Longitudinal Changes in Component Processes of Working Memory

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1 This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Research Article: New Research Cognition and Behavior Longitudinal Changes in Component Processes of Working Memory Longitudinal changes in working memory Anna Rieckmann 1,2, Sara Pudas 2,3 and Lars Nyberg 1,2,3 1 Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 2 Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 3 Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden DOI: /ENEURO Received: 15 February 2017 Accepted: 27 February 2017 Published: 6 March 2017 Author contributions: A.R. analyzed data; A.R., S.P., and L.N. wrote the paper; S.P. and L.N. designed research; S.P. and L.N. performed research. Funding: Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation) Funding: Söderberg's Foundation Funding: European Commission (EC) Conflict of Interest: Authors report no conflict of interest. Correspondence should be addressed to Anna Rieckmann, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging and Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Phone: anna.rieckmann@umu.se Cite as: eneuro 2017; /ENEURO Alerts: Sign up at eneuro.org/alerts to receive customized alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Accepted manuscripts are peer-reviewed but have not been through the copyediting, formatting, or proofreading process. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. Copyright 2017 the authors

2 Title: Abbreviated title Authors and Affiliations: Author contributions: Corresponding author Number of Figures: Number of Tables: Abstract: ; Significance statement: Introduction: Discussion: Acknowledgements: Authors report no conflict of interest Funding:

3 Abstract

4 Significance statement

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7 Materials & Methods Participants

8 WM task and Performance subgroups

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10 MRI acquisition FMRI analyses

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12 Results Age-related increases in posterior parts of the maintenance network

13 Age-related decreases in the DLPFC during WM manipulation

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15 Individual differences

16 Discussion

17 Age-related decreases in lateral prefrontal activity during WM manipulation accompany changes in performance

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19 Drop-out is predicted by parietal brain activity

20 Study limitations

21 Conclusions increases decreases

22 References

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27 Figure legends Figure 1. Condition-general longitudinal increase in parietal activity over 4 years. Figure 2. Condition-specific (Manipulation Maintenance) decrease in brain activity over 4 years. Figure 3. Drop out analysis.

28 Figure 4. Subgroup analyses.

29 Tables Table 1. Peak loci of activation changes (increases and decreases) Contrast T k threshold Condition-general (Manipulation & Maintenance) Condition-specific (Manipulation - Maintenance)

30 Table 2. Task performance (Hits False Alarms and SD) by condition

31 Table 3. Predictors of later drop-out Variable OR SE p

32 Statistical Table Data / Dependent variable ID Type of test Statistic Confidence Methods: Performance subgroups Results: FMRI 2nd level voxelwise analyses using SPM12

33 Results: Post-hoc/Individual difference analyses

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