Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks for Continuously Tracking Mobile Targets

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1 Journal of Chinese Computer Systems Vol 36 No wsnman@ gmail com 0 /1 NS2 TP393 A Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks for Continuously Tracking Mobile Targets WANG Tian 1 2 PENG Zhen 1 CHEN Yong-hong 1 TIAN Hui 1 CAI Yi-qiao 1 1 College of Computer Science & Technology Huaqiao University Xiamen China 2 Department of Computing Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong AbstractTraditional wireless sensor networks consist of fixed sensor nodes so there are high energy consumption and coverage holes problems while tracking targets To this end this paper introduces a few of mobile sensors into traditional sensor networks for tracking targets continuously Based on this heterogeneous networks and a realistic detection model atrackingalgorithm is designed to cooperatively scheduling mobile sensors and fixed sensors Mobile sensors take advantage of their mobility to follow targets and detect them in short distances As a result the number of active fixed sensors is decreased and the energy can be saved Moreover mobilesensors can move into coverage holes which exist in traditional fixed networks to track targets Simulation results conducted on NS2 validate the effectiveness of the proposed tracking solution which can reduce the energy consumption of fixed sensors and improve the tracking quality Key wordstarget trackingheterogeneous wireless sensor networksmobile trackingeffective detectionenergy efficiency 1 WSN J BS CCF

2 i e i e s d i e n e i = e s d i + e n 1 e 4 s d i d i i e 1 s d i d i s 5 0 if d e s d i = d i /d 0 k i > d 0 2 { s 0 if d i d0 d 0 s 0 d 0 k 2 5 e n μ σ 2 i e i 8-10 Kumar 8 e i ~ Nμ + e s d i σ WSN Tan 9 GPS λ λ i e i ( ) 3 1 pe i = 槡 2πσ exp - e 2 i - μ - e s d i 2 4 2σ L L s i λ m sm λ 1 0 v m v t v m < v t i P i D P D α P D α P i + D = pe i de i 5 n 4 P D P 4 1 D = 1 - n 1 - P i D 6 i = λ

3 d r j L 0 L 0 P D < α 5 m Omn 5 1 Omn L L 0 m m < n S P D > α L 0 1 ~ 2 L 0 4 L 0 S m m < n S 5 FOR i SDO P D P D > α 6 IF 2 μ + 3σ L 0 L 0 L 0 2d 0 THEN 3 ~ 4 7 i S S L 0 2d 0 8 END IF 2 μ + 3σ 9 END FOR 5 ~ 9 10 IF L 0 > 2d 0 THEN L 0 11 L 0 L 0 2d 0 12 END IF L 0 L 0 13 L 0 d 1 d 1 > d 0 L 0 10 ~ 12 r k r k α P D Om 14 WHILE DO 15 IF r j P D > αthen 16 r j S 17 IF r j L 0 THEN 18 L 0 19 END IF 20 END IF 1 L 0 P 21 D IF P D < αthen Fig 1 L 0 predicts the location of mobile nodes and calculates P D 22 S r k S 23 END IF L 0 d 1 d 1 > d 0 24 END WHILE L i L 0 L 0 2d 0 3 T 1 T 2 i T i i = d 2 i T 2 4d 0 T 2 i T 1 i + 4d 0 T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2 > 4d 0 L 0 T 1 + L 0 T 2 > T 1 T 2 L 0 T 2 > T 1 T 2 - L 0 T 1 L 0 T 1 < 2d 0 L 0 2 T 2 L 0 T 2 > 2d 0 Fig 2 Some fixed node switches to sleeping state 6 1 P D 14 ~ P D > α r j αr j r j NS

4 i L 0 2d 0 Fig 3 Node i determine whether the distance between L 0 and the target is greater than 2d 0 Mobile Tracking MT Fixed Tracking FT Cluster Tracking 7 CT CT m m s 100 m 10 v m m /s 1 v t m /s 3 α% 80% MT FT CT MT FT CT 50% FT 5 1 Fig 5 Number of holes vs energy consumption Table 1 Experiment parameters and their values 5 MT FT CT CT FT MT FT 60% Fig Number of holes vs effective monitoring ratio α 0 α 80% MT FT 50% MT MT FT 35% 52% 73% CT 1mJ /s 0mJ /s 6 2 Fig 6 Number of mobile nodes vs effective monitoring ratio MT FT CT 47% 65% 89% MT

5 MT FT CT 2Katenka N Levina EMichailidis G Local vote decision fusion for MT target detection in wireless sensor networksj IEEE Transactions 20 MT FT CT on Signal Processing Nordio A Chiasserini C Field reconstruction in sensor networks with coverage holes and packet lossesj IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing Demigha O Hidouci W Ahmed T On energy efficiency in collaborative target tracking in wireless sensor networka reviewj IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials Tsai Hua-wen Chu Chih-ping Chen Tzung-shi Mobile object tracking in wireless sensor networksj Computer Communications Ren Qian-qianLi Jian-zhongWang Yu Tracking quality aware Fig 7 Number of mobile nodes vs energy consumption nodes selection algorithms in wireless sensor networksj Chinese FT Journal of Computers Tong Liang Chen Bing Lei Lei A EKF-based two-node collaborative MT target tracking protocolj Journal of Chinese Computer Systems 8Kumar A S Parvin R Energy conserving hybrid sensor network for target tracking wireless sensor networksc 2013 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing Noida India IEEE Tan RuiXing Guo-liangWang Jian-ping et al Exploiting reactive mobirity for collaborative target detection in wireless sensor networks J IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing Kong Ling-fu Jing Rong Zhao Feng-da et al Research on the method of data collection of wireless sensor network with multiple mobile 8 Fig 8 Number of mobile nodes vs energy efficiency robots under dynamic clusteringj Journal of Chinese Computer 8 Systems Chu Hung-chi Jan Rong-hong A GPS-less self-positioning method MT FT CT 20 for sensor networksc Proceedings 11th International Conference MT FT onparallel and Distributed Systems Fukuoka Japan IEEE Lembke K Kietlinski L Golanski M et al RoboMotemobile autonomous hardware platform for wireless Ad-hoc sensor networksc 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics ISIE Gdansk Poland IEEE Varshney P K Distributed detection and data fusionm Springer- Verlag New York Inc References 1Akyildiz I F Su W Sankarasubramaniam Y et al Wireless sensor networksa survey J Computer Networks J EKF J WSN J

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