Supplemental files. Supplemental file 1. sources: 1 (Jian et al., 2009b), 2 (Zhong, 1998), 3 (Wang et al., 2000a), 4 (Fan et al.,

Transcript

1 GSA Data Repository item Supplemental files Supplemental file 1 Temporal distribution of magmatic activity relationship with the opening subduction of the Paleo-tethys ocean. Numbers on data points refer to the following sources: 1 (Jian et al., 2009b), 2 (Zhong, 1998), 3 (Wang et al., 2000a), 4 (Fan et al., 2010), 5 (Zi et al., 2012b), 6 (Liu et al., 2012), 7 (Liu et al., 2011), 8 (Zi et al., 2012a), 9 (Liu et al., 2015), 10 (Coauthor s unpublished data), 11 (Lai et al., 2014b).

2 Supplemental file 2 (A) Field photograph of the Xiaguan granodiorite (YN-28). (B) Microscope photograph of the the Xiaguan granodiorite (YN-28A). (C) Field photograph of the Goutoupo leucogranite (ML-23). (D) Microscope photograph of the the Goutoupo leucogranite (ML-23A). (E-F) Field photographs of the Qingshuihe granitic gneiss (HH-118). Hb-Hornblende.

3 Supplemental file 3 (A-B) Field photograph and microscope photograph of the the Xiaguan gneissic granite (YN-26A). (C-D) Field photograph and microscope photograph of the the Xiaguan augen granitic gneiss (YN-27B). (E) Field photograph of the Xiaguan granitic gneiss (YN-31A). (F) Field photograph of the Xiaguan leucosome (YN-32A).

4 Supplemental file 4 Analytical methods Zircon mineral separates were prepared by conventional heavy liquid and magnetic techniques. Grains were mounted in epoxy, polished and coated with gold and then photographed in transmitted and reflected light. Their internal texture was examined using cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics (IGG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing. Zircon U-Pb ages and trace elements were analyzed using a Laser ICP-MS at the IGG CAS. The zircon standards CN92-2, and GJ were used to calibrate the U-Th-Pb ratios. The standard silicate glass NIST 610 was used to optimize the machine. The spot size for data collection was 30 µm. The errors for individual U-Pb analyses are presented with 1σ error and uncertainties in grouped ages are quoted at 95 % level (2σ). The age calculations and plots were made using Isoplot (version 3.0) (Ludwig, 2001). Further detailed descriptions of the instrumentation and analytical procedure for the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb and trace element technique are similar to those described by Yuan et al. (2004). Zircon Hf isotopic analysis was carried out using a Geolas-193 laser-ablation microprobe, attached to a Neptune multi-collector ICP-MS at the IGG CAS. All of the settings yielded a signal intensity of ~10 Vat 180 Hf for the standard zircon with a recommended 176 Hf/ 177 Hf ratio of ± 28 (Wu et al., 2006). Data were normalized to 176 Hf/ 177 Hf=0.7325, using exponential correction for mass bias. The mean βyb value was applied for the isobaric interference correction of 176 Yb on 176 Hf in the same spot. The ratio of 176 Yb/ 172 Yb (0.5887) was also applied for the Yb correction. Whole rock samples for geochemistry were crushed to 200-mesh using an agate mill for elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses. The major oxides were analyzed by a

5 wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry at the State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Trace element analyses were performed at the GIG CAS by a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 6000 ICP-MS. Detailed sample preparation and analytical procedure followed Li et al. (2002). Sr, Nd isotopic analyses were carried out at the GIG CAS on a Neptune Plus (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) multi-collection mass spectrometry equipped with nine Faraday cup collectors and eight ion counters. Details analytical methods are presented by Yang et al. (2006). Normalizing factors used to correct the mass fractionation of Sr and Nd during the measurements were 86 Sr/ 88 Sr = and 146 Nd/ 144 Nd = (Yang et al., 2005, 2007). Reference Li, X.H., Li, Z.X., Zhou, H.W., Liu, Y., Kinny, P.D., U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemistry and Nd isotopic study of Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks in the Kangdian Rift of South China: implications for the initial rifting of Rodinia. Precambrian Research 113, Ludwig, K.R., Sqiud 1.02:A User Manual. Berkeley:Berkeley Geochronological Center Special publication, Wu, F. Y, Yang, Y. H, Xie, L. W., Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites used in U-Pb geochronology. Chemical Geology, 234: Yang, J.H., Wu, F.Y., Shao, J.A., Wilde, S.A., Xie, L.W., Liu, X.M., Constraints on the timing of uplift of the Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt, North China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 246, Yuan, H.L., Gao, S., Liu, X.M., Li, H.M., Gunther, D., Wu, F.Y., Accurate U-Pb age and trace element determinations of zircon by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 28, Yang, Y.H., Zhang, H.F., Wu, F.Y., Xie, L.W., Zhang, Y.B., Accurate Measurement of Strontium Isotopic Composition by Neptune Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society 26, (in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, Y.H., Zhang, H.F., Xie, L.W., Wu, F.Y., AccurateMeasurement ofneodym ium Isotopic Composition Using Neptune Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled P lasmamass Spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1, ( in Chinese with English abstract).

6 Supplemental file 5 SIMS Zircon U-Pb dating results for the latest Permian Xiaguan granodiorites (YN-28A and YN-28C) Sample/ Pb ±s 206 Pb ±s Pb ±s Pb ±s 206 Pb ±s -corr ±s spot # Th/U 235 U % 238 U % 206 Pb 235 U 238 U age (Ma) YN-28A

7 YN-28C

8 Supplemental file 6 spot LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating results for the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Th/U Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ HH

9 spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ ML-23A

10 spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ YN-26A

11 spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ YN-27B

12 spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ DX

13 spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ DX

14 spot Th/U Isotopic ratios Isotopic ages(ma) Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ Pb/ 206 Pb±1σ Pb/ 235 U±1σ 206 Pb/ 238 U±1σ

15 Supplemental file 7 Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic compositions for the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) HH

16 Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) ML-23A

17 Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) YN

18 Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma) YN-27B DX

19 Spot 176 Yb/ 177 Hf 176 Lu/ 177 Hf 176 Hf/ 177 Hf 2s 176Hf/ 177 Hfi e Hf (t) T DM (Ga) T DM2 (Ga) Age( Ma)

20 Supplemental file 8 Major oxides (wt. %) and elemental (ppm) analyzed results for the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Sampl e YN-28 A YN-28B YN-28C YN-28D ML-23A ML-23B YN-264 YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-31C DX-32A DX-32C SiO TiO Al 2 O Fe 2 O 3 T MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O L.O.I Total P K Sc Ti

21 Sampl e YN-28 A YN-28B YN-28C YN-28D ML-23A ML-23B YN-264 YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-31C DX-32A DX-32C V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu

22 Sampl e YN-28 A YN-28B YN-28C YN-28D ML-23A ML-23B YN-264 YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-31C DX-32A DX-32C Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U

23 Supplemental file 9 Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the latest Permian to Late Triassic granitoids along the Ailaoshan suture zone Sample Age (Ma) 87 Rb/ 86 Sr 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 2s ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd 2s T DM (Ga) ε Nd (t) ML-23A YN-26A YN-26B YN-27B YN-27C DX-31A DX-32A

24 Supplemental file 10 Primitive mantle normalized incompatible elemental spidergrams and chondrite normalized REE patterns for the Xiaguan latest Permian high ε Hf (t)-ε Nd (t) I-type granodiorites (a and b), early Triassic Goutoupo leucogranites (c and d) and Late Triassic Xiaguan granotoids (d and e). Normalized values for primitive mantle and chondrite are from reference (Sun and McDonough, 1989). Reference Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle

25 composition and process. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42:

26 Supplemental file 11 Geochemical features and radiometric ages of latest Permian to earliest Triassic (~ Ma) magmatic rocks in JAS suture zone Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. Jinshajiang 1 Deqin Granodiorite 255±2 LA-ICPMS Zhang and others 2011b 1 Deqin Diorite 254±2 LA-ICPMS Zhang and others 2011b 2 Mangkang Graywacke 254±2 LA-Q-ICPMS Yang and others Baimaxueshan Diorite 251±2 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Tonalite 253±4 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Granodiorite 249±2 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Granodiorite 248±2 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012a 3 Baimaxueshan Diorite enlave 250±2 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012a Ailaoshan 4 Pingzhang Gabbro 258±6 LA-ICPMS Lai and others 2014b 5 Pinghe Granite 257±2 LA-ICPMS Lai and others 2014a 5 Pinghe Granite 255±2 LA-ICPMS Lai and others 2014a 6 Qingshuihe Mylonite 256±4 LA-ICP-MS This Study 6 Xiaguan Granodiorite 252±2 SHRIMP This Study 6 Xiaguan Granodiorite 252±2 SHRIMP This Study 7 Xin'anzhai Monzogranite 252±1 LA ICP MS Liu and others Xin'anzhai Monzogranite 251±1 LA-ICP-MS Liu and others Laowangzhai Granite 251±1 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014b 9 Maoheshan basalt 249±2 SHRIMP Liu and others 2011a Song Ma 10 Dai Loc Dioritic orthogneiss 257±4 LA-ICPMS Tran and others Po Ko Diorite 256±3 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014

27 Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. 11 Kontum Grt-Opx gneiss 255±8 Monazite EMP dating Owada and others Chieng Khuong Plagiogranite 254±14 Rb/Sr on whole rock Pham and others Ben Giang Granodiorite 252±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others Ben Giang Xenocryst 251±1 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014

28 Supplemental file 12 Geochemical features and radiometric ages of Early to Middile Triassic ( Ma) magmatic rocks in JAS suture zone Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. Jinshajiang 14 Yezhi Rhyolite 249±2 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014a 14 Yezhi Rhyolite 248±2 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014a 14 Jijiading Rhyolite 247±3 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014a 14 Jijiading Basalt 246±2 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014a 14 Luchun Rhyolite 246±2 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014a 14 Jijiading Rhyolite 245±3 LA-ICP-MS Wang and others 2014a 15 Jiyidu Rhyolite 247±3 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012c 15 Gongnong Rhyolite 246±3 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012c 15 Ludian Rhyolite 245±4 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012c 15 Ludian Rhyolite 242±3 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012c 15 Ludian Rhyodacite 239±3 SHRIMP Zi and others 2012c Ailaoshan 7 Tongtiange Leucogranite 248±3 LA-ICP-MS Liu and others Tongtiange Leucogranite 247±3 LA-ICP-MS Liu and others Pingmahe Rhyolite 247±2 SHRIMP Liu and others Goutoupo Leucogranite 247±3 LA-ICP-MS This Study 5 Lvchun Rhyolite 246±4 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014a 5 Lvchun Rhyolite 246±6 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014a 5 Daheishan Dolerite 246±4 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014a 4 Pingzhang Granite 244±2 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014b 4 Heping Granite 244±3 LA-ICP-MS Lai and others 2014b 17 Diancangshan Sillimanite gneiss 243±2 LA-ICP-MS Lin and others 2012

29 Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. 17 Yuanjiang Augen gneiss 239 LA-ICP-MS Lin and others 2012 Song Ma 10 Kham Duc Garnet biotite mylonitic gneiss 248±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others Bong Mieu Granitic gneiss 245±3 LA-ICPMS Tran and others Hai Van Granitic pegmatite 246±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others Kontum Gneiss 246±3 LA-ICPMS Nakano and others Kontum Gneiss 247±11 TIMS Nakano and others Kontum Grt granite 243±2 Monazite EMP Owada and others 2006

30 Supplemental file 13 Geochemical features and radiometric ages of Late Triassic ( Ma) magmatic rocks in JAS suture zone Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. Jinshajiang 19 Beiwu Granodiorite 234±1 SIMS Zhu and others Linong Granodiorite 233±1 SIMS Zhu and others Lunong Granodiorite 231±2 SIMS Zhu and others Gongka Granodiorite 232±5 SHRIMP Gao et al Yangla Granodiorite 230±4 SHRIMP Gao et al Ludian Biotite granodiorite 231±3 SHRIMP Zi and others Ludian Granodiorite 230±2 SHRIMP Zi and others Ludian Monzogranite 228±3 SHRIMP Zi and others Ludian Granodiorite 226±3 SHRIMP Zi and others Ludian Biotite monzogranite 220±3 SHRIMP Zi and others Deqin Bimodal volcanic rocks 224 Rb-Sr isochrone age Wang and others Ludian Biotite monzogranite 214±6 SHRIMP Jian and others Jianchuan Picritic porphyrite 206 Ar-Ar isochrone ages Kou and others 2012 Ailaoshan 17 Diancangshan Garnet gneiss 235±2 LA-ICPMS Lin and others Xiaguan Gneiss 233±4 LA-ICPMS This study 6 Xiaguan Leucosome 232±4 LA-ICPMS This study 6 Xiaguan Gneissic granite 229±4 LA-ICPMS This study 6 Xiaguan Gneiss 229±5 LA-ICPMS This study

31 Ref No. Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method ɛ Hf (t) ɛ Nd (t) SiO 2 (wt %) A/CNK Refs. 25 Huashiban Granodiorite 230±2 LA-ICPMS Liu and others Huashiban Granodiorite 229±2 LA-ICPMS Liu and others Panjiangzhai Metabasalt? 49.2 Shen and others 1998 Song Ma 11 Kontum Grt granite 233±3 Monazite EMP dating Owada and others Dien bien Granodiorite 232±2 LA-ICPMS Roger and others Dien bien Granodiorite 226±6 LA-ICPMS Roger and others Dien bien Paragneiss 228±5 Ar-Ar isochrone age Roger and others Truong Son Granodiorite 229±3 LA-ICPMS Liu and others 2012a 28 Truong Son Quartz monzonite 202±4 LA-ICPMS Liu and others 2012a 29 Nam Co Garnet hornblende rock 228±3 SIMS Zhang and others 2014

32 Supplemental file 14 Radiometric ages of the Triassic metamorphic rocks in the JAS suture zone Location Rock type Age (Ma) Dating method Refs. Early- to Middle-Triassic Kham Duc Mylonitic gneiss 248±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 Bong Mieu Granitic gneiss 245±3 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 Hai Van Granitic pegmatite 246±2 LA-ICPMS Tran and others 2014 Kontum Gneiss 246±3 LA-ICPMS Nakano and others 2008 Kontum Gneiss 247±11 TIMS Nakano and others 2010 Kontum Granulite 240±16 TIMS Nakano and others 2010 Kontum Grt granite 243±2 Monazite EMP Owada and others 2006 Song Ba Norite 238±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Enderbite 239±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Proxene-pl-norite 240±5 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 241±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Norite 242±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 242±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 243±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 243±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 243±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 245±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 245±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Pyroxene-pl-norite 246±2 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Song Ba Quartz enderbite 251±3 Biotite Ar Ar Maluski and others 2005 Late-Triassic Dien bien Graunilte 233±5 LA-ICPMS Nakano and others 2008 Kontum Grt granite 233±3 Monazite EMP Owada and others 2006 Dien bien Eclogite 231±8 SHRIMP Zhang and others 2014 Dien bien Granodiorite 226±6 LA-ICPMS Roger and others 2014 Dien bien Granodiorite 232±2 LA-ICPMS Roger and others 2014 Dien bien Paragneiss 228±5 Biotite Ar-Ar Roger and others 2014 Dien bien Eclogite 231±8 SHRIMP Zhang and others 2013

33 Supplemental file 15 FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs. SiO 2 (a) and Rb/Sr vs. Ba (b) for the latest Permian to Triassic granitoids in the JAS suture. Data for the Cambrian gneiss of the Northern Himalaya, North Himalayan granites and Himalayan leuogranites are from (Inger and Harris, 1993) and (Zhang et al., 2004). The trends for dehydration muscovite and biotite melting and plagioclase fractional crystallization are from (Inger and Harris, 1993, Zhang et al., 2004) and (Streule et al., 2010). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 4. Reference Inger S, Harris N (1993) Geochemical Constraints on Leucogranite Magmatism in the Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya. J Petrol 34: Streule MJ, Searle MP, Waters DJ, Horstwood MSA (2010) Metamorphism, melting, and channel flow in the Greater Himalayan Sequence and Makalu leucogranite: Constraints from thermobarometry, metamorphic modeling, and U-Pb geochronology. Tectonics 29:1-28. Zhang RY, Lo CH, Li XH, Chung SL, Anh TT, Tri TT (2014) U-Pb dating and tectonic implication of Ophiolite and Metabasite from Song Ma suture zone, Northern Vietnam. Am J Sci 314:

34 Supplemental file 16 Viscous flow laws used in the numerical experiments. ID Flow laws E V n A D a 0 (kj mol -1 ) (J MPa -1 mol -1 ) (MPa -n s -1 ) (Pa s) A Air/water B0 Wet quartzite C0 Diabase B1 Wet granite C1 Plagioclase An B2 Quartzite C2 Mafic granulite D Plagioclase An E Dry olivine F Wet olivine G b Molten felsic H b Molten mafic a 6 0 is the reference viscosity, which is calculated:. 0 1 / A 10 n D Other parameters are illustrated in Table 1. b The molten felsic (G) are used for partial molten sediment and continental crust. The molten mafic (H) are used for partial molten oceanic crust. c References: Kirby, 1983; Kirby and Kronenberg, 1987; Ranalli and Murphy, 1987; Ji and Zhao, 1993; Ranalli, Reference Ji, S. C., and P. L. Zhao (1993), Flow Laws of Multiphase Rocks Calculated from Experimental-Data on the Constituent Phases, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117(1-2), Kirby, S. H. (1983), Rheology of the Lithosphere, Reviews of Geophysics, 21(6), Kirby, S. H., and A. K. Kronenberg (1987), Rheology of the Lithosphere - Selected Topics, Reviews of Geophysics, 25(6), Ranalli, G. (1995), Rheology of the Earth, Springer. Ranalli, G., and D. C. Murphy (1987), Rheological stratification of the lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 132(4),

35 Supplemental file 17 Materials properties used in 2-D numerical experiments Material State ρ 0 Cp k a b T solidus b T liquidus Q L H r Viscous c Plastic d (kg m -3 ) (J kg -1 K -1 ) (W m -1 K -1 ) (K) (K) (kj kg -1 ) (μw m -3 ) Flow Law Sin( eff ) Sticky air A 0 Water A 0 Sediment Solid K1 TS1 TL B 0.15 Molten K1 TS1 TL G 0.06 Continental Solid K1 TS1 TL B0/B1/B upper crust Molten K1 TS1 TL G 0.06 Continental Solid K2 TS2 TL C0/C1/C lower crust Molten K2 TS2 TL G 0.06 Oceanic Solid K2 TS2 TL D 0.15 crust Molten K2 TS2 TL H 0.06 Mantle Dry K E 0.6 Hydrated K F 0.06 References e - 1, , Meaning of the parameters ρ 0, Cp, k, T solidus, T liquidus, QL, Hr,, are shown in Table 1. = K -1, = MPa -1 for all rock types. a K1=[ /(T K +77)]exp( P MPa ); K2=[ /(T K +77)]exp( P MPa ); K3=[ /(T K +77)]exp( P MPa ). b TS1= /(P+54)+20200/(P+54) 2, at P<1200 MPa; or P, at P>1200 MPa. TL1= P; TS2= /(P+354) /(P+354) 2, at P<1600 MPa; or P P 2, at P>1600 MPa. TL2= P. c Parameters of viscous flow laws are shown in Table 3. d The plastic cohesion is zero in all the experiments. eff is the effective internal frictional angle implemented for plastic rheology. e 1=[Turcotte and Schubert, 2002]; 2=[Bittner and Schmeling, 1995]; 3=[Clauser and Huenges, 1995]; 4=[Ranalli, 1995]; 5=[Schmidt and Poli, 1998].

36 Reference Bittner, D., and H. Schmeling (1995), Numerical Modeling of Melting Processes and Induced Diapirism in the Lower Crust, Geophysical Journal International, 123(1), Clauser, C., and E. Huenges (1995), Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals, AGU reference shelf, 3, Ranalli, G. (1995), Rheology of the Earth, Springer. Schmidt, M. W., and S. Poli (1998), Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163(1), Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (2002), Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press.