MALMÖ UNIVERSITY HEALTH AND SOCIETY DISSERTATION 2014:3 ANTON FAGERSTRÖM EFFECTS OF SURFACTANT ADJUVANTS ON PLANT LEAF CUTICLE BARRIER PROPERTIES

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1 MALMÖ UNIVERSITY HEALTH AND SOCIETY DISSERTATION 2014:3 ANTON FAGERSTRÖM EFFECTS OF SURFACTANT ADJUVANTS ON PLANT LEAF CUTICLE BARRIER PROPERTIES

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4 Malmö University Health and Society, Doctoral Dissertation 2014:3 Copyright Anton Fagerström 2014 Front illustration: Mattias Olsson, Clivia leaf and index finger against a Brazilian cornfield backdrop. ISBN (print) ISBN (pdf) ISSN Holmbergs i Malmö AB 2014

5 ANTON FAGERSTRÖM EFFECTS OF SURFACTANT ADJUVANTS ON PLANT LEAF CUTICLE BARRIER PROPERTIES Malmö University, 2014 Faculty of Health and Society Department of Biomedical Sciences

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9 CONTENTS ABSTRACT... 9 POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS INTRODUCTION Background The plant leaf cuticle Cuticle wax Role of surfactants in agricultural applications Diffusion in the cuticle Softening/Structural effects The scientific questions in this thesis and their relevance EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND CONSIDERATIONS Diffusion cells Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Small and Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Isothermal Sorption Calorimetry Polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) Gas chromatography with Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cuticle characterization Stomata and cuticle thickness Cuticle thermotropic phase behaviour Surfactant structural effects on isolated cuticle Model cuticle wax

10 Model wax composition C 22 H 45 OH/C 32 H Model wax - water phase behaviour C 22 H 45 OH/H 2 O C 32 H 66 /H 2 O C 22 H 45 OH/C 32 H 66 /H Model wax validation Surfactant solutions Surfactant water sorption Surfactant solutions Formulations design and dynamics Effects of surfactants on the cuticle Surfactant structural effects on isolated cuticle Surfactant induced changes in cuticle model wax I: Phase behaviour Thermotropic phase transitions Surfactant induced changes in cuticle model wax II: Fluidity Continuous QCM-D experiments Pulsed QCM-D experiments Wax film rheology Diffusion in the cuticle Cuticle membrane Membrane partition Membrane permeability Solute distribution and diffusion CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES PAPERS I-IV

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15 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following papers, which are cited in the text by their Roman numerals. The papers are appended in the end of the thesis. I. Fagerström A, Runnsjö A, Kocherbitov V, Engblom J. Plant leaf cuticle structure effects of temperature, relative humidity, and surfactant absorption. Manuscript. II. III. IV. Fagerström A, Kocherbitov V, Westbye P, Bergström K, Mamontova V, Engblom J. Characterization of a plant leaf cuticle model wax, phase behaviour of model wax - water systems. Thermochim. Acta, 571 (2013) Fagerström A, Kocherbitov V, Westbye P, Bergström K, Arnebrant T, Engblom J. Surfactant softening of plant leaf cuticle model wax a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) study. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 426 (2014) A. Fagerström A, Kocherbitov V, Ruzgas T, Westbye P, Bergström K, Engblom J. Effects of surfactants and thermodynamic activity of model active ingredient on transport over plant leaf cuticle. Colloids Surf. B, 103 (2013)

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87 isbn (print) isbn (pdf) issn MALMÖ HÖGSKOLA MALMÖ, SWEDEN

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