) H 2 CCH 2 + 2HBr H 3 C-CH 3 + Br 2 10 Lewis acid - base ก - Bronsted-Lowry ก ก H + 100% ก ก HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - ก ก H + < 100% ก 11 CH 3 COOH + H 2 O CH 3 COO - + H 3 O + H + 100% ก NH 2- + H 2 O NH 3 + OH - H + < 100% 12 2
ก - ก ก 2 1. Hydrohalic acids ก H ก 1 ก EN ก PH 3 < H 2 S < HCl NH 3 < H 2 O < HF ก ก ก 13 ( ก ) HF< HCl < HBr < HI 14 ก 2. Oxo acid ก O, H ก 1 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก +1 +3 +5 +7 HClO< HClO 2 < HClO 3 < HClO 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก EN ก HlO 4 < HBrO 4 < HClO 4 15 1. ก IA ก : KOH > NaOH 2. : N 3- > O 2- > F - ก EN : O 2- > S 2- ก EN ก NH 2 - > OH - > F - 16 ก ก ก - ก ก - ก ก 100 % KOH K + + OH - 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol ก ก (Strong acids) HClO 4, HCl HBr, HI HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 ( ก (Strong bases) Group 1A (hydroxides) (NaOH, KOH, LiOH, etc.) Group 2A (hydroxides) (Ca(OH) 2, Mg(OH) 2, Sr(OH) 2, etc.) 17 ก ก ก ก - ก ก 100 % ( ก ก ) HA + H 2 O H 3 O + + OH - K a [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] [HA] K a ก ก ก 18 3
ก ก: ก 1 ก ก H + 1 CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - K a [H 3 O + ] ก ก: 1 ก ก H + > 1 H 3 PO 4 H 2 CO 3 H 2 S K 1 x K H 3 PO 4 + H 2 O H 3 O + + H 2 PO - 4 K 1 H 2 PO 4- + H 2 O H 3 O + + HPO 2-4 K 2 HPO 2-4 + H 2 O H 3 O + + PO 3-4 K 3 H 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O 3H 3 O + + PO 3-4 K a K a 2 x K 3 20 19 ก ก NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH - K b [NH 4+ ] [OH - ] [NH 3 ] ก ก ก ก 1. ก ก (α ) α ก 2. % ก ก α x100 3. ก ก K a 21 22 % ก ก ก ** CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - % ก ก NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH - α [H 3 O + ] α [OH - ] [NH 3 ] % ก ก [H 3 O + ] x100 [OH % ก ก - ] x100 [NH 3 ] 23 24 4
ก HCN 0.02 M ก [H 3 O + ] 1.2x10-5 M %ก ก HCN + H 2 O H 3 O + + CN - α [H 3 O + ] [HCN] (1.2x10 % ก ก -5 M) x100 (0.02M) (1.2x10-5 M) (0.02M) 0.06% 25 ก HCN 0.2 M ก [H 3 O + ] 4.0x10-3 M K a HCN + H 2 O H 3 O + + CN - 0.2 M - - (0.2-4.0x10-3 M) 4.0x10-3 M 4.0x10-3 M K a [H 3 O + ] [CN - ] [HCN] K a (0.004)(0.004) (0.2-4.0x10-3 8.16x10 ) 26 ก ก ก K a K b ***** [H + ] CH 3 COOH 1.0 mol dm -3 25 0 C K a 1.8x10-5 CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - 1.0 M - - (1.0- x M) x M x M [H K a 3 O + ] 1.8x10-5 (x) (x) (1.0 - x) 27 x 2 + (1.8x10-5 )x - 1.8x10-5 0 ก ax 2 + bx + c 0 x -b ± b 2 4ac 2a a 1, b 1.8x10-5, c - 1.8x10-5 x 4.2 x 10-3 mol dm -3 [H + ] 4.2 x 10-3 mol dm -3 ANS 28 ก [H + ] ก ก x 1.00-x ก 1.8x10-5 (x) (x) (1.0 - x) x 2 1.8x10-5 (x) (x) (1.0) x 1.8x10-5 4.2 x 10-3 mol dm -3 % ก ก 4.2 x 10-3 x100 0.42 1 29 ก ก ก 5% ก [HA]/K a > 1000 ก ก (x) ก HA CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - 1.0 M - - (1.0- x M) 1.0 x M x M 30 5
ก ก (Hydrolysis) H 2 O H + + OH - H 2 O + H 2 O H 3 O + + OH - K [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] [H 2 O] [H 2 O] [H 2 O] K [H 2 O] 2 [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] K w [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] 31 K w K w [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] 1.008x10-14 (mol dm -3 ) 2 25 0 C K w 2.95x10-14 (mol dm -3 ) 2 40 0 C 25 0 C [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] 1.0x10-7 mol dm -3 ก ก [H 3 O + ] > 10-7 mol dm -3 [OH - ] <10-7 mol dm -3 [H 3 O + ] < 10-7 mol dm -3 [OH - ] >10-7 mol dm -3 32 (ph)*** ph (ph scale) ph - log [H 3 O + ] [H 3 O + ] 10 -ph poh - log [OH - ] [OH - ] 10 -poh [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] 1.0x10-7 mol dm -3 ph - log (1.0x10-7 ) ph 7 ( ก ) [H 3 O + ] > 10-7 mol dm -3 ph < 7 ก [H 3 O + ] < 10-7 mol dm -3 ph > 7 33 ph poh ph - log [H 3 O + ] K w [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] 1.0x10-14 - log 1.0x10-14 [OH - ] - (log10-14 )-log [OH - ] ph 14 - poh ph + poh 14 34 ก ph***** CO 2 [H 3 O + ] 1.3x10-4 mol dm -3 ph ph - log [H 3 O + ] - log (1.3x10-4 ) - log 1.3 + 4 log10 - log 1.3 + 4-0.11 + 4 3.89 35 ก 1. [H 3 O + ] ph 4.4 (antilog 0.6 4 antilog 0.4 2.5) 2. [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] ph 4.5 (antilog 0.5 3.2) 3. ph 0.01 M NaOH 4. ph 0.001 M HCl 5. ph 0.2 MCH 3 COOH K a 1.8x10-5 6. ph 0.2 M NH 4 OH K b 1.8x10-5 36 6
(Buffer solution) ph ก ก ก ก ก 1. ก + ก ก CH 3 COOH + CH 3 COONa, H 3 PO 4 + NaH 2 PO 4 2. + ก NH 3 + NH 4 Cl 37 ก ก (HA) + ก ก (NaA) HA + H 2 O H 3 O + + A - NaA Na + + A - A- + H 2 O HA + OH - Ka [H 3O + ] [A - ] [HA] [H 3 O + ] K a [HA] [A - ] H 3 O + A - Na + HA A - 38 -log [H 3 O + [HA] ] -log K a [A - ] -log K a - log [HA] [A - ] [HA] ph pk a - log [A - ] ph pk a + log [A - ] [HA] ก ก H 3 O + A - Na + HAA - 39 (B) + ก (BH + ) B + H 2 O BH + + OH - K [BH + ] [OH - ] b [B] [OH - [B] ] K b [BH + ] [B] poh pk b - log [BH + ] ก 40 ก ก ก - ก ph ก 1 CH 3 COOH 0.1 mol CH 3 COONa 0.1 mol ph pka log [CH 3 COONa] ph 4.745 log (0.1/0.1) ph 4.745 HCl 1.0 M 1 cm 3 ph HCl 1.0 M 1 cm 3 0.001 mol CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - HCl H + + Cl - H + + CH 3 COO - CH 3 COOH 0.001mol 0.001mol 0.001mol 41 42 7
HCl (0.1 + 0.001) mol/ 1001mL 0.101 M (0.1-0.001) mol/ 1001mL 0.099 M [CH ก 3 COOH] ph pk a - log 4.745 - log (0.101) (0.099) 4.745-0.009 4.736 (ph ก ) 43 NaOH 1.0 M 1 cm 3 ph CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - NaOH Na + + OH - OH - + CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - + H + NaOH 0.001 mol NaOH 44 OH - + CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - + H 2 O 0.001mol 0.001mol 0.001mol (0.1-0.001) mol/ 1001mL 0.099 M (0.1 + 0.001) mol/ 1001mL 0.101 M (0.099) ph pk a - log (0.101) 4.749 (ph ก ) 45 ก CH 3 COOH + H 2 O H 3 O + + CH 3 COO - H 2 O H + + OH - CH 3 COO - + H + CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOH + OH - H 2 O + CH 3 COO - ph 46 ก กก pk a pk b ก ก ph poh ก pk a ± 1 pk b ± 1 ph pk a - log [HA] [A - ] [ก ] [ ก ] [ ] [ ก ] 1 10-10 1 47 ก ก กก [H 3 O + ] 3.3 x 10-2 M กก HNO 2, K a 4.6x10-4 H 3 PO 4, K a 7.5x10-3 HSO 4-, K a 1.2x10-2 ก ก...? 48 8
ก K a ก HSO 4- ก ก HSO 4- + H 2 O H 3 O + + SO 4 2 - [H 3 O + [HSO ] K 4- ] a [SO 2-4 ] [HSO 4- ] [H 3 O + ] (3.3x10 [SO 2- -2 ) 2.75 4 ] K a (1.2x10-2 ) 1 HSO 4-2.7 ก ก SO 2-4 1 49 ก ก (CH 3 COOH) (CH 3 COONa) ph 5.7 (K a 1.8x10-5 ) ph pk a - log 5.7 pk a - log - log 1.8x10-5 5.7 - log 50 log 5.7 5.7 - log 1.8x10-5 - log 4.75 - log 4.75-5.7-0.95 antilog (-0.95) antilog (-1+0.05) 1.1x10-1 0.11 51 ph 0.4 M CH 3 COOH + 0.4 M CH 3 COONa (K a 1.8x10-5) ph pk a - log (0.4) - logk a - log (0.4) - log 1.8x10-5 - log 1.8 - log10-5 -0.25 + 5 4.75 52 ph 0.1 M NH 3 400 cm 3 0.2 M NH 4 NO 3 400 cm 3 (K b 1.8x10-5 ) 0.1 M NH 3 400 cm 3 0.1x400 mol 1000 0.2 M NH 4 NO 3 400 cm 3 0.2x400 mol 1000 400+400 800 cm 3 [NH 3 ] 0.1x400 x 1000 0.4 0.05 1000 800 [NH 4 NO 3 ] 0.2x400 x 1000 1000 800 8 0.8 0.1 8 53 [NH 3 ] poh pk b - log [NH 4 NO 3 ] - log (1.8x10-5 ) log (0.05/0.1) 4.75 + 0.30 5.05 ph 14 - poh 14.00-5.05 8.95 54 9
(Indicator) ph HIn (ก ) H + + In - K In [H+ ] [In - ] ph pk In - log [In - ] 55 ก ก [In - ] / [In - ] [In - ] 10 1 1 10 56 ก ph 5 ph 8 ph 5-8 ก K In 10-7 K In [H+ ] [In - ] 10-7 [H+ ] [In - ] 57 10-7 [H + ] [In - ] ph 5, [H + ] 10-5 mol dm -3 10-7 [In - ] 10-5 1 100 ph<5, > [In - ] 100 58 10-7 [H + ] [In - ] ph 8, [H + ] 10-8 mol dm -3 10-7 [In - ] 10-8 10 1 ph>8, [In - ] > 10 Indicator ph Thymol blue 1.2-2.8 - Bromphenol blue 3.0-4.6 - Congo red 3.0-5.0 - Methyl orange 3.1-4.4 - Bromocresol green 3.8-5.4-59 60 10
Indicator ph Methyl red 4.2-6.3 - Azolitmin (litmus) 5.0-8.0 - Bromocresol purple 5.2-6.8 - Bromthymol blue 6.0-7.6 - Phenol red 6.8-8.4 - Phenolphthalein 8.3-10.0-61 ก (Titrametric analysis) ก ก ก ก ก ก (Standard solution) 62 ก ก - ก - ก ก ก ก ก - 2 ก ก : ( ก ก indicator) : ph ก ก - ก ph meter - ก - Titration curve ph ก 63 ก ก ก - ก (1.0M HCl 25 ml+ 1.0 M NaOH) ph 7 ph range 5-9 Phenol red 6.8-8.4 (yellow- red) Bromthylmol blue 6.0-7.6 (yellow blue) ก ก - ก 0.1 M CH 3 COOH 25 ml + 0.1 M NaOH ph 9 ph range 8-10 Phenolphthalein 8.3-10.0 (no color pink) 65 ก ก ก - 1.0 M NH 3 40 ml + 1.0 M HCl ph 5 ph range 4-7 Methyl red 4.2-6.3 red-yellow Bromocresol green 3.8-5.4 yellow-blue 66 11
ก ก ก- ก ก ก กก 1 H 2 A + NaOH 1 ph 6.0 2 ph 11.9 67 ก ph ก ph 0.10 M NaOH 49 cm 3 0.1 M HCl 50 cm 3 NaOH Na + + OH - NaCl+H 2 O HCl H + + Cl - [H + ]? V? 0.1 M NaOH 49 cm 3 NaOH 0.1x49 0.0049 mol 1000 0.1 M HCl 50 cm 3 HCl 0.1x50 0.005 mol 1000 68 H + ก 0.005-0.0049 0.0001 mol. 49+50 99 cm 3 [H + ]. 0.0001x1000 0.001 mol dm -3 99 ph -log [H + ] -log 0.001 -log 1x10-3 3 69 ก ก (Hydrolysis) ก ก ก ก, ก ก ก Hydrolysis - ก ก กก ก (CH 3 COONa) - ก ก กก ก (NH 4 Cl) - ก ก กก (CH 3 COONH 4 ) 70 ก ก (Hydrolysis) ก ก ก CH 3 COONa, KCN, NaF CH 3 COONa Na + + CH 3 COO - hydrolysis CH 3 COO - + H 2 O CH 3 COOH + OH -. OH - > H +. 71 CH 3 COO - + H 2 O CH 3 COOH + OH - K h [OH - ] K h [H 3 O + ] [CH K h 3 COOH] [OH - ] [H 3 O + ] [H 3 O + ] K K h w K a 72 12
ก % hydrolysis CH 3 COONa Na + + CH 3 COO - CH 3 COO - + H 2 O CH 3 COOH + OH - % hydrolysis [OH - ] x 100 73 ก AgCl, BaSO 4, Ag 2 SO 4 AgCl AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) [Ag + ] [Cl - ] K [AgCl(s)] K sp [Ag + ] [Cl - ] K sp : ก [Ag + ] [Cl - ] : (ion product) 74 ก ion product < K sp ก ก ก Ion product K sp ( ) ion product > K sp ก ก K sp ก ก ก กก K sp ก ก K sp ก ก ก ก 75 K sp BaSO 4 1.1x10-10 K sp CaSO 4 1.1x10-5 CaSO 4 >BaSO 4 [Ba 2+ ] [Ca 2+ ] SO 4 2- ก ก BaSO 4 ก [SO 4 2- ] ก BaSO 4 76 AgCl Ksp 2.8x10-10 ก AgCl AgCl (s) Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Ksp [Ag + ] [Cl - ] 2.8x10-10 [Ag + ] [Cl - ] [Ag + ] 2 2.8x10-10 [Ag + ] (2.8x10-10 ) 1/2 1.67x10-5 ก AgCl 1.67x10-5 mol dm -3 77 (Commom ion effect) ก ก NaCl AgCl AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) [ Cl - ] [ Ag + ] [ Cl - ] >K sp [ Ag + ] [ Ag + ] [ Cl - ] K sp 78 13
(Complex ion equilibrium) ก ก NH 3 AgCl AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Ag + (aq) + NH 3 [ Ag (NH 3 ) 2 ] + [ Ag + ] AgCl (s) ก Complex ion 79 14