J Jpn Soc Soil Phys No 3 p 1 2 Properties of Surface Crusts of Converted Paddy Soils Formed under Simulated Rainfall Hiroshi O BARA Tomoki T AKAHASHI and Hisashi H OSOKAWA National Agricultural Research Center Hokuriku Research center (NARC Hokuriku) Inada Joetu Niigata 3 3 Japan (present : National Institute for AgroEnvironmental Sciences Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki / 20 Japan) NARC Hokuriku (present ; Shizuoka Prefectual Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry 012 Tomioka Iwata Shizuoka 2 2 Japan ) NARC Hokuriku Abstract Soil crusting is one of the major problems a# ecting the emergence of soybean seedlings in converted paddy fields in some regions of Japan To identify the converted paddy fields in which soybean emergence is at risk from soil crusting we collected twentyseven samples of surface soils from paddy fields across Japan Relationship among physical and chemical properties clay mineralogy and surface crusting under simulated rainfall were studied In terms of morphology most of the soil samples showed crust after exposure to a rainfall of 1 mm/h With regard to the relationship between crust properties and soil characteristics some correlations were found between the decrease in infiltration and the hardness and area of the cracks when crust dries The infiltration rates were correlated with the mean weight diameter of aggregates The hardness indicated a rather obscure correlation between the silt contents and acidoxalateextractable aluminum (an indicator of Andic properties) The cracked areas were clearly correlated with the sand contents With regard to clay mineralogy in the soil samples which showed no or trace peak for kaolinite and vermiculite and a clear peak for smectite hardness did not increase after drying Key words : soil crusts converted paddy fields soybean seedling emergence physicochemical properties clay mineralogy 0 ; 3 3 / 20 2 2 012 :
28 3 2 332 0 330 CEC pf 2 mm Tanaka et al 33 // X Rigaku RAD II A Cu Ka 332 : : Rathore : : et al 32 ; 0 ; 332 ; 33 Morin et al Morin et al 301 3 mm h 1 mm h /2 msec Bresson 33/ / cm cm / cm 2 / mm mm g cm / mm / 1 2 mm mm mm h 3 mm h 1 mm h mm DIK//0 1 Bennett et al 30 Holder et al 31 Rolston et al 33 Upadhyaya et al 33/ kg kg 331 mm mm Le Bissonnais
: 29 Table General information of sampling sites4 no # # # # #/ # 0 # # # # U # / V # 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # # # or # # #/ #0 #1 #2 #3 # # : : : : ph 2 STATISTICA ver 0 STAT 1 // Soft inc 0 / 2 mm g kg V 1 1 g kg gkg 12 cmol Nishimura et al 333 ; Asgedom et al / ; Lado et al kg 1cmol kg CEC c / cmolckg 0 cmolckg 233 12 c
30 3 2 Fed / g kg 0 3 g / mm 2 kg Feo VI mm pf Alo VI 02 kg kg kgkg HC LiC SiC CL 2 0/ SiCL L SL kg kg / kg kg / 2 / pf 2 3 3 mm mm 1 mmh mm 3 Photo Rainfall simulator Fig The infiltration rate of three soils
: 31 Mn mm kg mm / 3 kpa kg mm Ben /0 kpa kg Hur et al 32/ a mm 20 1 kpa kg mm kg mm 1 kpa 3 FAO 332 mm mm Cattle S et al mm / mm 1mm mm Tanaka et al 33/ ; Le Bissonnais 330 Hardsetting kg Al Si Al / Fe pf 2 / / r kg kg / / Al Alo r / r / / kg / / mm Al kg Ca
32 3 2 Table Physicochemical no ph CEC Ca Mg K Na g kg cmolc kg # # # # #/ # 0 # # # # # / # 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # # U V 04 043 042 04 /41 /43 /42 042 04 04 04 042 04 04 /400 040 /433 141 24 43 04 4 141 042 43 24 4 141 4 34 24 /4 4/ 40 4 4 4 42 4 43 24 /4 40 240 4 04 4 24 04 14 40 /4 4/ 4 042 43 4 /43 4 41 41 40 4/ 4 40 40 4 4/ 4/ 41 40 43 43 4/ 40 4 41 4 41/ 41 43 41 42 4 41 433 40 4 42 4 4 4 41 4 4 4 43 42 4 42 40 41/ 40 04 /42 24 040 /4 /42 4 42 4/ /4/ 4 /4 4 14 4 4 4 4 41 /4 /4 4 40 42 04 24 14 /4 04 43 14/ 4 4 40 34 14/ 41 4 /4 4 4 343 42 41 14 4 4 4/ 4 24 0 233 11 33 3 / 20 311 300 0 220 22 2 0 / 12 # # # #/ #0 #1 #2 #3 # # 423 14 042 /40/ /4/ 04 /42 04/1 04 04 140 14 41 242 /40 040 4 40 4 43 41 4 242 42 /43 14 40 4 41 4 41 4 4 /40 42 41 4/ 04 40 4 42 4/0 40 4 4 43 4 4 40 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 40 4 41 4/ /4 41 41 341 14 343 040 14 41 /40 142 4 4 04 /41 04 40 41 4 42 4 41 /41 /43 41 04 14 42 141 24/ /2 1 3 2/ /0 00 11 03 12 : Fed Alo Feo Sio : PLpF 42 pf 42 ; Al et al 3/1 Al 33/ / / FAO 332 Cattle // kg mm Lemoz 0 /
: 33 properties of soils4 Fed Alo Feo Sio pf42 PL gkg mm kg kg PL pf 42 243 4 34 4 40 /4 4 /4 HC 4/ 42 4 43 43 43 34 340 343 24 14 4 CL 43 403 40/ 40 04 4 /42 42 14/ /41 /4 /42 CL 41 4 42 4 4 4 4 40 342 43 42 04/ LiC 43 4/ 41 4 043 4 /41 4 40 4/ 140 /4 LiC 43 40 4 42 41 4/ 43 4 42 04 4 /42 SL 430 43 4/ 41 41 4/ /4 34/ 4 4 LiC 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 40 40 4/ /4 34 LiC 4 4 4/ 40 43 4 4 4/ 4 241 4 142 CL 4 4 4 4 /4 4/ 42 4 342 04 43 4 LiC 43 4 43 43 140 42 341 4 4 4 40 /4 LiC 4 4 40 40 42 4 141 4 40 242 43 41 SiC 421 43 43 41 43 43 24 41 4 141 42 40 LiC 421 41 41 42 40 4/ 34 4/ 14 /4 4 4 CL 4 4 41 4 /4/ 4/ 4 4/ 4 4 240 4 SL 4 4 42 41 141 4 04 4 41 24 4/ 140 SiCL 402 4 4/ 40 042 42 4 40 041 4 141 /40 LiC 422 43 41 40 14 41 4 4/ 34 24 14 /4 CL 43 42 4 41 04 4 /4 41 /4 43 /43 142 SL 42 41 40 4 4/ 4 41 4/ 34 34 42 41 L 43 4/ 4 4 41 4 14 42 4 42 34 4 LiC 42 4 4/ 4 24 4 /41 41 14 4 043 40 CL 423 42 4 43 341 40 24 4 24 24/ 40 43 CL 4/ 4 42 4 241 4 04 4 143 /4 34/ 14 LiC 4/ 40 4 4 043 41 341 42 42 4 34 140 SiC 43 40 43 40 4/ 42 4 4 34 4 4 040 SL 403 4 43 41 4 4 14 4/ 4 /4 CL 43 4 4 43 0/ 0 Al Ca Mg / 1 ph 1
34 3 2 Table Crust properties formed using a rainfall simulator4 no kg kg mm mm mm mm # # # # #/ # 0 # # # # # / # 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # # # # # #/ #0 #1 #2 #3 # # U V 421 420 42 4/3 41 43 43 411 4 430 42 42 43 42 430 42 42 43 401 41/ 43 43 4/ 40 41 430 4/ 4 43 402 410 41 43 41 43 410 423 42 4 430 43 410 43 40 4/2 41 42 423 4 4 4 43 421 42 40 /42 42 24 /4 /4 04 340 141 4 34 4/ /4 4 42 4 4 34/ 340 143 40 40 34 143 4 4/ 43 4 4 42 4/ 4/ 42 4/ 43 4 41 4 24 341 142 4 34 24 24 4 42 24 42 14 42 4 42 4 1 1 / 1 0 / / 2 / / 1 0 1 0 3 2 1 / 2 3 3 3 3 / 3 / 1 0 0 1 0 / 24 4 4/ 4 43 43 4 4 4 4 42 43 43 4 41 4 4/ 4 4 4 43 4 4 4 142 4 4 : 3 mmh 1 mmh kg 4/ 4/ 0 ph 1 X
: 35 Photo Crusts formed using a rainfall simulator Table Correlation between crust properties4 kg kg 4123 4/ 403 401 kg kg 430 4 4 40 42 43/ 4111 43 4023 422 4002 4/ 4/ 4/ : : : / : : 4 41/ 4/00 4/10 Fig Relationship between crust properties
36 3 2 / Table / Correlation between crust properties and soil physicochemical properties4 kg kg ph 43 42 402 41 43 4 43 43 40 421 412 40 4 40 Fed 43/ 4/ 41 422 43/ 4 41 4 413 41/ 4 413 413 4/32 Ca Mg 43 41 4 42 43 432 4/3 K 41 4 4/2 40 42 40 40 Na 41/ 41 403 4 421 4/ 4 4 400 40 40 41 4 40 41 4 41 42 42 422 4/ 41 433 40 431 4 4 43 Alo 4/3 4 4/3 4/ 41 42 4/ Feo 430 4/2 4/ 4 4 411 43 Sio 42 4/ 4 4/ 4 4 4 Mno 4 413 41 40 4/ 40 412 Alo Feo 41 43 4 40 4 42 43 42 401 412 4 4 4/0 4/2 4 4/1 41 4 4/ 43 41 4// 401 4 42 42 4/ 433 41 41 4/ 4/ 43 43 40 4/ 41 41 4 40 4 40 43 423 420 412 43 4 41 4/0 420 40 42 41 4 40 pf 42 40 40 430 4/3 4 4 43 PL 4 41 40 431 41 41 41 PLpF 42 40 421 4/ 4 42 431 4 : : : / : : 4 / 14 kg kg / 1 kg kg /
: 37 Fig Relationship between aggregate stability Fig Relationship between clay contents and and infiltration rates aggregate stability Fig / / Relationship between hardness of crusts and soil properties 0 1 Fig 0 Relationship between crack area ratio Fig 1 Relationship between exchangeable acidity of crusts and sand contents and residue of regression of crack area ratio on sand
38 3 2 0 Table 0 Clay mineralogy of soils no Ch Ct Kt Mica Chro Verm Smec Qt Kt Verm Smec Vt Sm # 0 2 # # # #/ 1 / / 01 /1 / # 0 2 # # # # # / # 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # # # # # #/ #0 #1 #2 #3 # # U V 3 1 / / / 3 3 3 1 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 1 2 2 /1 2 01 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 / / 01 /1 /0 0 01 /1 2 1 2 /1 /1 01 : Kt : Mica : Chro : Verm : Smec : ChVt : ChSm : Qt : : ChVt ChSm kg 2 kg kg /
: 39 1 Table 1 Correlation between clay mineralogy and crust properties4 Sm Kt Vt Mica 423 412 4111 40 42 41 4 421 4/ 40/ 42/3 433 413 41 kg 4301 42 4/0 4 40 413 4/ kg 42/ 42 4032 43 41 4 4/1 4// 4 433 41 43/ 41 40 41/ 4 43 4/ 42 413 4/2 4/0 42 4/31 4 41/ 43 400 : Sm : Kt : Vt : Mica : / N : : / : Lemos et al 3/1 Taki 0 kg Stern et al Alfisols Aridisols Mollisols Wakindiki et 321 al Oxisols Stern Vertisols et al 33 3 Vertisols BenHur et al Wakindiki / Oxisol Soil Taxo nomy FAO 332
40 3 2 2 Vt Kt Sm Fig 2 Relationship between hardness of crusts and Xray di# raction peck intensity of vermiculite kaolinite and smectite Vertisols Vertisols / 03
: 41 Fig 3 3 Image of relation among crust formation and soy bean emergence 0 / 3 McDonald et al 33 / mm kg collapses / kpa A 1 /1 kpa Taki et al 1 0 2 kpa 0 kg mm / 1 0
42 3 2 2 Table 2 Soil properties for crusting risk estimation on soybean emergency4 Alo Kt Vt Sm mm 0/ / / g 3 1 kg 01 / /2 / / // / / /0 / N / 1 0 3 /0 2 1/ 0 01 2 1 20 0 0 1 1/ N / / / 1 / / 2 N N 1 2 0 1 / 0 3 / 1 0 3 01 2 1/ 1/ 1 2 3 1 2 2 22 2 / / 1 / / 2 2 23 Al Taki 01 Taki et al 0 1 BenHur et al 32/ b 2 mm 2 1 N / kg mm Alo X
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