A BC B D BEF F B B F - AE F E B E B, B F F .. B F E FB

Transcript

1 ABCBD BEF F B BF-AEF EB E B, BF F.. B FEFB E

2 .. ABC DEFFD. : C, B EE E DE DEE E DEF, E EE E D, FE FE DEE, F D EE F, D E E DEFFDE. E EE E EDF F F (B), DEEEF F E B, EEE EE EE DEE ED Ethernet, D EDEDEE EE, Token Ring, FDDI, D EE. B, EEF EF F F, F FE E ED E, E EF E, D DD X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, D F, FE DEE EEE F Internet. EE E, E, E, E E «EFD D» «EFF», «ABC DEFFD». EE FE EF DDE (DE, FE E), EE D DDE E E DEF EE. DEFEE D EEF D DEF EE 14 D 2010., EEDE 16 B 2009 E EF FEEEE DED, DEEEE E 12 E E, DEEF E DE «E ED». CEF EE D EDE EFF EEE EEEE E EEEE EE «D- D E EFE EE, FD ED» E. D-D E EFE EE, FD ED, , 2011

3 A B CADEFB F C, DB 50% FF C B BEFA CA FBB C 5. B BFB BFB F BE, FB B B: BCA FBB, CF B CFB CFB B FB FBB, BBA BA F DCA D BF B B, D BF C BFBCFA C B F AB DB FBFFB. CEFB, BFBE BE C BB BFF BF CE B BBE D FFA B 56 /, C B FD ISDN-FBB, BB 10 F DE BFBCFB FBB B C FF B BFFA F BB, F BDC BBB BFF, C FB C D BFBE CAFF ADSL-FBB. BDFB -FBB, F BB CBE BE FA BB DE BFB FB CFB D EFA FFA, BFFB CAF FBB MPLS. BC BFB C BBDFB FBB. B BDFA FF DCFFBB DFBB BB B CA FBB, DFFBB F FBEB, BBB BFB BE BCFFB BBF BEFA BE FCF C CA FBB, C BBA FBBBFA C B C FFEFA FF. BC E FFBB BB? BB BFB FFDFB, F B D BFBCFB? CA F CBBA B BF E BF. BB BFBCFB, C C BDE, F FBC, FDF DE BEFA. BFDFB, BFB BAE CE FBC DE BF DFFA C A F, BB BBB 1000 F. FB C B DACE F, B BF AE BCBF C DF BFBB, B F BC. FB CE, 4 BFB F BB BDE, BE CADE FB 10 F, B B F BEBCE DF B 1000 F. B BB, FBC, C B BEFA, F C EFA FA, C BBA B EFB D FA A, F, BBBA DFA CA FBB, FBB BCBFA, CA BBFFA A, BA C A FB C BEFA, BBCF FF-BF.. 3

4 C, BF FF BB BB, BB C BF DFBB BB BB B, BBB BCACB A BEFCB CBBBC BEFA, CD BD A C CA FBB CFEFA DCFFA, C FBBA D BDCFFA F BBC C, BEA C FA CA FBB. B BB, CB BE BFBCFA BF B B CA CBBBC, F CCE C, B, DB BCFA FA, FBCC FA B, BBEFB B E CB FF, BCE BFA BDF FF. FBCF E BB E FDEFB CF B B F FB-FBFEFB BF BCFFA BEFA C BF, BFBE BFBCFA F BF C B CA FBB, BE FB BFA FBB BBF FBFBCF BEFA BEFA, BC DCFFA,, B-CBBFB, BDCFFA CFEFA F DFBB CBB BBBCF FA CA FBB BEBCF BFA D CAB. BCFE BF B FF BFBC CADEFB F, FBC BBF FBFBCF BEBC, FBC BF BFA FBBFFA C. BBCFFA CA B D F. 1. F BA BBCE D BFBFDFA BF FBC BF, BEA C B BF. B C FA BDF FBBA FA B F BFA, B BFA FDB FBFBFDFB. 2. BB BBCB FBBDFFA F, BDCB BBA C B CA BBF. CB D, DB F BCB B FB CCE A B CB FFB BBC B CFB BFF. CB BFEFB F BEBC BFBDFA B, BBCB C F BEB FB, BBA FBBA F AB F F C BB. CB B, DB BC BFBDFA B F FBBB ( BBBC BFBEFA B BCA AF) FE, DB BFB F F, C D BE FB BDE, BBA BFB B F., CFB, B, DB D BAC F BBCFFA 4

5 FB, CC B BDFB BF BB D, D BB DF, B B FF. 3. BB B CFBB CBF FA, C FBE F, CA FA, DB BCB FBCE CFF D F FA, BBA, B FF CB, C CFA BFF BB. A BCD CA FB CFA DB BEA FA BF, BBA BF BBFB BF. A BCDA CA BD BFA FA BF, DB CD C F DBB BF, CBBEFA BBC, FCF.. CA C DCA BC A, F BBA BE CFF BBA AC A BB CFB FDF. B BB CB B AE CAFA FA BF, BBA BFA C FDF BBA BFB F, BE CFA E. EDFD. BB B 4 AB, CDBEFAA, B AB, BAA A, D BA B DAB. BB F A, BBA CBF F. A A F FA BFB F, BBA B BE BFA F DA D. CDBEFAA B BB CFFBB C BB, BF FBBA BFA CBBBC, BBA, B FF CB, C FBFB. B CBB CB CB BD F, FE F BFF. B AB BCAC D CE A C BB BCB D BBEFB CABFE BC F CBF BFFBB, E BDFFA FF C B F A D. BB DBA BFB AB B F BCA, C CBBA F A B, CF BB (B CBB) CBBA A B. BAA A B B BADFA FBCB BFA FBADFA C, BB BEA C DFA B BEFB CB. B FBADFB CA CB F A C FBBA D BADFA FB. FB C BEB BDCB F, F BCB B E C FF, BCAC D C 5

6 CBBA BEFA BFBFFA FBB. B, CB, CAC 4 F F BC [1], C BBB BBDFB BFB, BBCEFB F BB BCF CBBA BEFA. B CBFA F [2-4, 6, 7], C BBA BFB F BBFEF FB BFBE CBB BCB FBBA BBF C B BEFA BFBFFA. CFFA C BB D BA B FEFA DFE BDFBC, BBA CB BF C C BDE BDF B BBFB FB B FA CBB [1-4] BBA C B FB F A BEBCF FF FFBB BB [1-8]. BF BB B DAB B A F FA, B BF BFBCFA FBC BF, BEA C DFB BB. DFB BB FFDFB, CB, FBC, BD B FCF «FB CADEF F» «BF FF», D F «BF» CFFA F FA. BB B AE BFA CAFBC (CBC, FBC BC), BBCC CAFA CBFFA BA C B BEFA FBB. 6

7 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA 1. AB CADEACF DAEAA BB 1.1. AB B ACDBEFB AB CCDEFD FBB B EB DED BBBD, CDB FFEBECE FBFEC CFEB EB FBFEC EBB, DCDBFD BE BD C FB "BE EBB". FB, D CFEB EB EB EBBFD BFE BBBFE, E DCDBEFD C EC C EBE FE E B EB (B «CFEBD FFEB» «CFEB BF»), C FC EBC D BD E B DED (B «CFEBD FBE», «FBE», «EBD FBE»). F E FE FDBE CFDEB FCBB EB. B B C BB EB DCDBEFD FEBB EBBF BFE EBB FB B EBC DE. BBD FFAD FFEB BEC CFEB EB CB CDCBB FFC FFEB, EBFD C FCFEC, E CDBE ACE BFF BD FFBCD CFEB FFEB FBEB AB (F.1.1) FCFE AABCDE FC (), BFECD F BFEC, B F ADCE (). BE BBE CB FCB A: E ; BB

8 8 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA D F EB «FBE» FEFD B FF EB «EBD FBE» «CFEBD FBE», EB FFECEFD F. BEB BEBB D B EB B BE C C BB B EB. CB BBBD (F.1.1) FBBE, E «FBE» BFECDBE F BFEC (EBC), B C B FBE F FBFEC EBB, (C). FC, «FBE» «EBD FBE» E BBB (EBC), C EB, B, E EBBA FBE, BDB CEEBFB EBBAB FE (). E E C EB B FFECE FCE B CCBEB. B B «CFEBD FBE» FBB EBBE BB FBE CBB CFB, E EBE B, B, E «A FBE», BFECDB AB F, E «EBB FBE», BB D BB. EBB FBE E BDEFD B F, D B EBB FBE, EB C FC BB E BDEFD CCE FCBB B FBE. B BBB FBEB CE BBF FEEB, C E BB FBE DCDEFD FBED FBEB BB CF. E, FBE BBE BB E CCF. FE FE EE, E C FBE BBEFD ECBEFD CD. E B F BB BBEFD ECBEFD C FBE: B AD? D ECBE EE CF B BBE DED «B» «AD». BFECE B BBB DE «B» «AD» C FED BCBBF BDEBFE: C, C BBEB, C AFA E.. B FBD D F «BD A». B CFB FBFEC BBB DE «B» «AD» CFBFD BDE E BBBD, D B EFD «C FF D»..BC, EBFD FACE B E CD EB CDE FD «AAB FCBBD, BB D - CC, BBD. CADEF FCBBD, FCBDB B B, FFED B-». (BC.. C FF D). E BBB FBBE, E B E B BFEC FCBB, AD E FCBBD, BB F BE B BFB C FBB CB D D E, E E A BE.

9 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B, EBBAD FBE CC C CB BFEC EBBA BC. CBD B B BE BE, C E E CE, B CD C CB EBBA B ( BF EBBA BC) E. E B B C ( B «A»),, AD F B, B A C CB FCBB, BFECD D F BB EBBF. «AD» DEB FBECB. CBBD, EB DCDEFD AB D BCB, E B E AB D. B, FCBBD E «FE, FE» DCDEFD AB D, E CBCB E, B DCDEFD AB (B-E C BB B CBFE) D CF BCB. BBE EB BE C C, E BFECB B DCDBEFD BFEC B, BB C E, FC, FE, BFECB EBBA BC C EBBA B E.. E B CBD, BFECB B A DCDBEFD B BBBBFE A. B B ED, EB BB B DCDBEFD AD., FE, E C EB FBE BBEFD B, AD. FCD DE «B» «AD» C FFECB EBFEB FEBEFD F.1.2, C, E AD CBBEFD BFEC C BEEB BE D (E ). E A D E F BAE A () BE E BFECDE F FCFE, AABCF DAD AABCF FFC. BB FFCB BB DE EBC, «CFEB BF», «CFEBD FFEB» B FBFEC B. (FEAA BA A, EF) FCFE FCF, BB D CC, BD, CEEBF E B CC (A). EBBF FBFEC EFDEFD (F.1.3): BE BFF (); 9

10 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BECD (FCD) DE (); CBB FEFEC (), CB FEFEC CC-CC () CBB B FEFEC (); BFF () CC-CC (, ). BAB E () FCFE EBBF FBFEC, FBD CDABD BBFB FBFEC CABCF DDD BFECDD F F BF (C ) BBB BF - BFF ( ) (F.1.4). 1.3 C C FC DCDBEFD DC DDE CCD / DDABCD, B FE D BFF. BA () FCFE FCF DCF FBFEC, BEC BBB BBB FCFE. FBFEC EFDEFD (F.1.5): AE FEFAE EA, BFECDBB F FCFE FEE FBFEC, BFBC ACB C B FFEB (), FC FFECD E D AABEC ACD, DCDEFD A D (), EB EFDE F EBF DC EB EBEBF FB ; FAE FEFAE EA C CB BFEC ACF D (), BFBC BE BBB BE FE BBD

11 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA C FEBB B BFBBB () B B BFBBB () DEB «CFEBD FFEB» C FFECB EBFEB FE FFBEFD F DEB «FFEB», FAC C B EB FFEB, C FECBEFEC F E DAC DAB CDE CDCABCDE DCE, EB ABE FCFEC: ADCDB, CDB, DCDCCDB CCDB. FBBB BE, E FFEB BE FCFEC (AD), EB B F BBEC, CD C FFEC FFEB. B B FBFEC BFBCE A, BB CD B FFEB. CFEC EBECFE C EB FEBB BFBCBEFD. BFECEB, BBE (FEFEC) BFBCE A E (), BD (, ), CC CC (). E B CBD CFEBD FFEB F FECBEFEC BFBBB BE CDE A BBC F D, E C E B, CFCE C, AE- CBBD E.., E BFE BE AD, B F EB FEFEC., BFF (), FFECB C FCFE F BFBBB, CE AEEFEEFAE (AEEAAE) BAE E (), FB F BFBBB BEEFEEAE (). EEB FBFE E DCDBEFD B BBD CEBFE. CEBFE BDBEFD C MIPS ( FE, B C FB) C FLOPS (B F CB E C FB D FB), CEBFE C BFECB, CDB FFEB B CBB, CB AE FEEAE. BC, E FFEBD CEBFE CFE E BEC EBBF FBFEC, E E BEC FBFEC, C FEFE,. F, E BFEC «E», CDB FFEB B CBB C, CFB BE B, B

12 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FFEB CB C BFECB FC B E FFECBEFD, BFECDD FCFE BBB F BBB (F.1.6). BE E (,, ). BB C CBEFD BAB FEE. BBB D (FBCEBFE) BD BB FFEB, E BFE CBB CFEB BFF, FBFECDBEFD A D. B (, F, ED) CDB FBFEC EBF E CCF AC CCF, EB FFECE FFEDEB FFECD CDDCCD DC (F.1.7). 1.6 A () FEB CBD () 1.7 AAB () DBB (A), BB BBB FEE. B FA AAB () FBB B FBFEC, BBB D ACD, A C. FE EB "CFEBD FFEB" FBEFD C BFECB B DED. E BBEFD, E BE E FEB B BFF, BFF CFEB BF, EBD FBE, BFECDD F BBB BF, BE FFECEFD FFEB BB CF CD. 12

13 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA EBD FBE B A CC, BD, E CC BBE A BBB EBB FFEDD B BE FBE, C BFECB E CFEE CEB FBE, BB FE BFF FBE F B EBC D D F EA () BE BB E ADCDCC B (B, B CCF), FFED AD (), BB CA () D BB (F.1.8). F BBD BBDBE EEE (A) EBB FBE. EBBD FBE (FBE FCD, FBE BB ) () () B BB BEBFD EBFD D B EB EBF BEBF BEE FE EE EE A () CBE C FBD AC () CADD DDDC. A () BFECDBE F ABF FB BB, E BBEFD F, CBFEB F DE CCF (), AB F, FECBEFECB E (F.1.9). 1.8 B BB - BB CB ; BB CB - E BB

14 14 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FF F AAB () FBFECDBE BCB FC C FECBEFEC F E FB BB ( FCD). EFDEFD E D (DE-BDE), FBB C EBBA CFFEE : EBBAB, BB, B, xdsl-b, EB E.. AEEF EEFEA () BB D ACD BB B CD CBFEC- BE, E C E B FCD CBB BE E FAC BF C FBE FCD BEC EBD. BD EBD ACD FFEB BB C EB FBED CBEFD FE- A BBEFD EBF BEBF. BB CB CE C FFEC C EBB FBE. FC AD AD DCDEFD:, DFD C CB CBD BB (E) ; D, DFD C FECB ABF BF FBBD B C C E ; ABADC, BBFD C BB BF CD C B EC C CD E; ABADC, BBFD C BB CDB C B E BF CD EC. BFECB C FCD C CFEB FBED FEFD FBCB FBEBCB FEFEC: BEE, FE, EE, EE. BFECB B CD () (F.1.9) E CFEE EB FBEBCB CB (FE, EE, EE), DBBFD C FBE. FEC, CFEB BF, FFEB FBE, EB CFCD B FFEB DED FEBEFD F DE FFB FFE EFAE B E BFEC EBBF BB BB FEE A FBE, BFBC BBB FCFE BB FCFEC EBFE, FFECB F E BD CEBD FBE E BE FBE E FBE. AEE EFAE (FBEBC EBB) B E FCFE FFC (B) BB E, BFBC FEBB BBB BB, AB C CB EBC BFEC (AABECFE) E BB.

15 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA () () () FC DC CDDCCD (, ) () () () 1.2. A B AB DAC A D BE EB FBE BFECE FCFE CFCD C (F.1.11). FCFE FBFEC, BB FCD B A: C CBD BB (FBFEC E E); EB CEFD A (A D, A CCF); E (FBFEC E ); EB CEFD A (C) DD CCF. BFECB C FCD E FCEFD EE- EE, C BFECB C E EB, BFECDB FC AB CF- EBB BFF CEBD FBE CBB E-A- FE E (host). FBE Internet EB "FE-" EEBEFD BB : FD-CDE CBE- FD CEBF EB, B FBE. CFE FBFEC (FCD) D BB, FFEDD C FCD C FCD, BE B, CB EB ADCDCCDE B B CCF (). BBE BE C C, E DEB «FBE BB» DC

16 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BBE BB FF FCB F DEB «FBE FCD». BB D BB EB (AC), C E CBD C FBE FCD (, E E B FB, EBB FBE) E BBCEFD ACB (FBEB), E BBCB (CB) B, E EFDEFD EBB B B, CB. C, FCDB FCD, E CD CCF (F.1.12). B C EB FBE BBEFD C CB FB. EEA BFECDBE F B, BBCB CB BB DABDA FBE CD AD B BB FF. BFECB FB E CFEE B A, BEB F, BCB BD, CBA E.. BB BFECDBEFD C BB AEB (F.1.13), FBB C B FB C BC. CB CBEFD BF EBD FBD BF ECEBD, EB EBD FBD AD (E FBD, EBE E..), BD D AABEC BB FBD C FBE. BC FBE E F, FB D BD, EB E DCEFD BBB FBD FBE. BB BBB BB EBB FBE BE E E BF C, E BFECDBEFD C AEB, FB (F.1.13). EBEFD E FBD EB, E BBE B, C E CBD FBD C B B B., B, FBB, BFECDBB F CBA C BF E, BBB BB EBB FBE BE E E BFEC C, E B BE BCE 1000 E, E BE BE C F C BF ECEBD EBD. 16 C B BC DFD AB 1.13 FFAD FBEB (EB FBEB), F FFEB, BE E CB FCB C, C BFECB E E E FC (F.1.14): B (EBE CE) FBE; BFE; BB;

17 FE BBD. 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CC D CACDB AB CC PAN LAN MAN WAN AFB ECB FEB FEBB AB A- CFEBB A- CDB BE BD BCBB AB BBFB BFCB EB C ( ) FBE BDEFD : BFB; B; FB (BB). B. FEAA (Personal Area Network, PAN) E FBE, BDD BFB BEB FEFEC CEBD (EBBA, B BFB EB, FEA, E E..) EBDFD: B F BEC; F BFECD ( BF BFDEC BEC); BEFE E. FEE E FBEB C FEDBB CBD EFDEFD Bluetooth, Zigbee, BE. EA BA () (Local Area Network, LAN) FBE F FFE BB, C, B BBB 1 E/F, BFBCD FCD B FFEDD E BF BFDEC BEC BF BEC. CB, BB, BE EFD C BF FFB D. B : Ethernet, Token Ring. EFE BA (Metropolitan Area Network, MAN) FBE, BED B B FBE. E BD FFEB D F CFEB FBE FCEFD C FEE EBE IEEE MAN BBEFD FCB E DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) CD F 17

18 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FBBB BB FBE C-EBF B D BB F FFE 100 E/F EBE MAN BE BDEFD D BBD C FBE FBEB, FB C D. FBB E, FCDB F CFFFE BFC FE C FECBEFEC F FEE IEEE , CB F MAN C CB F BFC. EA (Wide Area Network, WAN) C EB E CECBE EBE BFECDBE F BBB BF, FCD F FB FBEBC CD (EEC, EEC C), C FB FCD CFFFE C FE FBE BB (FE FBE FCD). BB B BBB DE B FBE D A B C BBF, ABFF BD. D FEBD FBEB E FCEFD B FBEBCB EB, C E FB TCP/IP, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, MPLS. FEDB FBE,, FEE E FBE EBBE. D FEE FBE, BD 2-3, DBFD C, FB FFED BF BFDEC B FEB BEC E., F D FEBD E «FE» FBE FEFD EB B FBEBCB EB EBBFB FBFEC, E C FBE EBBE, E EB FBE EB EFDE FF FBEB. 2. C FBE BDEFD : DC FBE, FBB EBE AF, B BB D, FEBB EBD LAN; DDC (DCC) FBE, BFECDB F BBB BF AF FBEB, FB C EBE BFB D, DFD C C B, FEBB EBD AN WAN; C FBE, FEBB EB (Virtual Private Network, VPN), CDB BFBE BF FBEBC FBB, EB E E E CC: B-B, B-FBE FBE-FBE, BF FBE CB FBE (B, EBBE). 3. C FBE BDEFD : AABC, BBB D BBD CEBB, BEC, C FC, CFBD; CDDCC, BECB BFECBB A F; B E FBEB E FE FBE, BFECDB FCB EBB F; 18

19 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CDDCCD-AABC, BBB D BBD CEBB BFECBD A F; CDDCCD-A, BBB D CBD B BE BFF. 4. C FBE BE : FBE BD ; FBCBB AB. FAA AAB () (Storage Area Network, SAN) BFECDBE F BFEC CB FEFEC BD, E FCB FFC, BEB EB, EBFB EB, B FBCB, E BD FFEB FFECBE B BFF, B. BBE B EE FBE BD F E FAA AAB (Network Attached Storage, NAS), BFECDB F EB F FC FFC, B FBE BC E DE C E FBE E. FE F C NAS BB C RAID FFC. BF E EBC E E BB C FFEB, BFBCD FE BD, FE FE D CEBB FEBFE. FFA DF E BFEC FBCBC, FBB FBE BB E BB BB. BCBD AB DCDBEFD D BE E (), BFBCB FBBB E. BBFB E FBEB FBBE CE: BFCB ; CEB B CFEBB FBE; BBFB FBE; FEEA (wireless LAN WLAN) D FBE, FD D BB AFB BB B CFB C. FA EA BA () (virtual LAN VLAN) BFB BBB C FBE, CDBB CBE CEBB B F EBBF C EB FBEBC FBBE. E BDBB E BE ABF FBBE. CFF (hierarchical network) FBE, C E C CFEB BE DCDBEFD FE-, EB FEB FBEBCB FEFEC. E ED EBE, ECD FCBB EBEB FBBB CFB, C E EBBEB B FE E BB EC C CFEB BFFB. 19

20 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA D E EBCB EB FBE, BFBC AABECB ACB, DCDBEFD B, DFD C CFE: BEC BD ED FFEDD FC BBEC FBE, EB FFEB FBE C B; CDCBD FEBD C C BFFB ACD FBE B, E F E EB FEFEC FBE, BBBB FEBB BB E..; F D B CEBFE FBE CD CED FBE; BFBBD A BFFE E E.. D B BBFB CFEB B C FBE BE FBB CEECB FBFEC FECD, CBFECB F EBBF FBFEC FBE F EC. B BFBBB AABEC ACD EB FBE FBE DED FCBCBB BB CB FBE FCB EBFE ACD EBB FFEDD FBE BBEFD C AFFEA EB FBE FBEBC FEE. FC AD FECD FBE EFDEFD: BB E ; FEC C CBF BFBBD; FB BB E E E; FE FFEDD BEC FBE; E FEBB FE EC; B EC C BBC; BAD FBE; B EFECFE EB FBE; CBB C CEBB; BBBB C CEBB FBE B BFF: A, E, EB E..; BB CFEB CEBB C CB EB FFEB BFEC E DE BC FBE FEF D E BB EB, BFECDB C AC (FBE) AB. CBBB EBB FBE BEC BB E F, EB E E BB FBB E (F.1.15). 20

21 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FBEB (ACB) BBCB (CB) BBAB CB BBAB FB B FDAB AAB FBEB B, BFECDBB C CB FC FED BBB E, BBCBB EBBA FCD (). 2. DEAAB (EEEB) AAB B C FBEB FEE E , BBCBD EBBA (A), CB EB CA DCABCDE D (). B E BBEFD C B FB FEE E , E BFBCBE CFE A BB 99%. 3. AB AAB BCB BD. 4. EAAB (CCB CBB) C EB E EBBA, B B BBBEFD, BB E.. C FBEB FEE E D BFECB BB FEE F FEE E EAAB (EBBCB CBB) FCFE CFD B CC FCBD C FBEB FEE E FCBB EB FBED E CBB E EC, EBFD EBCD BFEC BB:, BFECDD F BB BDBFD BD EBDFD CD DC ; ;. 6. EAB (DFEB, EFAB) AAB FCFE FCC, B C FCC C EB. BBAB ACB B FCB B EFDEFD C, FEB CC, EB E E BFECB (C) C AC AB. BBAB, - CBB EFDEFD E CB, E BDCDEFD FBABFB EBCD BFEC BB FCB F EB (AC). 21

22 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA 1.3. FC CFBB BEBAE A D DD E D BFBBD AABEC ACD EB FBED BDCDEFD EBCD, FC FB E DCDEFD (F.1.16): 1) CFE CBD C FBE C BEC (C C FCD, FBFEC E ) B BBD FBFEC EBBF FBFEC; 2) FBB EFFFE BB FEE FBE C BEEB FBC EC EB BEC FBE BB CD; 3) CFE E C FBE CD E CEBB; 4) FFFE FBE CBCE FC CEBFE CB BFFC (C C FCD); 5) BFBBB EBB BFEC FCD CEBB, CB C CB EBB CEBFE, CBB BB, BFE E.., EE. EEFE FCBFEFE AABECFE FE FEBFE 1.16 B EBCD BEFD FBE CDDDCDE DC AC D C FBE, C FCB E BE DED,, (F.1.17). C D FFEB DCB CE FB DDDA

23 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA D CB CFEB FFEB FBEB FCE C EB BFFC. FE BF BE, B BBCB E E BB. BFF BDEFD : 1) E C EB C, EB BB C ; 2) BFBBB BFFC (ECD EB D BFF, D FCD B BFF.). B B BFF BBEFD C CB FB BB BFB -CB E, CBB EF. E BDEFD FDC FDC. BE CBB, C EBBB E CBFECE BFF, CBEFD AE. B E (EBB) E CBB CDEFD BF BCF BFFC, FCD, B, F E (EB BFF CEFD CFEB- BFF). E BFF E B FBD BB FECBEFECB E E CBFECCE F BFF, EB C CFEB FBE E, E F BF C B 1 2 CDEFD 3 BFF 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 FECBEFECB, C B 3 CDBEFD BFF. E BFF BB FECBEFECB E BCEFD FBD, B BFF BCBEFD FBD BB C E: C, BB E FEE FBD E BFF 3, C, E FE D BB FB E BFF BFF 1. B 1 BFF: E B 2 BFF: BD B 3 BFF 1.18 FC DE CBC CBD BFF C EB FBED DCDBEFD DEB CD, EB BE C FCB BB CFB FBEBC EB. 23

24 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FEA (layer) DEB, CDBB BE CF FCFE A E BB C CFEB FBE BF BBF. CB BEFD BBBB A E BB F E / FBFEC FBE. CB FCBE CBB CB, C FC BB, BEFD F BBB B D EE (OSI-) BD D EE (, International Standards Organization ISO) B C BFECB FEE EE FFEB FBCBC B (F.1.19), CBFE OSI-E (Open Systems Interconnection) B BFECD EE FEB (). 24 () () 7 7 application layer 6 BFECBD 6 presentation layer 5 FBFC 5 session layer 4 EFE 4 transport layer 3 FBEBC 3 network layer 2 2 data link layer 1 ABF 1 physical layer BBD FB CB OSI-B ECBBE EBB FBABFB A C D BBEFD EBBF FBFEC CFEB FBE ABCDE (physical layer) F CB OSI-B, BBD BFF BD FC BB FB BB B FBEBC FEFEC ( FBE)..A CBB FCD: BB EBB FCD; ACB BBCB FC E.. : BBFB, BEBFB AB EBFE FB BB; FBFEC D FECBD, BD BBD ABF FBBD. BFE: CB ; D F, BBCB FBB.

25 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B ABF CD BFECDE F E EC (FBCEBFE B B), CB C CB BEBF, EBF FC. - D B, CBFEC BEBF FCD, EEFAE F, BDBD CBDEFE FBD E, FFECDBE E BE, E C FBB E BBCB E CBEFD F FDED ABCDE (data link layer) DCDBEFD CE CB OSI-B. A CBB: FE FBEBC FEFEC FBB BB, C BB FEFEC E FCE E B FB BB; B BBB C B FCD, CDB CBE FECBFE BB 2-4 D. BE FE FBEBC FEFEC FBB BB, FCB, B, BBB B FBBFECB. : AB BB FBFEC D FECBD, BD C FBBD; CBB E D BECBD BBBD B FEFEC, BF B FFE BB, B FFE BBB FEFEC; B BB BB ABF F CBDEFE FBD FE BBD BEC FBFEC ED BBCB CE BB B., CB BFBCBE FEE B BB BB BB ABF., BBCB CB, CBEFD FE (frame). CABCD DC DCDBEFD FCFEC D BBCB C CB F (CCF) D, CB EB MAC-F DCDFD BEAE FBEBC FEFEC. BE C BB 3, CBFB -BF C Ethernet Token Ring DCDEFD 6-E FCEFD C BFEEB CB, E BF BB BAF, B: A2-B4-DE. B CD EFDEFD: CBB C FECBEFEC BFC; E ; CED, BFE, BB C. CB EE Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI. 25

26 CB ABCDE A BCADEABF CDAEAA (network layer), C EB E C B, ECBBE BB C CDBE EB FB BBB BB BF C FCD BF FBED, E EBBE CBD C BE DD EBD., BBCB FBEBC CB, CBEFD E (packet). E F E FBABF BEAE D BE FBE B FE B A. BEBC CB BBE: E, EBFCB BEC; CBB E. B CBFEB E E CD:.25 C FBED F EB BEC; IP C FBED TCP/IP; IPX/SPX C FBED NetWare. B E, FBEBC C EFDEFD E FEBD E E D EEC: OSPF, RIP, ES-IS, IS-IS ADBAD ABCDE (transport layer) BB EBBFB CF CB D FEEC EC FBEB, E CDBE FC BBB FB B B FBE ("end-end"), BFBCD BFE BF AABECFE BB BCF E CEBD. E BB C CBFECE BB BF C B BB BF EE FBEB. EFE CB BBEFD: 1) DDC ACCF DDCE BBB C FBE EB BCB; 2) DCDAB DADABCD DFDC D; 3) ADC ; 4) DCC ADCCF D EBB. F "end-end" BBEFD BB FF BF FE FE, E FEFEFD F BBB ( BFF), CDB EBB. EB CDBE CBB BF, C FCD F B B E B (BFF) BB FECBB FBB. D E EFE CB FBEFD FB BF, CB. BEBC CB FECDBE BE BE BF EB, EFE CB BBE FE FB FBB BE BFF E EBB.

27 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FE CB BE BFECDE B E FBCFC, C FEFE, BB B FECBD FBBD F BCEB FECBB FBBD. FBB FB BB BB F FCB FB CD BEC FECCBEFD FBBB F EFE CB EB, E BB BBCBB B. FB E CFB B BB, BB CBEFD. BBB B FECBD FBBD EFE CB FBEFD D BB BEC, CB E, B ED B FEC. BB F FECBB FBBD BDBEFD D B FEC DBC ABCDE (session layer) BFBCBE FCB C "FCD" CB BFECBD BEC FBE CDBE CBBB B EB F, BFD C FECB FB BE CE FB. E BE CDE FB BD CEE BB B F F, E F E BFE, B EFD D BD BE EB BFE CCBD. BFC CB BFECDBE F F B B BFF CD BFECB. FBFC CB BBEFD: 1) CDAC DCC F BFE AC CD; 2) DDC ACF D C FED ABCDE ACD (presentation layer) BFBCBE FCFE FB B, EB CE CB D EBBE BBCB B. E FBB B CE C FBD: AC CDDCC DCD; DDC (DD) CCF C CEB AE BE E; DC DC CCF F B E E BFC FE; CCF, CDBB BE BBCB, E FB E BBB EB, E CB. BB B E CD BFECDE F FC CFB FBCBC B DDA B DCD CA AABCDE FC (DB) F CF D DDAE. 27

28 ADB ABCDE 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA C (application layer) BFBCBE BFBFECB B BFFC B CEBD, EB CBB CBFECB E F BE FBE. FC, CB BFBCBE EBABF B FFEB FCD. BFECDBE B FE FBEBC F, CD BB AC BE E AB A BBD C OSI-B CDCE, CDE, ABE ACDE DC (C 4 7) EFDEFD OSI-. EB E (1 3) ECBE E "end-end", E.B. B FE B FBD. FECBEFEC F OSI-B FBD C BBB (EBB) DE C BB CFB C E CBB 7 F B 1 (F.1.20), B CBCD D CBD BFF C FBE BE BFE ACE CB BBCBB FBD BEB AD, BB E CB. AD BEFD C CB FB CB FECBEFEC CC i BCC i, CB EFA EEA, C E FBEFD AD BF CBFEC BEC, EB AD, BD D E FBD CB. 7 () () DD D 1.20 FBB FEBE B (ABF) CD 1, BBFBEFD C CB E EC, BFECDB F ABFB F (BEBFB, EBFB C) 28

29 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BBB FB. B B (EBB) FBB E B ABF CD 1 E CB BB CFB C, B E B EFBEFD FECBEFECB C BC., CB BBE F FFECB C BC, FBE B BFBCBEFD BCFFE, EFDFD CD CBD BBB FB IEEE- DE FEEE BBC BEB BEEBB (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE) B CE OSI-B, FB EB BEC FBEB C CB IEEE-E. IEEE-B CB CBEFD C CD (F.1.21): EFEA FA EE F F (Medium Access Control, MAC-EFEA), FC DD D DD DE CCF; EFEA FA E EAA (Logical Link Control, LLC-EFEA), FC DD CDAC C DCC, EB DD CCF. LLC- B- FECDBE BB CF CD CFE CDE BFE- C F BFBCBE FBCF EB EC: 1) CDAC DCC DC D; 2) CDAC DCC DC D; 3) CDAC DCC. BCF B FECBD FBBD ECBBD OSI BFECBD 5 - FBFC 4 - EFE 3 - FBEBC 2 - AAB 1 - ABF C IEEE- LLC MAC 1.21 FEC B EBE FEC BDBEFD C BD, F D ED BB E E E BB CF CB. BCF F FECBB FBBD BFBCBE B B. C AB - DCDBEFD BFBBB FE BB. E CB ABEFD ABF BF FEFEC, E CBEFD -FE. B FEFEC FBE BEABEFD E CABC BF, E FCCBEFD CFB FBEBC FEFEC. 29

30 30 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FD D FB FBEBC EB E ACD EB FBE FCD F FB FECBEFEC EBABFC EC. CAFD FBB CBFEC (B) B CD FFEB, BBDBB FEE FF (E) B DC DC OSI-B. EBABF BDEFD : 1) FC FCFE EBABF ; 2) DC FCFE B B D CBFECD B CD. FEEE FCFE C, BBE AE B CBFECD BFFC DCDCCF DCE FCB B FBD. FB E BBE B: 1), BBDB (AE) DC (FBE) DDCE E BBFBD EC FB FF; 2), BFECDB F A DACC EE, BF E CBFECD CB C AB: BE FB EC. CEE BB, FBEB BE. F.1.22 FEBE DED EBABFC EC FECBEFECB CD OSI-B. FEB (B) BFECBD 5 - FBFC 4 - EFE 3 - FBEBC ABF C BBD FB FEB (B) 7 - application 6 - presentation 5 - session 4 - transport 3 - network 2 - data link 1 - physical A F CB, D FBEBCD EBD EBBEFD FCFE EC EBABFC CB OSI-B. CFE EC CFB CB BE FBEBC EB

31 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CBEFD E FEEEE. FEDBB CBD FBFECBE B BFEC FBEBC EB FECBEFEC FEBC EC, BB CBFE FFE FB E DCDEFD FEB EC: TCP/IP, XNS, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, SNA. EB FB BBFB FEBC EC CEFD C B B (F..1.7) E DE (PDU) B, BBCBB CD C FBE, AEFD C CB C, CB FEEEAB E AAB (Protocol Data Unit PDU). PDU BFECDBE F B, BBCB BB BB B BB C CB C F FB AB (BF ECEBD, BF EBD, E..), C, BC. CD OSI-B FEFD B PDU, BB FBB CD. BB FFEBB FBB CD C : DDC, E,, (F. 1.23). OSI- PDU 7 DDC Message 4 FE E Datagram 3 BEBC Packet 2 Frame 1.23 EEA (message), FFECB BB BB BBB B CD CEBD (BFF) B BBBB FFCB BB. BD FEFD 7- DC OSI-B D BB B BFF E BE C. F (frame) 2-D (CABCDD) DC OSI-B, B B BBCB BB BB C FBE CBB FCD B CD. (packet) 3-D (DD) DC OSI-B, B B BFECD F B BB C. F (datagram) 4-D (CDCDD) DC OSI-B, BBCB BE FF B FECBD FBBD. BB B, BE BE CFE E FBEBC EB FECCBEFD FECBEFEC E, BBD AE FE B. 31

32 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B BBFB C C FEBB EC TCP/IP E TCP CBEFD, E BEFD E CBD BFEEC EC, FE E TCP C BF FBBD E EC BB CF CD. D C 5-6- CB OSI-B BE FEDCFD BDE C, E C EB FEBB FCB EFEFECB E CB C BB FFE FEBB EC TCP/IP. EBE, E C -FBED B BBEFD C CB C AFC B C 53 E, EB CEFD (cell) D DD D FC B FBEBC B FFEB () DCDBEFD D BFFC E BB C EB FBE, FCDD, C E FB, F BBB BFFC FBE (B, FC FEFEC) FECB FBE (BBBB BDB BFFC, B C FE D CEBD CEBB). D BBD E FBEBCD BD FFEB, C EB E B FFEB, E CFEB CFED D E C FBE FE, E : B ACD FBEBC CD EEC, EEC, C E..; B FBEBC EC, CD E E E CE; BD FE FBB BB BFF FBE E.. CFE B FFEB EB, CD C FFEC CFEB FBE FFECE FFEC FE FBEBC B FFEB. E B E EE CBB C, E (Windows XP, Windows Vista, UNIX, NetWare, Solaris E..). FBBB EB D FCBB CFEB FBEB, BD BFEC EBC EC CEBB. FB E BFBCE CBB CFEB BFF FBBBB BFFC C BE, CDD FBB A: CBB DE, CD FBBBB E DE; CB CBB CEBF FFEB BFF; CBB A CB FEFEC; E FECB, CD B EFECFE E FBFEC; 32

33 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BFBBB EBABF D CEBB E.. D BFBBD A B B FBE BB FFEB CFB BE C FC FFECB EBB BE, B CBFECB BFFC, CDFD C, BBB BFFC B CEBD FBE. BEBCB FBFEC FFECE FCFE E FFECD:, BBD D BFECBD BFFC F C BB CB;, BFBCD B FC FE BFF F; (EFED) FE, BFBCD FCBFE F FBFEC EBB BB C CB FB B CEBD CFEB FBE. FEC FBEBC F BFECE FBB FBEBCB, E A FFEB (B Windows NT) B, E FBEBCB A (B Windows XP). BD EBF CFB FCBBB BE CFEBB FBEBCB A. CE BEBCB FBFEC CBB DE BCBD FE BEFD FE CBB BFF D FE CBB A E FECB B EBABF CEBD 1.24 B FBEBC B FFEB E FE: Microsoft Windows (95, NT BB B); Novell NetWare; B UNIX FFEB, EB Solaris, E.. BD B B B CEBD FC A CFEB FBE. AABECFE BB EBBEFD FCFE EBB (EBFE), C FEFE, CBBB BFE FEC FB, C EB FEBB CFE E FEE A CFEB FBE. 33

34 34 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA 1.4. CBB ACAC CFBBB DAC A EED D EB FBE BBDBEFD: 1) DD AD (BE BFEC FBEBC FEFEC, EBC EBC) DDADE FBE BB ; 2) DDABCDB AD E BB DCDE DDCDB CAD FCD. CBB FFECDB FEE EB FBE DCDBEFD B ED, CD FBFECBB CDB BFEC BB, E AABECFE E. B FFECEFD ECB E, FBB FEB EB FBEB, CEFD FCEB E B EC EB FBEB FCCBE B E, BFBC CBB EBC BFEC ACD. FCBB EB FBED BB FFEBB FBB E (F. 1.25): ) «D»; ) «BBC»; C) «CB (CD)»; ) ; ) «FCDD»; B) «FCDD (DBFED)»; ) «BD». BBE E AD E FBE. (FFA) EEE EBE FEE CFCD C FBE. E (DAEAA) EEE BBDBEFD A CFCD C FBE, E BFE EBE FBCEBFE BB B FBE. BFD BFD E FBE, C B, E EFD. (F. 1.25,), BFECDBE F B, CB CDE AB, E FBB EB FBE. B, BBCBB EB, E CF CBD BB, E FEB EB, BB B D BB, E FCBD B., C BE CBB BBCE B BE E EB FBE, FD FFFE B BE FBBDBEFD B CFB EB. FC DDCD E «D» DCDBEFD FEE FEE A, FBFECB, BBC, E BBE B

35 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BB CBEB D FBEB. DD E E BEFD C FE FBE C FED B CE FECB FBE. ) «D» ) «BBC» C) «CB» ) ) «FCDD» B) «FCDD» ) «BD»

36 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA (F. 1.25,) ABEFD «F FCDB B FBE» DCDBEFD FC D FEBD BBF FBEB. E FBED D BB FBFECBE E E B CD, E BBE B E EC. (F. 1.25,C) FBE BE B, E FBDEFD CFB FEB FBE. BFECB BE BE CFEE EB, E FBB BBB B BABB EB. E FB BE EB BE BFECDE FC BFF (A, FCB FEFEC, BFF BFF) BAB EB, CDE A EE BB B EB FBE. D D E «CB», C BFECB BE FBEFD FBEBCB FEFEC (B, BEE EE), F E CFB EB FCD C B FBE EB BFBCBE E B B EB. F C BFECB BE FBE FBEFD BEE, E BFD ED FBE BE E «CB», E «D». B FCD F CD E, E F.1.25,), E B, BBB -, D BB CFB B FBE, E CBEFD C F B. FC DDCD E E FCB F FFEB CB ED DCDBEFD CFE BB C CBD, E BFE B C B EBEC E, E E E BB B EB FC E. E FEFE FBE B BFECB C FB F FEFE FBEB F ED «CB» «BBC». F CBBB BFEC C C FBE FEFE BE EFD EB. (F. 1.25,) ABEFD «F», E BFE B FBE BBE FCD F CFB. D ED DCDBEFD BB AABEC CFB FC EBD BFEC ACD: FE, CEBFE E.., - FEFE EBF B FBEFD. (F. 1.25,B) BFECDBE F E C C, ED ABEFD «B FBE FCD F B BBB B CD», E BFE D FBE CFB B E ED EBEC E. D ED BE E B EB BD FCD E BE C FCD (B, B FFD D BB B), E C FD FBFECB FBE FEFE FBE. 36

37 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BFECDBE F FFEB CB E BEFD BB BF FBEB, B E, E F.1.25,), B 3 FBE F EB «CB» FCD C FBE F EB DE DD CEB E EB FBEB B CE FCB FB C: 1) DD CDE DC, BDBD BFEC C FCD B FBE; 2) CCDB, BBDBD B «BFE», EB E FBE BBFEE ACE B B BE B AABECFE, EB B EBEC EB, D E, E EB C C, BB BE FBFECDEFD C EC BBEC; 3) DDABCDB, BDBD BFEC C (FB BEC), BBCB C FBE B CBB F E C FBD AABEC FFE BB - AEC C FBE; 4) D FB (BEC), BDBB, B, C E (hop), BFECD F F BE C C E BB ; 5) DDB E, CFDD E FFEC BFEC CD (B, C BFECB C), E E FFE B. BBFBB CFCD. FEBFECB, E BB AABECB E F FE, CEBFE CBB FEC DCDEFD BB F C B, FBFECB, BB. CBB FFEB CB E B CE BFECB CB, BEE E BFECB C CB E.1.1. EB B EB FECBEFECBE BB 1, B C AB F, B EB BB C CB BBC - - FCDD FCDD FEE {1} EFE {1} FE {1} 2 2 CE {1} 2 2 BD FE {1} 3 3 B- D 37

38 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA C. BFEC C FCD CDA DDE EB EB FBE DCDBEFD ED «D C», ED FBE FCD, BD CFB EB FBE. FEE E FBE FCB EB EFEFECB - FB FBEBC FEFEC, E EE, EE E.. FECB B FEFEC D BD B B FE FCEB FEB FEFEC FBEBC EB (FBEBCD E). B AE, FCC FEE E E, DCDBEFD FEE BD C EBC B B. FEBFECB, E FEE FEE E «D» BBDBE B FEFE. FCEB FE BC ED EBFE E «BBC» «CB», E FCB B BFEC FCDB (C) N B FBE, EB B BB BFEC C N : N = N 1. D EB «FEE» BE FB FB FFEB E. B BEFD, E D E E BFEC FCDB (C) B FBE C BFEC C: N = N. FCDD ED DCDBEFD BB F, F BBE F CB BFEC FCDB (C) C FBE, CB N ( N 1) N =. BFECB E DCDBEFD CFD FEFE FBE, E 2 BBE BBBF BBB E E FEB EB FBEB, FB F F C. FEB FBEB BB FFEBB E FCDB (DBFEB) FBB, B BEB BB B FE BC ED «CB» FCD EB. D. EB FE CAE, BFEBFECB, DCDBEFD DACDC ED, ED EBBEFD EFEFECB «BFE» F E BD FE B F C BFEC EBEC EB D BB, EB E E BFECC E B BF C C FBE. E FBE BE ACE BBCE B, C, F BB BFEC. BBB ED DCDEFD E «D», «CB» «BBC», BB «B BFE» FECBEFECB C CB B, BE BC FBE, EB E FBE BBFEBE ACE. BF CB BFE E FE D EBEC E, E EB FC E 38

39 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BB, E CDBE E FBE BBCE FBD C EC CB. FCDB (DBFEB) FBB E FE D, C B FB, BF EBEC EB D BB, E BB CF FE, B ED, DF E EB FCD E. C. CEBFE FBE BB B E BFEC BEC, BBCB C FBE B CBB. BC, E CEBFE FBE CFE E BFEC BEC, CBB DFD C FBE: B B BEC C FBE, EB CB B CEBFE. CEBFE FBE FEE BE BB BD, CB FEAE EEAE F AAB (). BB F FFFE BBDBEFD BFE FBE BB B FCD, E BB. F, E FD FFFE C EB FEBB BBDBEFD F FFFED C FCD, BDB BFEC E, BBCB B CBB, BFEC C FCD C, E CBB E BBCEFD BE, B, B B C C, EB CB CEBFE FD FFFE FBE., FC, E CFB FCD FCCB E BE CB FB FFFE, FBE FB CC: B CEBFE BE FCDD ED, BB «D», BD E D BB CFB EBC. BBE EB BE C C, E C B B E CE C BEEB FECBD, CBB BBCB E BF EBC, E B B FBE F FFFE B. FEB E E BEB BB B FCD EB EB «D».. BB,, E CFB FCD FCCB E BE CB FB FFFE. E FB CBD FEC BEC C FBE BCE C FDF (hop) BFECB C E BB BEC B FBE. BC, E BBB CBD FEC BEC, CB B CD FBE, BFBCBE FCDD ED. E «CB» CBD FEC BEC B BB C C C C FCD B CD BAB, E B E BBE BB BE B. FCD FB ED CBD FEC BF B, B C E «CB», CFE E FEBB FCDFE BFEC C FCD, FECBEFECB, BFEC EBEC EB. BD FEC BEC C FBE F EB «BBC» CFE E A FCDB, E B BFECB C N, BE E 39

40 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B FB BD: 2 C FB A, FCB F EB «CB», ( N 1) C FB B A, CFB FBE, FCDB FBCEB F, E B: N. FEE BFECB C BB CBD FEC BE EFD FBE F EB. F C B FBED F BC EB BE BBEFD C CB, FBBB CBD FEC, BBB C, BE C N / 2, B N - BFEC C, FECBEFECB, C FCD C FBE. BF FBB BE CBD FEC BEC D FBE F EB «D». BFECEB, F, E CBD FEC C. FBBE ECE, E FD FFFE B BEFD B CFB EB FBE, CFBFECB B BB CBD FEC, BBB C FB, BE EFD C B, B C B FCD FBE F E B F FFFE. B E, CB C B B C BEEB FECB BEC E EBC BFE CE BB B B CBCE CBD FEC. B BFECB E CDBE FBE FBB. FC EBCB, BDCDB CFEB FBED, BD BB BFB EB, DCDBEFD C DDB DD DDDC, E FEBEFD FCB BB FE, FBCEB, BBC E: «D», «CB». B CFEBB FBE FEDEFD FCB FCD FB E. BFECBB BEE FCEB FBEBC E FDE EFEB EB, E BFE CE CB E EBD BE E EFEB E, B E FE BFECB B. BB E, BB E EBB B ECF BD BFECB BEC FEE EB FBE, E FB FFFE FE C FCD, CEBFE C FCD, FEFE BE FBE, FEB F E.. E E BEC C BE FB BE CBFE FE, BB FEB E CEFD BB CEB, FB E BB BC, B FEB E, B, E, E C FEFD FCD F B F FFFE. BFECBB CDB FFEBB CB EBFE CBE EB AD D EB FBE. 40

41 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA 1.5. CBB BE CFBBB DAC A D D EB FBE FCBEFD A CFEB BFF (E ) BFF BB. D D CFEB BFF BBDBEFD B ACD EB EBC FBE FF B E C EB FBE. E C EB FBED BE E BC CD FF: ACC DD, E E FBBDBEFD B BF (EB) CDBEFD B; CADCC DD, E B ECEFD C BE B (EBB), C BFECB E CFEBE FBCB, E B EB FFECEFD BE (B EB), AB F BE. D D BFF BB C EB FEBB BBDBEFD: DDD DC DE B BE FBE DDD D; D AC D (E ), BB CD OSI-B D BB C EB FBE BBE ABF BF FBBD B CBFEC CEBD FBE (B ). C DE B BE EB FBE CBEFD E. ED C FBE BE E BC FF (F.1.26), EB E CB : FF E B BE BD ; FF E F BB C BE. BFECB FF E B BE BD C EB FBED BDBEFD ED C, FBD C E ADCCF FBED FCD. D BB C DBCF FBED E C FF E ED FB, BD FCB C BFECB C FCD FBC FBFEC CFEB EB, E CD BCE C BE BB BBCB, BFBCBB D BBFEC FCB F EB C. BBB CEB FFC 41

42 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA E CB FCBBFECCB E FB D BFBBD BBB BFEC BB. B BE BD BE BB ED C ED FB ED BEC FFE BBFBB FF E C BFFB FCEB CDC FB FEFEC BFEE FB DBC ED DBB 1.26 E AE FC AC B ABF FBBD () B CBFEC BE D BFBFECB BB C B E B, E BBEFD C E EBBA FBED (F.1.27). 1 C C C F BE 1 BE BBE B BE 2, E BB BB BCEB B FECE FBBB F BE 2 EB F FB FB FBD, EB «CBE» E, AD C BE C BFBFECBB ABFB (BEBFB) FBBB B C C E. FB E, FBB FBB FEBE BE 2, FB ABE FBE F E (E) BE 1 CB FBB FBB «C», ECBBB FECBB FBBD B BE FBE. FB BD E FBD BE 1 BE E BB FBD BE 2 FECB E. B ABFB 42

43 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FBBB FBFECBE C EBBB CBB BB, CB AE (session), CBB E E FBBB BE E B. B CD BE FBE CBEFD FBAAB EFB, C EB E AEFEE (BAAEE), E ABEFD B FBFECBE FED, B BB, C EBBB EB CBB, BCF E E, BBEFD B B FECBE. FEBB FB B FBE F EB C FFECE BBEB, BFBC C BE CBB BEBFB FBBB B CD E (E C C). EBBA FBE E «BBEBD» DCDEFD CEEBFB EBBAB FE (). FC E C EFDEFD: DDCDB DABDC FBFEC FEE CE ADCCF E ; D CDFDD FCC F CCF C BE FBE; D CDB DABF DD CCF, F C E FB EFEBB BB FC FECBB FBBD CBEFD BEB. E B CBD ED C BE FB FB : FCD CFB E BB DAC B DCD DC DDCD BFBCE C FFE BB, C EC FB, BF FD FFFE BE FCD BEFD BB F FFFE BB, E EBD BBCB, F C BE EFEFECBE CFE ABCD (CB BD) ; DAB CAC FD C CDAC DCC EB, E BEC FCBEFD BBB B C, F C E FB EFEBB BB FC FECBB FBBD CBEFD FBFECB, E CE BAABEC FC BFFC (F FFFE) C FCD, E DCDBEFD C EB BB B FFE BB EB F C FFE, CB DCDE DDCDB; EBBAB FCD, BECB BB F, BE FCEB B BFEC BFBCE BB EB CDDE DDB, E B CDBE FCE C CFFFE FE FBED. EBEC E C, FEDB FB B BFEE, DCDBEFD ED FB. 43

44 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FB BBD E EEA, C EB E E C, BBE BB BBCB FB C AB DE BE C, DFD E BB, E CBEFD C B C FECBEFEC F E E (F.1.28). E B EBBEFD BCEB FECCE FBBB B CBFEC BE. 1 C 2 F BE 1 BBE BBE FBB BE 2, E, B FECCD BFBFECBB FBBB F 2, FBE FBB FCD, E. FBB EFD C ABB C EBBB BE CBB, B D C, BBBD C FECBEFEC F E E FBB, C, D FCBD FCD F E, BF DE BBB BB E FBD. D E BB CFB, DBFD E BB, FBB FEBE B BE 2. EBE B, E CBB BB FBD, E BFE B E C FBE, BBDBEFD E FB FEBD FBD C EE B FBE, B FECCBEFD BB, E FE E C. D E BB B CBFEC BE, ED FB BE FB DDC FCB F EB C: C ABCD CDAC DCC, E FBFECB FBE B F, B BBE BC, F BEFD BCEBB EE CBB C B E C B E E; C B E EE FBFECB BB FCB F EE FECBB FBBD E C; FCD CFB E BB E BE C DC DDCD, F ABCB FB C FBE CDBE FE B C F FFFED C C C. D E FB DCDEFD: CDFDDB FCC F DDCE C BE, E EBBE EB FE AB

45 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA DE, ED FFECBEFD CBBB FE AB F CB BFEC FB, EB CBB E EFD C B; FE AB E FFE FBD F, ED, B, D CB AC BE FFECDE BF E, E BBE FE AB DE BC ; E AABE FCD () AB DE CBEFD BEB, F FEC FB, D AB, E BE BB, B FE AB; DDCF AF D DB CABCDE, FB - CBB D FCBD C FCD B FBE, E CE CBB CBB FEC FB; DCDDA ( FCD) EB BE CBB BBB FB CE BC B E FB C FCD F B FCBD, EBFE E BE E BCE CBD BFBFECB BB E FB FB BC E E EBEFD E E FB EB, E B FBB C FBE CBEFD AFC L = const (B FBB : L L ), CB (F.1.29), E BBE FEE FEEB FB: C, EBFE, C, BC. E, C CFB BEC E B FBD FBE EB B BF BD FE. BE FBD BBEFD C FBE BCF C FECBEFEC F BF BD, C CB. B L =const L =const L < L 1.29 ED BEC FCB F EB FB CDBE BCE BB AABEC BB FE FB F B DDC: BBB CBD FEC FBD C FBE; BB AABECB FCB AB DE C ; 45

46 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BB AABECD D BB ; FB BB B BEFD FBB EBB CBD; B BEC C BB, B B FB. FFE B BBFB FEFEC BB. E BEC FEBEFD FE B BB BEC FCD. B E FBB BB., E FBB L BBEFD E BE 1 BE 2 C FBE F EB FB E, E F BFFB BB FBB E BB K C FCD F C F FFFED C ( K 1) BE. BD BB FBD L C B F F FFFE C BE C: t = L C. BBBD CBBB FFEBD F C B FCD B FBD C, BB CBD FEC FBD E BE 1 BE K L 2 : T = Kt =. C EBB, E C FFECB FBE BC E BEC, BBCBB E BE 1 BE 2 FBB L CBEFD n BEC, E L C l =. CBD BB BE C B F F n l L FFFE C BE C: t = =. BB, BBBD C nc CBBB FFEBD F C B FCD B FBD C, BB CBD FEC FBD E BE 1 BE 2. BC, E BC BE BE FECB BE 2 CBD KL t 1 = Kt =. BE FEC BE 2 BC BE 1 nc FEB BE 2, 3, 4 FBD, CDF E B E, EFD C BE, E F.1.30, BE 5,, n E EFD C F B BE 1. 1 n

47 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BBB BBBBB BEC CBE E, E BE 2 ( K + 1) L BEFD BE 2 BB CBD t2 = t1 + t =., nc ( K + 2) L BE 3 BEFD BE 2 BB CBD t3 = t2 + t =, E... nc FB BE 2 E BE n BB CBD ( K + n 1) L tn = tn 1 + t =., CFB n BEC,, FBCEB, nc CF FBB E FECB BE 2 CBD ( K + n 1) L T = tn =. nc CCD CBB FEC FBD FC ( K + n 1) L KL E BEC T = E FB T =, nc C BEFD, E n > 1: T < T, E.B. CBD FEC FBD E FB B CBB FEC FBD T Kn FC E C C k = =. T K + n 1 D B K = 4 n = 5 (BEB FCD, F.1.30, DE BEC), E CBD FEC FBD E BEC BEFD C k = 2, 5 FCB F EB FB, B F FBD 17 BEC C k = 3,4. B BEFD, E n C k C CBB FEC FEBEFD K: k K, E BFE F C C E BEC BBDBEFD BFEC C FCD, BB EB DE BE. EE CC BCB, BF BFE, E C C CBB FEC FCB EB, E B BE FBD CBB (B) BBBEFD C FBCEB (F.1.31): BE 1 EFD C B 4, BE 2 BBEFD 3, BE 3 2 BE 4 1, E BFBCBE C BFFB BB BEC CB B, C BE. F, E B B C FCD E BEC, EB CB CB B, FBCEB, EB B C

48 48 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B C BE E B, BF BB BEC E B FBD FBFECDBEFD B E. BFECBB CB FE C C CBB FEC FB FC E BEC FCB F EB FB BFEBFECB DCDEFD, F B ECE B BEC C FBE, EB EBB B F BB BD (CC BCC) BEC. BFED E, FEE BEB CE B E C. E BEC FCB F EB FB FCB EB, E B AB FE AFC BBDBEFD F FE (AFC) BBCB BEC, ED BE FFECDE E BF BFDEC E BF E. FE E FEBEFD BB CFD AB, ED BBB FB BB, FBFECB, BB CFD CFB AB DE., FCB F EB FB, FCB EB, E E BBCB FBFECDBEFD D BE C FB BD CE BBBEFD E BE, B CF FBB. FBB EBB CBD, F B FBB CBEFD BE B, EB BBEFD BCFB B. E B CBD EA BEFD E, E FB BE FBD E B FCD E E BB BE FB, EB FC BE BC FBD. E CDBE BE FBBB CBD D BE FCBD FCD FE E CBE BECFE BB. E, B BB BB FED BEC, EB CB AABE.,, ED FCBEFD FB FFECD: (F) FEB (BE FBD) C C AB ; FE CB E F ; BB C AB C C AB; B FCBD C, DE BBB BB FEC C ; BB C C FCD FCBB C AB. BC, E CFB E B B.

49 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BFED BCB FEFEC, E BEC F CD, EB FFEDE C FBB: DAB CAC FD BB CC CFB BEC FBD, E FBE AABEC (B) F FFFE FCD, FB BFBFECB D BB,, FBCEB, CBCBE CBD FEC FBD C FBE, C E FB FE EB EE CBB E CC BEC C FBE; CDFDDB D D DDC C B BD BE FBFECB CBE CBD FEC FBD B BE FE D CFB BEC FBD, F C FB EB ED BE, FBB B FBE E F C B B FBE; E CBE FBD B, FCDD F BBBB BB FE CBB D BEC D F FBD C B B; B E CBB C B B BE FEFD B F BEC FB, E CBE BBB AB DE, FBFECB, EBB BBCB BEC E C B C BEC, E, C FC BB, B CE FE FBD; BB BB BB FE CBB D BEC D F FBD C B B BE FCE E FE, E B BFEC FB B FE EFD FBB BE, F FEBB E CBB CFB BE E FB E B AB DE, EBBEFD CED BB CFB BEC E FB, E CBE EB B CD (C C) FBE, C BBB, BE CCE BB FBE FB E FF E, E FFECE FE F E BEC F FE AFC BBCB C C 53 E, CB (F.1.32). BCB EBB FBE FEF D BB AC (EB) F BFECB- EBCB BFBE - (B ) FEC, E CBD FEC B DCDF E. CEB EB B B 5 48 E 1.32 EB DCBB BFE BB EB, E B CB, CC, D F FEC, CB EBCB BBB C EB FBED: D CBB FEC FB. D B E B C B BCDFE C FEBED E FBEBCD 49

50 50 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA EBD, CD CB Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) -, BB E BB EB C EB FBE F B. CB FFEB E BEC, B B BE, EB BB CBD FEC CFB FBD. FD E, C -FBED C BFECB B BB C B C 53 E (5 E C 48 E B), C EDE (F.1.32). E FE B DB DCFD C BEEB FF C ECBFEC, E ( CBF: EB FCDFE EBBAFE) FEC BB B D C 32 E, D (EB) B C 64 E. BFECEB, BBB BB B DB BFB BB B FECB, B FBBE CE, E E CFEE B F BB CC DBB, E FBE B (AABEC) F FFFE FB BB. -FBED E FBB FFECDBE 10%. F B B D BE 32 E, E E B CB C 5 E FBB B F FFFE FFECE 13,5%. D C CB, E C EB FBED FEFD CFFFEB, EB F FFFE E EFD EB, E EEB FBEFD BF AABECFE EB FBE. CD E F, EBEE FBB DDC E DBB: BB B DBB (B BEFD FCD); FED E C DB C, F BFEBB C FE AFC; BB AABECD, FCB F EB BEC, D AB DE B BB. FC CDD E DBB DCDBEFD: B FCEB FC BB C (E 10%), FBFECB, EBD EBD F FFFE, FB C FB CFFFE C FCD. D D D CAD FCB FF BB C EB FBED, F ED BEC BFBCBE BB AABEC BB BB FCB F EB FB (C BC BB, EB BB B), ED C BE E FEE B BC FCB FBFECB EBBA FBE E D D BE C FBE E BBCEFD CD FF (F.1.33): EC;

51 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA EB ACD «ABCDD CA». BE E B FECBD FBBD FECBB FBBD AD A BE E B FBD E BBCEFD B CD CBFEC CEBD E, E F.1.34, B BE C1 BBEFD E , BE C2 E BE C3 E BEEB E FF BB CFB BE DE C B B FBE CD DDABCDE DADABCD. BE E B FBD, FFECBB C B FBE FFEDEBB BCFB B BBCBB E, CEFD F (datagram). FBE D BE CFD BBDBEFD E BB C FECBEFEC 2 F C BE 1 6 E, B CF 2 E E, E BB BB BE F E B BF BD 3 (EBD) FE (ECEBD) BE FF BB BEC BE E BC: B FECBD FBBD B BE FBE; F FECBB FBBD B CBFEC BE FBE. FBB FB B CBFEC BE BCEB FECCBEFD FBBB E B FB BE: «F FBBB» «ECBBB FBBD», BB ECFE DE BBCBB B. BFFB FECBD FBBD E «CCEFD» BD BEC BB, EB CDEFD C EBBB FBF FCD

52 52 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FB FECBD FBBD ECEB BE BB, BE E B FBD E BBCEFD E, E BFE BE FF. CBB FBF BB CDBEFD B C FBBD E B FB BE: «F C FBBD» «ECBBB C FBBD». FD B BB BEC F FECBB FBBD FEBEFD B (F.1.35). DDC BE FF BB BEC C EB FBED DCDEFD: DD B BB BE (BE) FBD BBEFD BCF E BEC; C FBE D BE CBEFD CAE B (E); BB BE CDEFD CDAC DCC B CBFEC BE, E BFE CDAC DCC. «F FBBB» B «F C FBBD» - t - «ECBBB FBBD» «ECBBB» «ECBBB C FBBD» CD BE FF BB BEC FBBE EBFE: CDFDDB D DDC C B B: FBB B BE E BB EB, C B B FBE B FBEFD CFB BE FBD, E C FB EB ED BE FBB B FBE E FAC BB EB; EB BEC E B FBD C B B BE FEFD FEE B BFEC BEC FB, F B FE, E EBBE CABCF C DC A CDE FE; D BECBD BBBD AB DE CBD BD (D) BEC E B FBD C B B CBEFD, FEBB E CBB CFB FECB t 1.35

53 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BE B FE F FBD EEFD, FB B CDBEFD F CE BB FBD; E CE AC C FBE, FBFECB, CC DDABCD, BDB BFEC FB, BBCB C FBE B CBB AED D F BB BEC BEFD C AC B «CE» CBD CBFECD BEC D BB CFB BEC FBD. EE FF BBEFD F FCB BCEB FECBD FBBD B CBFEC BE, C BFFB E ABEFD BB B D CFB BEC E, E, C EB E BE FF, CFB BE FBD BBEFD C CCDE DADABCD, E F BE 1, 2 3 FBD BBEFD C BFEBFECB FBCEBFE E CEBD CEB BCEB F CE BB E, B ABF C FB E C, FBFECBE E C EBBB FBF FCD, E BFF B C FCD (FD FFFE) C FBE (ABD DE), D- FD EB, BBC- EFD CF CBD FBF. 1 B FBBE EE FBCE D CAD DD D «ABCE CA». FCB EB FFEE C E, E «CE» BBEFD F BE BB BEC C FBE, C E CBD ED C BBEFD B BE BD BBCB BEC FE FD B ( B CE) ABF B BE FBE. DDC FF BB BEC «CE» FCB F BE BBB BEC EBFE: CB AF FBE, FCBB BBCCB BFFC, BB CFB F FFFE C FCD, C BFFB FECBD FBBD; CDABD DC C B B D F CFB FBD, F BE BBEFD FBCEB E B E (CE ), CBDEFE E, E - BE «EFD» C BEEB B C

54 54 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA E B CBD FEC BEFD F, E BE E BE FFB, ; BB CD DABDC CDE DE BE C FE B BCEB BBCCD, EB AB DE C B B C FCD F B CBBB D CFB BEC FBD. CD FF BB BEC «CE» EBFE: CA CACF FDD (BB) FECBB FBBD; CCD DABDC D FBE, F BBCEFD CF CBD CBFECD BEC (FBF) B E E BFECB FBB, B BF C BE B FEFD BDD FC A EB FBE, BBDD AABECFE BB. B E C EB FBED BB CE CBD FFEE C CB C B FBE CBD BB (C ) BFEC C CB C FECBEFEC F BF BD F E EBC, BDCDB BFEC BB. BC, E BB FE ED BBEFD C F CD : B, FECB, CEEBF CDEFD C AA BF C C, E E E BB B, ED BBEFD FCB, C E CFE E FB C FBE E E. FEBB FB BF BD FECEFD C FECBEFECB BF FBB FFBB, E B E CB BE F C CB BF BD. ABCCF D, B C FCD FBED, EB E E BF FFB C, BB EB DE EBECB E. E D E EFD BB BE, FCB E CBEFD EE E. BFECB BE BE FCEFD FFEDB BD, BDBB, B, C, FD FFFE FECBEFECB C FCD E.. F. 1.37,) B FEBB A 4 FBE F EB, BFECB F.1.37,). EB D BF BD CBEFD CBB BB

55 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FC E EBEC E C FB BCFE BB FC E, B C FB E FC E. 4 BF F. E. BD E E ) ) BE AABA F.1.38 BED B ACD EE. C FCD () BE F FEE C C AB () EE. BE BFF () FBCEB BE C BEC C FECBEFEC F EB E () BBDBE CBB BB BE FECBEFEC C FCD (). EB BE CDBEFD C C AB () E, B BE FCBD, BF FB DE BBB B BEC. BE, DBFD C C ABB, E BB BB FCD. D AABBC FCD BEC EC, B B EBCD BFEC FCD, C BB BE D BB FCD BE FBFECDEFD C FECBEFEC F BE, B EBE, F FCD. 1 N () 1 N C C C

56 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA EBE, E BEB B B EEC E FBFECB EFD. B, ABD DE D BD BEC BE E BB C C, E F.1.38, CB BD DE, B DEFD CFB BE F BBC AA EB FBED EBBEBF E FCEFD FB B BE (E) E, BFBCB B AABE CFDB E FEE-A FBFEB FBE EBC, BDCDB BFEC ACD FBE. F.1.39 BFECB C FFA BEC E, EB E 3 : FEB; AFCB; ECB. D DCC C D CD BB E EBCD EBCD D FBBD BECD D AB B AA D EFDEFD FBB BE E. 1., E C CBD BB FBFECDBEFD F B CFB (E EE) FBB, E E B FE C B. B, BF EE BBE 4 E () FE B, E CBDEFE BB E C BE C 1/3, E BF BD B FBEFD D C C. BC, E BBB E E E C E C E FB, BF EFEFECBE AD E FBE FBEBC BF, E BBE BC FEBB E E. BFED E, E CBB BB BEC 56

57 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FBFECDBEFD F, CBDEFE FEC BE B BFE E E D, BB B, F FBFECBE CBDEFE CD BE C FBE. 2., DFD C B FECB BE FFB B CFB CBD, B E, E FE BE. B BB CE B C C FBE, C E B CBD, BFBCBE FEC BE B BFE F CBDEFE B. F C BE B FEBE BF E B BE, E CFB, B BE, EEFD. C BB FB, BBB C E C, BF BC FEE E E - EFEFECD A E FBE FBEBC BF. D, FB, CD E DCDEFD FBB EBF BE, EB E FCEFD C FCD BBBFE, C, B, C BEEB BC BFEC, CB C FED EB FE FBEBC BFFC, FBFECB, EFEFEC FCBB E FBE FBEBC BF. 3. DCDBEFD BB EBBF FB FE EC BEFD C CEEBF FEB E E. C BEC, BBCB C FBE F EB E FE, B BF EBD BF ECEBD FBE FBB B «FFEDB», BB E C B- ECEBB FECCBEFD C 0. BFFB BB BE C FBE C BE B BB D «FFEDB» CBCBEFD B., C B BB E D CBE FFEDB, EB B BE E -ECEBD E EB BDBEFD C BFECB BE C E BB BE. FFE B BE E BB E BB FEBD E E 7 FBE, F

58 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA, E C BE BE CBB C B 7 FEBE BE E 1 (BF ECEBD = 1 ) E, BB BB 3, 5, 9, C E BB D «FFEDB» CBB 1: B 7 BEFD BF ECEBD, BF E BF EFEFECBE C EB E, E FEFD C E. D E B BF CBB CBEFD BF FFBB 9, E E FE EE BE, FFEDB -ECEBD, FBBBFD C B «FFEDB»C BE CB 3 (F.1.41). 7 (1) BF BF FFEDB BD FFBB EBB, E BB BEB CBD C B 7 FEE C BE E 1 F BF ECEBD = 1, E E B BB 2, 6 : F C EB E 7 B BFE FE F BF 1, E D E BF FCCBEFD BB FFEDD E ECEBD, FBBBFD C CB FECB BE C B «FFEDB», F BB FFEDD, F C EB E. F FFEDB, B C CB FECB BE, BB FFEDD, F C EB E, E C E FEBEFD BB E C EB E BEBEFD FE, FECBEFECD BF BD 1 : BF FFBB BDBEFD 6, FFEDB BF BD FECEFD C 2 (F.1.42). 7 (2) BF BF FFEDB BD FFBB

59 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B, BF BB BEB CBD C B 7 FEE BE E 1, E E B BB B 4 : 1 4 7, E B «FFEDB» C CB BE BE BE BB, CB 1, E BB BD C EB E. FB BEC E E, FECBEFECD FE BE C, F (3) BF BF FFEDB BD FFBB 1 4 1, D CFD BF ECEBD FFEDB E -ECEBD CFB D BB B BEC BED E E, FB BE CBB C EB E E, E E BBCEFD BE F FECBEFEC BF BD. B BB FEB C B 7 BE F BF BD F = 1 E CDEFD C B B ABCDDB AA 1.43 E BEC E E BE DCCDE (F. F.1.39), BB B E E, ED ABEFD C B FEE FBE B BDBEFD, B BB, C EBBB EB B ACD FBE. FCD ED BE E:, E E FBE D BF BD E E, BE F EB B BF BD CDEFD CFB E B ;, E E FBE D BF BD BF EC (BFC FFB C), E E E CB BE F EB B BF BD. DDCD AFC E, BFB, FBBE FEE FEE B. E B CBD FBFECB CDD AFC E DCDBEFD EFEFECB FE, E DCDBEFD C BCFE BBD EC BB FFEC E FBE, EB E C C FCD. FCD F E, EB 59

60 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BE E E BDEFD E C B B BDFD C EBBB EB BE CBB FBED B CDB AA C C (F.1.39) BBE BECB BBB E E BB FFEC E FBE, EB E C C FCD. ECD ED BE E BC : D; FBBD; BECD; D. BE, E E E BDBEFD (BEBEFD) FCB A FFED FECBEFECB, B B C C BFECB BEC, C BB FCBD C. E, BF BE CBEFD EB, E E E BEBEFD E, E CCDE CFB C C. DD E FFEE C E, E C FCB A FFED E BE EFD, BF FFB B, E CDEFD BE, BBB. BEC E E FBFECDBEFD FCB B E A FFED FECBEFECB, F E FFED FFB C FBE. D E E BCEFD FB FB BE, FB A FFED FFB C. BFEE FBB E BCB FBB BE FE EB C FBE, E B BE FBFECB FE CEBFE FB BB, BDB BFEC BEC, BBCB F FBE B CBB. E BBE B C FBE FB CBB, FB B A FFED CFB C FBE. BEE FFEFD C CB FB BEC CFB, EB FCB BEE FC E E. BFED FD AABECFE E E, BE AABE BE EFD BEB B CBFE FB AABECFE BB FCB F FBB EB C FCD F EB FE F BBCB FB BEC, FBFECB FCD FBE BB C B. 60

61 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA C BFECDBE F FFEB CB BEC E. EB C FCBB FBED BB BC E BEB FFEB CB BEC E, BED BD C EE A BE E FE DCDBEFD FBBE A-E DD D DF BFE CBD EA C FBE FCB FB, F FBEBC EA FCBB EB FBEB: CDCDDCDB, EBDFD B C FBE BF EC, EB BE CB B : EBB (B, CB) EBB (BEB F, A E..) B ACF (CDCCF) DCE BFEC BB EC; AECE F CDCCDB FBEBC EA, FCBB BBB EBFCFEB EC C B CBD FE BBFBFE EB EB E CEBB C EB FBE; C FC BB, BFEFE FBEBC EA BE CBFE CCB C EB FBE BC D B C. C C FBE E CE C BEEB BD AB DE C. FEB B C F.1.44, B AB C FFB C, B BDEFD BE, B. E CE FE, B BE BCB, BFED E, E C B AB DE FEE D BD BFD BEC., D E E DE BE E FFBB, B BE ED FC AB., CEFD C, E BE, C B FBEB, CBFE FECB (CB) CFB FBE. F.1.45 CFFE CEBFE FBE BB, BDBD BFEC BEC, BBCB C FBE B CBB, E BFEC BEC, DFD C FBE. B CEBFE FBE BB, FBC E, FEE F CBBB BFEC DFD C FBE BEC, FED M B BE BB BD, BFECDB F DC DDCDB. E, B BB, C C FCD, CB E, FEBE M = M BD 1, E CE FBE. BBB B

62 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CBBB BFEC BEC C FBE B CE FE CEBFE, BB E BE BBDEFD CEBFE BFE. BB E, BBB CBBB BFEC BEC C FBE CBE FB CEBFE B BB BB BEC, E BFE FECB FBE, E, C FEFE, FCD F C C FBE C. CEBFE FBE, BEC/F 0 M B FD FFFE FBE M BFEC BEC C FBE 1.45 BBFBB CB FBFE EB FBEB FCCE BFE CBD B EA C FBE D BBD FB : 1) DC CCDE, BB FEC BE B EB B FBD ( FBE BBD BC CECD E-E); 2) DC CDE FEDB FBEBC CD (C C) FBE ( FBE B B FDB BBFBBBD EC C BFFB EC E); 3) A BBB FBE FB, BB CFB, EB ( FBE E EBEC); 4) DC D ADDD BBB ( FBE EBEC BD CDB C FBE EA). CBB E BBEFD CD OSI- B. B FFECEFD BEB BB EB BE CBD EA BC E CD, B: B E-FEAA, FBD ABF CB; B «FDB», FB CB; BE E, FBB FBEBC CB. 62

63 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BE D DF D F BB AD ABC D D BBD E EC, FECBEFEC 2- CD, E FCEFD B FF: 1) B C CB B FBE BFEC FCC C BFFB B E (FC BFEE BFECFE B); 2) FCB C BFECB C BB FC ABF CD; 3) FCB C BFECB C FB FEEC FEC FCC (EC); 4) FCB C BFECB C FB FBCEBFEB EC D FC C BFECB C FB FBCEBFEB EC (B, C E FBBFEC HDLC FBEFD FBD FBCEBFE EC: , CBD AD) CBE B, FCDD F EB, E ED FBCEBFE EC BE CFEBEEFD CE BE CFDE E BB BB, E.B. FBB. D FBD E FBEFD B BFBBD FE E-FEAA. -DDA (bit stuffing D) EB CFEC FED EC, FBD C CFFFE AC FCD F F FCD, B B C F, EB FBFEC F C E CBD FCD E HDLC. E-FEAA BBEFD FB. BBB B FB DE D FB B CE EB CFECDBEFD 0, E CEEBF BEFD B B., FBEFD CFE DCBD CE FBCEBFE EC , FB D BBD C. F.1.46 FEBEFD B E-FEAA., E B BBE, F.1.46,), C E CFEBEFD: BFE D B (EB DEFD B CD BC E E E CFDE ); C DE B; BB BFE B. FECBEFEC F FFEB CB B E- FEAA C BBB B FB DE D B EB E CFECB BCB E, E 63

64 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA F.1.46,). EBE, E CFECDEFD B CF E E, FCBE B FCBE CECD ECD FBCEBFE F A , FB D BBD C. BEEB E B FCD BE BB FBCEBFE EC, D F.1.46,C), ED BEFD C B B. F FB DE D FEC C B B C FB E BE BD 1 0, E ED D FFECBEFD. F B FB DE B FB E CB 0, E BEFD, EBFE BE F C F.1.46,). FC C BFECB C FB FEEC FEC FCC (EC) BBEFD «E-FEAA» EB CFEC, EBB B EC, FC F C EBFEB, BBB FBCEBFE FCC (F.E SLIP). 64 ) ) C) D DF D DD D CBB E C B FCD B CD BBEFD FBE BBD: B CECD; B E-E; B FDB FCABCD 1.46 BB D BFBBD BB (C BEC) BE E BC, E BB CF CB (B, FBEBC EFE) OSI-B. BD B CECD CB (C CBB BB ) F.1.47, E C BE BE CBB B 1 ECDBE C B 2 F (), D ECB FDBEFD C AB DE (F.1.47,). B 2 FB BD E 1 FECBE E F FCCBE B F BB, FBFD C BCB. F E BD B FCE, E B 2 ABE ECDBE 1 FB FB ( ), CB EFAE A, FCBEBFECB E, E BB F (F.1.47,). B 1 BE CE, BF CED EEB, CE FBE EE B F

65 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA (F.1.47,C). F FED C B 2 ED F FCBE F BB, FBFD C BCB, E B 2 ABE ECDBE EEA A (+), FCBEBFEC E, E BB B (F.1.47,). B 1 BE CE, BF CED EB, DBE F E AB DE (F.1.47,). ) 1 2 ) C) ) + ) BFEE FFEB B CECD FFEE C E, E C FB EB CE C BFFB BB B 1 2 B-ECEB 1 BE E CE BFB. E FECEFD BC BB 2, E BE CBFE C B FEB BB BB C FBE. D FBD FE BC -, FD C FBB. B-ECEB 1 FB CBBD BB () 2 FBE EB BE FEBD CE (EB EEB) C EBBB B BE CBB t, CB -E. B E-E CBEFD FBB FCD: t E B, B CBB CBD BB B, E BFE t > 2τ. BD BB B τ FCBEFD CBB 65

66 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FFEBD F FCD τ F CBB BB F τ max : τ = τf + τ max. BD FFEBD F FCD BBDBEFD L =, B L v FFE FFEBD F C v FBB BB. BD BB F CFE E lmax l max F FFFE C : τ max =. C L lmax : τ = + FCB D C CB E-E BE v C τ F L l C: max t > 2 +. v C F FEBB E-E t B-ECEB 1 B BE CE, E CE BBE EE B. D FBD BFB F BB E B FECCBEFD BEB BBB BFEC E BBE, FB E BB E BBEFD, B CBB BB (E) FBEFD FFEBD C BB B FBEFD, F BBEFD, E B E EFD C BFC FFED. D FFECB CBEFD CB CBB BB C FECBEFEC F FB BE E. DD FFEB FF BB DCDBEFD AABE B, FCB F B BB FB CE. AABE B, BDB D CBB, FB D BB BFBFECB CEBF, FFECDBE BBB 30%, C BF BEFD, FD FBB FFBD. FE CBD BB C τ. CB, CB E-E CBEFD FCD: t > 2( τ F + τ max ), B τ F CBD FFEBD F C B FCD, τ max CBD BB F. E E, E τ < τ max τ F > 0, τ t = 3τ. AABE B : ρ = = 0, 33. t BBE BE C C, E EE BEE FCBC FC, E EBD CED FE F BC. F B BCD BB BEFD B, C B-ECEB FEE EEBD CED, E EBBE CE BB, AABE B BEFD B FFECE: 66

67 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA τ ρ = = 0,165, E BFE BBB 20%. E BE, E BD FFE 2t BB F F FFFE 10 E/F BE FFECDE BBB 2 E/F. BC, E ED FED DCDBEFD BF BBB, FB D CFFFE C BE BDB D CBBD AABE B FBEFD. BCEB EBE, E BF FFEBB CB B CECD E-E B B B CBFEC BF, E B FDB BE E BC E BF. E, CE E BBCEFD CBB (F.1.48) E B «FDB» BEFD C FBB. B-ECEB BE FE D BF C B BD E CE. E BF BEFD E 1 W, B W (C) DC FB BFEC C, EB E E BB B ECBBD. B CBEFD C CB. BE E C FCD F D FCD E - ECEBD -EB, ED BE E FEE FE BB B BF C CBD D CE BC : 2( τf + τ ) + τ o 2τF + τ o W > T = = 2 +, τ τ τ B T = 2( τ F + τ ) + τ o B CBD D CE; τ CBD BB, τ F CBD FFEBD F FCD, τ CBD, ECBB C B-EBB E ACB CE. FBBE BFECB CBD, BF BBB CBBB FFEBD F FCD CBBB E C B-EBB 2, E D E B BBB 2. 67

68 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA, E C BE CBB -ECEBD 1 CDE E, E F.1.49,), E BE CFE BB W C B ECBBD. D E E FE FCD FCBFE, CED C B-EBB BE E FAC B, B EFD BB CFB W C, E BFE B-EB BE ECE CE -ECEB C D B BE CBB. BE FCD F ACB, FB E E 2 1. E C C E CFECDBEFD CED, CD B FBB, E DE B (EBD CED) F (EEBD CED). F CED F B k ( 1 < k < W ) EBD, E C B 1 FCBEFD E, E F.1.49,), E BE CFE BB B W C F B k + 1,..., W,1,..., k B CE. F CED F B k ( 1 < k < W ) EEBD, E E BE, E F B ( k 1) DE C,, D F B k, E BB CE. E C B 1 FCBEFD E, E F.1.49,C) E BE CFE BB B W C F B k,..., W,1,..., k 1 B CE., CED BE ACEFD B CFB BBCBB, E BEB,, BF EBD CED F B k, E FEBEFD, E EE CFB BB F B E 1 ( k 1) DE B., EEBD CED F B k BE, E CFB BB DE B, CE BBB BE CFB BB BBB, D F B k. 68 ) 1 2 k-1 k k+1 W ) k+1 k+2 W 1 2 k ) k k+1 W-1 W 1 k D DF D E OSI- D CBB E C FBE BB BBEFD FBE: BBD BEC E; FECBD EBEC B E EA. D CBB E B B FBE BBEFD FBE:

69 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA FECBD EBEC B E EA; BD FEB E BE EA (B, FFE E ECEBD CB FFE EBD); BD FE C FBE BB. D CBB C EB FBED FBF FCD BBEFD FBE BBD FFC FECBD FBBD B BE CDAC B CACBABB DAC A AABECFE EB FBE BE E EBC FCFE CB, EB BE C FF (F.1.50): BE; EBFE., FFB EEB B B FF CC BB CFE FEBFE CDBFE FE DACC 1.50 C EB FBE BFECDE F CB, FCB FEE-A FBE BB CBFECB F CBB FB, C E FB, FCB C FBE. EB FBE FCE B AABECFE CFDE E BEC. EBFE BBDEFD C BFFB FE FBE EB BB F FB BEB FBFEC F DCDD C BFFB BBD FFEB A BEC, E.B. DCDEFD DC EB BE DDE E FB BE EB FBE BE E (F. F.1.50): 1), FCB FFEC FEE FBE; 69

70 70 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA 2), FCB FEEB CBD BBB C EB FBE FEEB CBD E C ; 3), FCB CBFECB FBE F CBB FB, E BFE, FCB C FBE BB BBCB C CFEB FBE. BFECB CF BEC EB FBEB FEFD: BFEC C, CD C FFEC FBE, CFCD (ED FBE); E C, FFEC BFEC CD ( FBEBC FEFEC); EBBFB B FEFEC (CEBFE FBEBC FEFEC EEC EEC, FB FFFE C FCD E..). CDCABC BE EB FBEB EFDEFD: FF E; BE FE FCD; E C E BB C FBE; FBBBB FBE; B ACD ; FBCEBFE CBD C ; EBE E.. BFECB CDCF BEC EB FBEB E FCEFD: F EC EC (, CB, EBB B); EBFCFE FEBD FB (BEC, C) EC C FBE EB BFF ( FCD); BBCB FBE C (BEC, C); F EC ; BFFBFE E DD E EBFE EB FBEB E FCFE EBB AABECFE (BFEC) FBE. EBFE EB FBEB BE CB (F. F.1.50): BFECBB; BFECBB. B CCF EBFE E FE: EFEAAB EEAE FBE, BFECDB F BBB F (FBCFC) BBB EB, BFECDB CEBD FBE, E BB B B CEBD FBE, FE B A, FE

71 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CFEB FBFEC, C E FB, CFCEB, BED E, CFE BB FBE (B,, CB) E..; FE FFFE FBE BB C ( CBB BFFC) B CBCE FC CEBFE, E BE BFECB BB EBB FE CEBFE FFEB FE BFFC: B B E EBB BB, EB CB FEBFE; FE CFE FECD F B CDCBD BBD C C FBE B, EB CD CED B FBE; E FBB BFEC ACD FBE BB B FFEC A C BEEB C FED CD CBD C FEFEC. DACC EBFE EB FBEB BE CB (F.1.51):, BBDB BB CB FCFEC FBE BFE BE;, BBDB FCFEC EB FEFEC FEB FBE CDB E BB BEB BFECBB AABECFE FBE. EAB EAB E..). CEBFE EFEB BECFE ADABC EBFE EFDEFD: EBFE CEBFE; EBFE BECFE; EBFE BFE; FEFEB EBFE; B EBFE (BEBBD, FFEB AA ABCBEDB FE B 1.51 C B FE FBE, BBDD BFEC E, CDB FBE C B CBB. DEB CEBFE CECBE BE EBB AABECFE EB FBE, BBD BFEC 71

72 72 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA ACD FBE C B, E EB BB FFEB BBEC EBBF FBFEC. CEBFE FBE CFE, C BC BB, E CEBFE EB BB BBEC, CB DDB E DE FEFEC, B, FFE BB FCD, BDBD, BBCB B CBB, FEBFECB, EBB, BFF, BDBB F, CDB C B CBB, E.. D B CEBFE EB FBE C B FBEFD FBD FCFE EBB: (FBE BB ), BDBD F FB (BEC, C, E) BBCB FBE B CBB; (FBFEC E ), BFECDD F F CEBFE CFB FBFEC ( FFEB), CD C FFEC FBE. DDABCDB ( ) BE E FB EBD: ABC ABC DDABCDB, CBD BDBD BFEC BEC (C), BBCB C FBE B CBB; ABC DDABCDB FBE BB, ED BE E FBBB BB BE EBCB CBB CBB BB C BE BE CBB. DDABCDB ( ) C B FCBEFD CEBFEB, CD E C FBE. BB C EBB CEBFE, FCFE EBBF FBFEC, DCDBEFD λ 0, BDBD F, CDB FFEB B CBB: m( T ) λ 0 = lim, T T B m(t) - F, CB CBD T. BC, E FFEBD CEBFE CFE E B ACD, BB CD B FFEB, FF BB, E.B. CFEB AA BACDB EBFE BECFE FCE B, CB BBB EB C FBE. D B BECFE FBE C B FEFD FBB EB:

73 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CBD FEC BEC (FB); CBD E (ECBE). ( ) BEC EBBE AABECFE BB C CFEB FBE BFECDBE F EBC CBB, BDB E BE FEBD BE FBD C FBE BE BD BE BFE. B FB, CBD B CB FD, E FCB F EB BFFC FEBD BB C FBE. EB FBED CBD FEC EFD FB BB, EB BE EFD BB < * C CFFE E E BBCB. BBB EB B FBB BD CBB FEC BEC C EBFE DCDBEFD F F F, BFECDD F FBBCEBFB EBB CBB B BEC. () EBC CBB E BE FEBD F (FBD, E) C FBE BE CBBD B FCD, FCD F CBB BE FCB, F BB B E.. BD ECBE BFECDBE F C D EBBE AABECFE EBB, E CFEB FBFEC EB FBE. BD E, CBD B, CB FD BE CEFD FB BB U C CB CBDEFE P(t u < U*) BBCBD BE BD U*. FBED B CBB CBFE EB "CBD ECBE" FE FE EB "CBD B" AA DDB D - FFFE EB FBE FDE FC BB FBFECBB FCFEC CB CDE CBB BB A C EBBB AFC BE CBB BBB FCD FE. FFEB CFC BFE FBBE E E F. FED D EE EFFFE FBE, CDD BCB BC CB CB BB A. D CFFECBD EFFFE FFEB EB EBBEFD CBBB BE. ECBBD EE EFFFE FBE, EBBD CCBB BBB EB. D CFFECBD EFFFE FBE FB EBBEFD CBBB CE BFEC BBB (EB) FE BB EB C CFB FBE. B 73

74 74 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CDE C FBE FED, E FBFECB FE AABECFE ACD, E DCDBEFD C B EBFE ACD FBE (CBCBEFD CBD FEC FB FBEFD CEBFE FBE). BFECB EBFE BFE FEFD FBB EB: FBE P(t) CBDEFE E, E C EBBB CBB t B BE E; λ FBBB F EC B D CBB; BE CBB B CD FB E CB FD, BB FBBB BB T o CBEFD CE CDDE C D T o = 1/λ o ; EBC CBB E BE FEBD E BE CFFECBD EFFFE FFEB CB FD BEFD FB BB T C, CB FB CBBB CFFECBD; K D CBB, C EBBB E FBE EFF: K = T /(T +T C ). B K BE EECEFD CBDEFE E, E C BE CBB FBE EFF., BB (1 K ) BBDBE CBDEFE E, E FBE EFD C FFED CFFECBD (BEFF) BBD AA BFECB FEFE (BF) EBFE EB FBE E FCEFD FBB EB: D FEFE CBD (Total cost of ownership, TCO) EE, FFECBB CFB E B FBE CB FEFE EBBF, A FBFEC (DB EE) EE FE FBE (FCBB EE); FEFE (B) BB E C FBE, BBDBD B FEFE FB BFFC FBE FECBEFECB BBB EB BED AA BFECB EBFE EB FBEB E FCEFD D D AE ADC FB B EB AABECFE. B EBFE FCE AABECFE A- CD: C C FCD; EB FBBEC FBE; C E : BB FFEB.

75 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA B EBFE E E E CB : CBBB; BBB. CBB EBFE EFDEFD: CBD FEC (B) BEC BBB B FFB FBE; CBD D BB C FBE FCBD BFFC (FBCB); CBD BCD C, FEFEC FFEB. BB EBFE EFDEFD: F BEC, DFD C AB DE C (EEC, EEC); AABE C, C FCD FEFEC E.. FE ρ FEFEC E t D CBB, C EBBB E FEFEC EBE: ρ = lim, B t T T CBD, C EBBB E FEFEC E; T CBD BD. ρ EBBE FEBB FCD FEFEC FE CBEFD DCD DABDC DE. F 0 ρ 1, E BE EECEFD CBDEFE E, E C BE CBB FEFEC EBE. B η = 1 ρ CBEFD FEFEC EBBE CBB, C EBBB E FEFEC B EBE (FECBE) A CAE FCBB B FBFECBE B BFEC FBEBC EB, D E BBEFD BFEC EC. BFEC EC CB FBEBC EB CBEFD E FEEEE. FEDBB CBD FBFECBE B BFEC FBEBC EB F FECBEFEC FEB EC, C E FB: TCP/IP, XNS, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, SNA. FFE E BEB EBFD FECE FECBEFECB E OSI-B TCP/IP EB EC TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) E FEBFEC F B BFBBD FE CBBD F EBC F B FFEB C FBE FBE FEE. BE 4 CD. 1 BBE A ABF CD C OSI-B: 75

76 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA CDBE B B FEFEC FBE; EBE B B FEFEC FBE. 2 FECBEFECBE FBEBC C C OSI- B: CDBE B B FEFEC, DFD C FBED (BFBCBE BE FBCF C EB IEEE- B); ECBBE A FBEBC BF. 3 FECBEFECBE EFE C C OSI-B: BFBCBE FCD "end-to-end" B FE B. 4 FECBEFECBE CF CD (5-7) C OSI-B BFBCBE A, BB CEBF (), B, BB BB B, BB AC E XNS EB EC XNS (Xerox Network Services Internet Transport Protocol) E B Xerox D BB FBED Ethernet. BE 5 CB. 1 BBE A ABF CD C OSI-B: CDBE B B FEFEC FBE; EBE B B FEFEC FBE. 2 FECBEFECBE FBEBC C C OSI- B: CDBE B B FEFEC, DFD C FBED (BFBCBE BE FBCF C EB IEEE- B); FCBE FF BD BB FBE. 3 FECBEFECBE EFE C C OSI-B: BFBCBE FCD "end-to-end" B FE B. 4 FECBEFECBE FBFF BFECEB C C OSI-B: CDBE BFECBB ; CDBE EB BFF FEFEC. 5 FECBEFECBE CF CD C OSI- B: BFBCBE A E D. 76

77 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA IPX E IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) F B Novell "FBCF", E CDBE BD FE E FBD BB FBE. BCBE B B E ABF FBFEC BB. BE, E XNS, 5 CB C CEDBE XNS. EB BEFD E C E, E IPX BBE BF C A, B, CFE BB FB FB. E IPX BFBCBE: CF CEBFE AC FBCB C ; FEE FECD C FB FBED; BE EE C FBED FBED F B E, C E FB F BF FBBD FBCB D FBBBD. E IPX B EBE FEC FBD, E.B. IPX-BE BE E EBD. D BFBBD EC FEC E E SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange - FBCEB B BE), BFBC ECBBB FB BD FBD FBE. FECB FBC IPX SPX BEFD B E ( ) IPX/SPX AppleTalk E AppleTalk ( Apple Computer) BB D FCD B EB Macintosh BB OSI-B - FBE 6 CB, B CF (BFECEB) CB BDBE C FBB A BFECEB CB OSI-B DECnet EB EC DECnet (Digital Equipment Corporation net) FBE 7 CB (F.1.52). CB BCB 7 (CEBF) 6 BEBCB BD 5 E FBFF 4 "B FCD" 3 E 2 1 BF

78 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA BFED C EB, C DECnet B C OSI-B. DECnet BBE B FBEBC EBE DNA (Digital Network Architecture), E A DEC, FF E B CFEBB FFEB ( FFC), AB CBB B FFEB, E E BB C EBE-FBBBB A-CFEBB FBE SNA E SNA (System Network Architecture) IBM BB D B FCD F EB FBE 7 CB (F.1.53). CB BCB 7 BCF E 6 BFECEB FBCF 5 E E 4 E BB 3 E E 2 E 1 BF E 1.53 SNA FC B C (FE)- BFBCBE FE B EBC BAB IBM. FC EEB BE SNA DCDBEFD B CFE FE EB B C. FEBD FBEBCD EBE BC B CE EBB BE FE (Virtual Telecommunication Access Method - VTAM) C C. VTAM CDBE CFB D FCD EB, B EB BBE FE CFB B C E.1.2 BFECB FFEBB FEB EC FECBEFECB BBC B B FEE OSI-B. 78

79 1. A BCADEABF CDAEAA A 1.2 OSI TCP/IP XNS(IPX) AppleTalk DECnet SNA 7 BFECBD (C- EBF) 6 BFECB- D 5 BFC (FBFF) 4 FE- FE- E FE BFF BEBCB BD E FBFF FE - "B- FCD" 3 BEBC BFBEBC BFBEBC BEBC E- 2 (BB ) BEBC EBABF EBABF BCF E- BFE- CEB FBCF E E E BB E E E 1 BF BF BF BF- E 79

80 2. AB ACDEEFC 2. ABC ADEFEC 2.1. AB ACBDB EB ABC ABC (. tele, AB C D. communicatio BEFC) EBC DBC. DEFA AB BBABD DCAC, B C BCCB D C EBC DBC. ABAC BDB D DABCACC, BEB C BEFC D BB DBBBCC (ABCCC). ABCACBC DC D (C.2.1): DB DC C DB (BB); CBDC C CB; DCCB DC C CB; CB (ABD) DC CC DC C () C CB (ABD). A B CBD CCB CB () 2.1 CB DABCACB D BCD C DD, CFC B DAD C DC AA CB B. (BBEFC) BD ED: BE; CAE. BD ED D C B ACC C, C,, A, CB. CAD BDBD C AB (CBB). DABCACBB DC BFDD BBF C CCABB DC DB. ABD D C CBD FC (C.2.2): ADCAC (ADCAC DBA); BDCAC (D); ADBCD (ADBCDB B CC CBB). 80

81 2. AB ACDEEFC C ADCAC C BDCAC CB CD AE CCC C BBDDDB (C.2.2): ADCAC (); BBABB-BDCAC (). ADBCD CB BFDD CBCCC () C DCAB CCC C (). A ADCAC DCAC ADBCD E BB D C, AA C, BD ED: BE; CAE. C DB, C CAD BD D DABCACBB DC CEB C, CEB C CAD DB. B BEBC (BBE DC) C, DE C B CCC C C BBFC, ABDB, BECD C CD BCEAC, BCAFC C- B C C, D FEA. CB ABCBC D DC C BC CBB. CCBDC BD DB C C DEBC A AD C BD CBBD C DB ABCBC. C C CCA, B ABDBB D CBCB C, BC CC DCACC DC, BDBFCC A CB BEBBC (DCAC, CCAC, CCDC C D..). CC C DB DCD AA BBABD CCAC C DCAC D, CFC BEFC C BBC, DBD C BECC C B C D BDC. C, CCC C, D (BD B CC). CCC C BB ECD 2 A (. C.2.2): AE (ADCAC C BBABB-BDCAC CCC C); EBB (CBCCC)

82 2. AB ACDEEFC BB CC C DBD A C. AA C DD BEB BBABD BB CC ABAC CC C C ABBEFB BEBBC, BECFC CBDFCC EBDC C CCAC CB, BBDDDFC DC CCC C. C BD BDBD C ABAC BBD CC C, BE BDB A, C, AA DB BAB C.2.3: EBDC 1 C 2 BCB A C, AFC DB () C BBABB-BDCA () CCC C. DB, BB CCC C, AA ED BAB C, BD ED BCBB ABAB AB C, BECFC BB ABACC C EBDB BDB A C DEAF C C ABDB C (CC C, ABDBB DBDB) BCBCD CC C (CC CC BEC), BEBB DCACC C CCACC BDC C (C.2.4.). 2.3 CC C BEC (BDBC C CC BFBD) ABDBB CCAB CC (C, DBA, BFBDC, CC B C D..) ADBDCA, CBDCA, ADBC C ADCA CD () BCCAC CC CC (BEC): PB d [] = 10lg, PB P B C P B C BFBDC (CC) BBDDDB BBB C BBB CB. DBC K = P B / P D B EFA. 82 PB C (, DBDB) B PB 2.4

83 2. AB ACDEEFC CC d, CE, D B C, C d > 0, C B AAC, C d < 0. ADCA BEB A C ABCCDB DC BAD C BD DB ABCCD DC AA BBCD CC. BBDDDC C ABCCD DC (CC), CBB CE, C C ABCCD C CDCD F DEC: d, K 1,26 1,59 2,0 3, ,95 39,8 50, , CE DA BD ED B BDBC C U CC DBAB I: U B d [ ] = 20lg U CC I B B d [ ] = 20lg. IB C, BEC d=10 /A BD, DB BEC C CC DBA DBCC 1 A BB C 10 = 20lg K ED B K = 10 3, 3. BEDB CC BEC (CC) CE BDBCD DB, DB C AAB ACC ABAC DAB CCC CC DCAC DBD C d AD (C.2.5). d1 d2 d=d1+d2 [] 2.5 C, d=10 /A BEC DBCC 2 A ED B 20. C, AA C, BD ED: () C B ACC C (CC DBA, C, ADBCDBB B CC); () C CB DBA, C, D. C, CB C, B ED DEABE, DB D DC CBC B B BBEFCC. CB, DB BDB DBA, CFC BB C C C C, BD CD BCAB CBCC. C B CD ABDB CFC D, ABDB CB AB BBD CDCCCBD. AD DABB CBDCBB C DB CBD DA BCAC C. 83

84 2. AB ACDEEFC D BD B BD ED D C BCABB ABEC (C.2.6), BCBB CBCB: y ( t) = Asin( ω t + ϕ) = Acos( ωt + ϕ'), CD; ω AB DBD: ω = 2π f ( f C DBD: f = 1/ T CC, BED CB T); ϕ,ϕ', π C: ϕ' = ϕ. 2 y(t) 0 ϕ t 2.6 CBC C D E CBC C D DB: EAF, ADA C, C DBAC C BEC BAB ABBDC C BBB D DBD C DBD, D EB ABBD C. C B BECD AD B C CCB BBC CACC B DB. AC C y (t), BCF ABDB C, BEF, BD ED BCBB C CD CC EB ABBDC BD C BD B EABB ED AABBE CC. B CBAC A CBCAC AC y (t) BD ED D DE F: A0 y( t) = Ai cos( ω it + ϕi ) = + Ai cos( ωit + ϕi ), i= 0 2 i= 1 A i CD; ϕ i ; ω i AB DBD i- CBC, C DC CBC BB DAC BEB, DB: ω0 < ω1 < < ω, ω 0 = 2π f0 = 0 ( T0 = 1/ f0 = ) C ω = 2 π f = ( T = 1/ f = 0). AC CB, BEFC EAB ADB, ABDB BD CBC (BCAC) DBDC CD BD f0 = 0B f =, CB ADCAC D. BEF D CC CB BBDB BCB BB DBD. AC C C BDBEFC C ACC D 84

85 2. AB ACDEEFC () C BD ED D C ABB CBC CB: n y( t) = A i cos( ω t + ϕ ). i= 1 i i D, AA C, ω 1 < ω2 < < ωn, C ω1 = 2π f1 > 0 C ωn = 2π fn <. B: S = ( fn f1) DD BEB E AA y(t), f n C DBD ( DBD); f 1 C C DBD (C DBD). DBB DBE D DAB C C, A C B CD DDF DFC CCB S A AC EAC (A) A (CCC) C D CB DBD, ABDBBB CDB-DBD ADCDCA () A BDDBB B DBB, DBE BECD C E FDBB CAC. DD DFC F A (CCC) C BD AA BED DBD BADBDC f 0, ABDBB CD C (C CC DBA) D EB 2 = 1, 41 ( 2 BFBDC) B C AC C 0, DB CB BBDDDD C -3 (C.2.7): F = f B f. 0 0,5 0-3 f f B f f 2.7 CA (C.2.8,) ADCD EAB ADB DBD C BD ED D C EABB CBC CB: y( t) = i= 0 A i cos( ω t + ϕ ). i i AB CC CD DA AD BCBB C, DFB BEB BBDBD FC BBA "0" C "1" (C.2.8,E). C BADCBCC CD C, DBDC, C D BAB BBEBDC, B D ECEF F 85

86 2. AB ACDEEFC CA ADA BB C, CCB BD B DAD (, CAD). t ) E) ADB C C B A C BBBD B BDBC (BC) DBA C BEBCB, DBE BC FC BC: DD DFC (ADA) F = f B f A C B ED CA ADA C S = fn f1: F S ; D (AF) B ABDBB BBBB CC, BEBCB B ABADBB BDBC (BC) DBA C C ( ); D (AA) B BBBB CC, BEBCB B ABADBB BDBC (BC) DBA C C ( ) CBC C CBBCC CABDBD AE AB C (C D), BB DBD ABDB CD CB BD, CAD C BB D C DDB C E BCC ( CB BB DBD) EBB ABBD ECD/. BABABBD A C AB BCB BBB BAC CB BFDD BDB BCC C BCC BBF C DBD, (DB-BDB). C.2.9 BAB CC BB BEBC CADBB C, BDFB BD BABBB BEBBC (), DFB BEB, C, ABD, C, B CCC C (EDF), C BEDB BEBC BB C CAD CB AB (EDF). t 2.8 BDB BDB BDB BDB

87 2. AB ACDEEFC FCBC (modulation) B C BB DBD D CC D (CD, DBD, ; CC CC C BDBBB DBA) BCA C, BB F, BBDDDCC AC, BDBEF. CC BC EDF DB CC ADCDCA F BBDDDCC CBDC CB. AC (carrier) BB BABDBD C, B BCC BBDDDCC ABDB CBDC CB. F, AA CB, CD E DCA AF C, BCB CBDC C FBA EB DA C BBABD C (A C), DCDDD DDFDB (DCB DBDB) CDBCA C BD (BBEFC), ADCF BC BBEC BEBC BB BBEFC C C BDBC BBEFC B CDB C. CD C BEF AD E (C.2.10): CDBCA BBEFC (); F DBDB (), AF E: BEBD BBEFC C C (), CFC ABCBC; DCA (), BEFC C C C C C B CCC C (BC); CB DBDB (), AF E: CCA (), BEFC C C, BDFC C CCC C, C C (BC); BEBD CBB C BBEFC (), CFC ABCBC; BD BBEFC (). C CC C BBEFC C C C C C C, BC C C BBEFC

88 2. AB ACDEEFC CC C BDD DC C C BC, CAFC C. BBEBD CD BDCBDBD B BDC B D. CC C BD BD CCDC C DB., BEB CB DDB CD C, BDB CCD C D BC C D. («CCA»), CB DB CD C, BDCD C E B C BB BCD C C. BAD DAD CD C CCD BD C. C CAD, D BCB C, CBD BD AE B AA C (BBC), DA C CADC (CBC) AC C DF C A FE AAA BCA CD C BB BDD (DDBDD) C B C BC CB, D C.2.11, BCD: CDBCA BC CB (); BDB (); CD (); BDB (); CCA BC CB (). A C CAD (BC) C C 2.11 BD ACC ABADCFC DBD, BEC DE CCAC CC DBD BD BB C: BEBC C, BB, DAC BEB, DBE B BE BC BDC; E C BBB C B B. CB B A C BD CD DB A, CDE ADD ADA (), BBB BAC DBB BCC BB BAC A B CBBC D BDC C ABDCC AB DB D C CD BBF CDB, BDAFC DBD f =300 C EB f =

89 2. AB ACDEEFC DF C A E AAA BCA CD C BB CADD (DBDD) C B, D C.2.12, BCD: DBDB BC AB C (); DBDB FCD BD BCEBA (); DBDB BEBC CB (). CAD (CBB) A C AABC AA C CCAC AB C D C E CAD CA A BA (ABDC) (ABDC) DB BBDB 2.13 CCBDC BD DC A C D EE, C (BB) CB, C FE, C CAD (CB) CB. CCBDC BD C C CD A C:, ABDB D DBAB B DDE B; F, DFC BEB CA A, ABDB BD D B D ADA EDEA BE C B C BEDB; 89

90 90 2. AB ACDEEFC F, ABDB BD D DDD B C BEDB CC. C BD ED BD C D BDBB FDFB BCC EBDC. AC A D F CC E. DDCB C D E CC E A C, B ABDB BB DBAB B DBC BCC EBDC, C A FDD DBAB DC C C ( C). A C DBCD B CC «DBA-DBA», DB D D DBAB EBDB. A C DBCD B CC «DBA-BBDBA» C BECD BD BBB EBD A ABAC EBD, C DA, AA DB BCBCD C ABC AA AA C AD BB CAAC CDB B CBD FC CC. 1. DE FCB [EB] CB CDB BCC BB C A (CB AC, A); CC, BED CCB CD: B = 1/ T. 2. EAC AAA C [ECD/ CC bps bits per second] CDDA C ABCDB, ABDBB BD ED B B A C CC C. BA BBEBD () E CCD BD DD DFC F = f f C SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) BDBC BFBDC C P A BFBDC (B) P C BD ED CD B B B: Pc C = F log2(1 + ). P A D C B B, BA BBEBD A C BD ED B D CC BB BAC F CC CC BDBC C/, C EB ADC D BBE, BABA BCCA CCBD BAB BBEBDC BD BDBC P c/ P D DBB BBE ADC C EB DBAC. C B DBB A BBB BAC F=3,1 A (f=0,3 A; fb=3,4 A) CBBC EDEDB BBB BBE BC BAB BBEBDC BDBCD CCC BDBC C/. DB DBB, DB ACB C SNR BBB DBB A BDD CB 3000, BC BA BBEBD BABB 34 AECD/, DB BD B DD C ECD/. B BAC ABBDC C BD ED BE DBAB C BCC C B

91 2. AB ACDEEFC CB DB CC C, C DC C B BCD DBAB CB DB DCC. BA BBEBD E, BDBBB BB BB A, FA FE BD ED C B B ACD: 1 C = log2 nc = 2F log2 nc = B log2 nc, T 1 T = CDBD CCBB CD; n c CB FC 2F BCC AB (ABCDB CC BDBC CBCBBB D). B A C, C AA ABCDB, B CC C (ECD/), BEB BAB BBEBDC C CCD BD DB ABBEF D C BBE BCCC C. 3. E EFA FA BDBD CAC ECD C- BDC B C CC B A C (BEB E BBCD D FCD BDD BD 10-4 B 10-6 ); CB CBD CC CC BER (Bit Error Rate) ABDA ADB DDC EAAF F C CD C, ABDB B BB CCC C BFDD BB CC CB ABACC C EBDB, D AA. BBC BEF CCC BFDC BBAB C D CCC, BBDDDFC DCAC D AAEAE C. BBAB CD C C C.2.14 BBC DBDC D: DBDB BDC (), BECF C BDBA BDFC BD FC DBD () BBEFC, BC CDBCAC BBEFC (), C DBDB C (), F C CBB BDBA BBEFC, BDFC C DBD () C BBDDDFC BD BBEFC () n n n n BC

92 2. AB ACDEEFC CCB EAD FDA (EFACDB, ) AB: 1) BDC AB CBDFC EBDB DBD CB BB BB BAC, BDDBB C ; 2) D BBB BAC CD CBDFC EBDB A BEF CCC C. AC BEB, BB BD ED BCBB ABAB. DB BB DCD AA BBABD DCAC D C CB, AA B B BBDDDF ABBEF DB (DB BDC), BD BB CBDFC EBDB C F AC EA - DBBC C C ABACC C BBD. DD DCACBC BB CCAB A BD BCAC AB. ABD D CBD FC DB DCACBC: DBDB DCACBC; D DCACBC; BBB DCACBC ABCDAECFC A EA (Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM) BDBCD BCBCC BB BAC F CCABB A (CCC C) ABAC BCAC AB K 1, K 2,..., K N, FC BBDDDB BBD A 1 -B 1, A 2 -B 2,, A N -B N. DAB BCAC A CD BB f << F (C.2.15). 1 1 f B f F B 2 N N f N f < f

93 2. AB ACDEEFC CAC CC CB, B BC BCAC A, CC BCD DBD BDBA f < f, FC C AC. CC DBDBB DCACBC BD CD CBFC C BDB F ABCDAECFC E EA (Time Division Multiplexing TDM) AD BBB BDCC CBDFC BBD EBB BDBA C, E, BAB BBEBDC A. AD DABB DB BD BD CD CD C, BEBC C BBB ED, A CC AD. B DCACBC BCB C EDB CB D C. C.2.16 CDCD B DCACBC, BECF D C BBD: A 1 -B 1, A 2 -B 2, A 3 -B 3, A 4 -B 4,. C BBB ED AB BBD DBB BB BBDBDC BDD B BD: BD 1 C ED BD A 1 A B 1, BD 2 BD A 2 A B 2, BD 3 BD A 3 A B 3, BD 4 BD A 4 A B 4. D DAC BD, BFC B BB ED AB BBD, BED B. CA BBDB BDBD B D B, BA ABCD. C CA BDDDD C BD BBD A i, DB BBDDDFC BD i BcDD D C BD ED D C BBD. DB BEBCB DBB, DBE CB DBB DCAB () B ABADB D BDFC BDBA EDB B B BD C D A ED CB DB BBD, ABDBB B. BD DB BB DCACBC D A CC E, BABA A ED BD BBD A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4 CD DBB B BD AB CA BD B 1 B 2 3 B 3 4 CA B CB, DB DAACDE CBBB DCACBC D CC B BAB BBEBDC A C D 93

94 2. AB ACDEEFC, AB CA BD D, C EB BDB DB, D C BA BBEBD A. DDCB CBB D DCACBC CD A CC AE DCACBC, BDCF D, DB BD C DBB A ABADB BBD. DB BD, DB C BDDDCC C AABB-DB BBD, BB BD BDD D, BDD B BBD. AC BEB, D BAFC BDB BA BBEBD A C BAD, C CBB DCACBCC. DBB DBE CB DBB B CD BDCC BB BD CB DB BBD, ABDBB BC, BEBCB, DBE DC CC ABDB CDCCADB (C, ), BFC ABADBB BBD-BD. DB BD, DB DAB DB BB DCACBC, CB C -D, BD AD BCBB BD ED, ABDB EBA, -D CD C BFC CDCCADB BDCD C BD A ABCDAECFC EA (Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM), B DA CAE FDAE, CBD BBABB-BDCAC CC C. B B DC, BBB DCACBC DD BEB DBDB BDC B BAC DBD (BDC ). C.2.17 BA B BBABB-BDCAB CCC C () BD D BBD 1, 2, 3, 4 A BBD 1, 2, 3, 4 BBDDDB. BBB C B BB C DB CCC C CBD C B: λ 1, λ2, λ3, λ4 CC, DB DB B, DBD DBBB CB. F DBB BDCAC C BECD BBF BDCABB DB () C DBB BDBA λ 1 + λ2 + λ3 + λ4. CB DBB BDCAC CD () D BDCAC C B CDB C B C D C BBDDDFC BBD. BBC WDM BC 90- BB BBB A. CCC BBC D BBB B 8 AD A B ABBD 2,5 ECD/ B AB A. D BCC CCC, BFC 16, 32, 40 C EB AD AB B ABBDC 10 ECD/ B AB A. CC C BCAC AB CB A BC BDCAC CD BBB BABC, BDB B DBBCC 94

95 2. AB ACDEEFC EAC DWDM (Dense WDM), BDCFB BD WDM CDB C DBC CC B λ1 λ4 λ 2 λ 3 λ 1 + λ2 + λ3 + λ4 λ 3 λ2 λ4 λ1 B 4 B 3 B 2 B A BB B DBB C 2.17 BFDD C CCAC CB CB CB (ADCAC, BDCAC, CBB) CCBDC BD C. BEC ADB C CBD C BBE BEBC, D C CC CAD B CB, CCAC C ( CC CAD), B CCC C. B BEBC B DB C C DC C CCAC CB ADB C B A C D FCB. BC BD BFDD (C.2.18): BB BDD (BBBB) BABDBDBB CBCBB C, BB F ( ); BB CADD (CBBB) C C CB ( CC BC). (C C x(t)) BC BB BC y(t) (CB) x(t) t (, ) (, y(t) y(t) t t

96 2. AB ACDEEFC B BEBC CAD, D CADC BE CC, CCAC C ( CC CAD), B A (CCC) C, D FEA. B DC CCABB ABCBC (C.2.19): BB BDD (BBBB) CBCBB FB C (); BB BBDBDC BB CB ( ). x(t) (C C x(t)) t CCAB ABCBC BB BC (CC y(t) (,, ) y(t) (NRZ, RZ, ) y(t) CBB ABCBC t t F CB FF AF A AC AAC FCBC BEBC BB CABDBDBB C x (t) (C.2.20,) BABDBD C y (t), F C BEFC EB BACC ADCDCAC BDBCC BDC C C DC. BB BC BD ED CB BBEC: 1), C ABDBB CD BABDBDBB C y (t) CD BBDDDCC CBB AC x (t) DA, AA DB BAB C.2.20,E: BCEF CD F BDBD B CBB ACC x (t) ; 2) (C.2.20,), C ABDBB BBDDDCC CBB AC x (t) CD DBD F EB C x (t), D EB DBD F y (t). BB BC CBD CBFCC C EBD BD CBDC BB BEF C (CBC): EAF EDF EBD CBDC -CB

97 2. AB ACDEEFC (Amplitude Modulation) C ADA EDF EBD CBDC FM- CB (Frequence Modulatin) DAB AC BBC CB AB C C DB E) t (BB C) 60- BB BBB A BDEBB EBDAC y(t) DBB BEBC CB CAD, DAC AA: ) 1) CDB-C BC; t 2) CB-ABB BC. F-AC FCBC 2.20 () (Pulse mplitude Modulation PAM) AD BEBCC BB C BBABD CAD CB (EFDB) BB EAFD. DBB CB AC x (t) BD CADCCC (ADD) B C DA, AA DB BAB C.2.21,. DBD CADCCC B C BD BBDDDCC ADED DACDB, ABDB CD, DB BDBC E BD BB C, DBB CADB C, DBD CADCCC F d B BDBD BC: F d > 2 f, f DBD BB C x (t). B DAC BEB CAD BD C D C y (t), CD ABDB DDD C ACC x (t) DC BD C (C.2.21,E). FD BDDAB C BCB B A C D BBD ABADBB BDBC ACC x (t) CB AB, DB BEBB BBCB CC (DC) CD CB y (t) B C B A C. C DC, EB CBAB BDC BC B DB C CADB C CB-ABB BC. -FAC FCBC () (Pulse Code Modulation PCM) DB BCC, C ABDBB BB C ABCD CC CB, DFCC BEB DB CD CD DBA BDD BBBB C. DBB CB C BD CADCCC (ADD) B ABBCD: B BC EC CADCC B C; B BC BCD CADCC B B. CADCC B C, AA C, BD BBDDDCC DBB BDCAB. BABA BB ED C DB (BB) B ) x(t) t 97

98 2. AB ACDEEFC DB A, CFC AB BC BB BAC CD BD 300 B 3400, DB BBDDDCC DBB BDCAB DBD CADCCC B ED EB, DDB E ABB DBD CADCCC AC BEB, CD BBBB C CD 8000 A, DB D A 125 A. x(t) 255 ) y(t) t E) t B DBB, EB DBB, DB ADBB BDBC BBBB C (BB) BDDBB CD 256 B CADCCC (C.2.21,), DB BBD D A BD C C CD (B B) C BBF 8-BB CBBB AB (8 ECDB), AA DB BAB C.2.21,. AC BEB, FAF CA DADC A D CDDA 8000 [ A]*8 [ECD] = ECD/, DB D DDBDD DD AFA C B DFCD DDDA 64 CA/. C DEB C BCBBB BB BAB BBEBDC A C CD BCCCB DB, DDCB ABCDDB ITU-T (DD G.726) AFAAC FEBAAC -FAC FCBC (, Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADPCM). C «CC (BD)» BD, DB B A C D C CD, DA DAFC 98 ) A t 2.21

99 2. AB ACDEEFC C BB C DBA ADBC C FC. BABA ABBD CC CBBB BBBB C DBD ADBC, DB BDBD EBBB CC BCC CDC B, C ABCBC DB BDC BDDBB 4- ECD, BBFC ABCBD D BD CD BD 0 B 15. B C BCC, DB DBD ADBC B C BDD 8000 A, BC ABBD C 8000*4 = 32 AECD/, DB B DDB ABBDC. B B CDB CCB CB-ABBB BCC D CDDB CE, C ABDBB ABCD C D C C A BB ABAC FC BDDB C C. DB BBD F EB CD ABCDB ECDB ABCBC BBB C C, BDB, CD DEBC A BAB BBEBDC A C. DD G.726 BAD CBBC 5-C, 3- C 2- ECDB ABCBC BBB C, DB BBD BCD ABBDC C (E) 40, 24 C 16 AECD/. DCBD BCC AD CCAB BDBA ADBC C B FC C F CB F AF B DC CAD (CB) C BB BABDBDBB CBCBB C (F) B B DC D BBB BC CAD. AB, DBB DBE B BDCD BD BBB BCC, DAB BEBC DB D. CC CD C CAD (CB) C CB B A AB BBB DBD, C B DB A, CFC BC BB BAC 3100, C CD BBF BB. BD BC «1» C «0» BEB CBED C BDCB BBDDDB BABB C CABB B (C.2.22,). AB DB DC BC D CEB DD C BD C D BA FEA., DCB BBB ECD («1» CC «0»), D EA. CDBD t b ECDBBB CD BAB BBEBD A C C (ABBD C) CCBD: t b = 1/ C. C BDCB ABCBCC CDDA EDF B CB BD DFCD DDDA A : B [EB]= C [ECD/]. C, A C BAB BBEBD =10 ECD/ CDBD ECDBBB CD = 100, ABBD BCC =10 EB. 99

100 2. AB ACDEEFC C BC BD CBBD FC DB CCC: (Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK): DC «1» C «0» CBD BC CD BABDBDB F (C.2.22,E); C- CAB BBDBCBDC DBD DB BEB CD BDCC CC DBC, C BB CC; (Frequency Shift Keying, FSK): C «0» C «1» D CBCC CB DBDB (C.2.22,); DBD DB BD CCC C BEB CD CABABBD B; (Phase Shift Keying, PSK): C «0» C «1» BBDDDD CBC BCABB DBD C BCABB CDB, B CB B, C 0 C 180 B (C.2.22,). ) t E) ASK FSK ) PSK t b CDB CD ADCA BEB CBD ABECCB DB BCC, BECFC EB BAC ABBDC C C BBFCFBD. C, DB CBAFD EAFD EDF (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM) BB BDCC BB BCC 8 CC CC C C CDB BCC 4 BC CD. BC BCEBA C BFDD D CEDBBDC ABCBC, AF CBBCC 32- BB ABECC C A 2.22 C CBB ABCBCC CAD CD BDC C C AB. BDC AB DC BC CC C CBD C 100

101 2. AB ACDEEFC BDC C, C AB C B BBDC CC BDC B CC C DFC CF CA DBB DBE BED BE, BCAFC C CB EBC DBC, BDC, AAC CC B C B C B A C. BD BC BD ED D C CBCBB C, ABDBB BBCD D CBC BBDDDD BCB «1», BDCD «0» (C.2.23,). DBD 1 DABB C BD CCB ECDBBB CD t b : f0 = 2t, b BB BAB BBEBD A CCBD t b = 1/ C, BDA: f 0 = C / 2. C EBC DBC B FCC BBEBDC. A CDB, C B C B A C DD, B BFBD DBA C BAD CDB BFBDC CBBB CBDCBB C (C.2.23,E). EB B A C CD DC, BEB DCACC ADCDCAC C (CCC C) C ABBEF D. DC CBD A BC ABDBBB BBBB C, FB CBDC C. DBB DBE A C BCC CB DBB AA CBDC C, CCA BEB DCD ABDBB B C B C y, ABDBB DCD AA B DDBB C BCCD AA CBDC C. C BFBD CBDCBB C DBA C y, DB B ED CC C, BDB, BD. CB, DB CB DBB CEB BFBD CBC C BD D ECDBBB CD. BDB, DBB DBE BD BD B C, DB CD BDD D ECDBBB CD. DBB F C CCF BEBCB CD BABDB (D), BBF ABDB BD: DCA BD BCBC CB, CCA BD DC C CBDCBB C D ECDBBB CD. CB, DB ADBB BC CB CB DBB, BEBCB, DBE DCA C CCA EBDC CBB. AB CDB, DB CD ABDB BBD, ABDB DC C CBCD A CC BAC B, BFC -DCA C -CCA, C DB CC B DD. DB BD CDC A DB, DB CB DBB ABDB ECD BD ED CD (BF), CEB C ABDB ECDB ED CD. 101

102 2. AB ACDEEFC y(t) y(t) ) t E) ) ) y'(t) y'(t) y'(t) y t t t CDB CD 2.23 BA DB FC C. 1. D CDBD ECDBBB CD tb = 100, DB BBDDDD BAB BBEBDC A C C = 10 ECD/. BBC, DB CCA BC ECDB CD DAAA BD B DCA 2. DB BD, DB AB F ECDBB CD C BBB ECD ED CDB 2 B B BDBC A BD CDC C FB CD, AA DB BAB C «0» ADB AB DEA AB ADB DADAD ADB ABDB t 2.24 BD, DB BD C «0» DCA C CCA CBCCB, BDB CDC C BB ECDBBB CD BCBD 51- BA, 102

103 2. AB ACDEEFC BABA 50 CCA BDDD DBAB 1. BD CDC C ECDB BD DAC, C C A BDBCDB BBB ECDBBB CD. A CB C CA, C BDDDCC CBCCC B DCA C CCA ED CDB C 26-B ECDBBB CD. 2. BBC D, DB C DB CDBDC ECDBBB CD 100 CCA BC ECDB CD DA DCA 2. DB BD, DB AB F ECDBB CD C BBB ECD ED CDB 2 B BDBC A BD CDC C FB CD, AA DB BAB C B CBCCC B DCA C CCA CDC C BB ECDBBB CD BCBD 49- BA. A CB C CA, C BDDDCC CBCCC CCA CDD C 25-B ECDBBB CD ADB AB DEA AB ADB DADAD ADB ABDB 26 t 2.25 DBB DBE BCAC DAC CDCC, BEBCB BCD CBCC B DCA C CCA. ABD C BE CBC C DBDC D BE D D CBBC BBCDBB CBB A, B ABDBB D DADB C, BFC BD C, ABDB B CD CBC. AB DAB C CB C CBCC EBC DBC C BAB DBCBDC BBCDBB «DADBBB» A, DA BCABB ABBDC BDC CBDCBB C C DADB CB C- BBBBDC C. B BD CDC A DB, DB DADB C CD B CC BBDDDFB C, DD B ECD ED BF CC CD BDBB. C BE CBCCC ABD D CD C DB ABCBC, BBFC BD CBCC B CCA C DCA DBDCAC. AC AB D AEEC. DC, DB BD CDC DCDBDC BAD EB BB, BABA CD DBAB DC B DCDBDC CCA, B C CAD B CBDCBB C. B DBB, A C B CC CBB B B, DA CAFC C. BDB 103

104 AB ACDEEFC C DBA C BAD B BBC CB CBC C (C.2.23,). DB BD CDC A DB, DB C EBDB DBB CBCCC DCA C CCA C C CEB BD, C B B BAD y (C.2.23,), CEB ED CDB B C (C. 2.23,). DBB DBE BCAB DAC CDC, DB CECCD B BB CBDCBB C A CBB BBB C. C BDCB ABCBCC CB BB C, BDBEFC BC «1» C «0», D C DBDCAC CB, BEFC EAB ADB, ABDB BD BDB C B CBCAB ACC. C CAD, BFC BBDBD FC «1» C «0», D ECDBB ABBD ECD/, DB AD BDBCD C BDBB BDF B DBD C EABBB BCA DBDC f 0, f 1 = 3 f0, f 2 = 5 f0,..., f i = ( 2i + 1) f0,..., f 0 = C / 2 DBD BBB BCAC; i = 0, 1, 2,. CD DC BCA ED ABCCDC 1/3, 1/5,,..., 1 /(2 + 1) i,... BD CD 0 BBB BCAC. AC BEB, AD BDCBB AB DED ADB C EB BB BAC EABBDC. DCDB, C AB DABB C ABBD CC B C ( DBD) EABBDC, CC ABBD CC C (C DBD). C BED BC ADB, BEB CC B C B BD BDCBB C (C.2.26), ABBD CC ABDB AB C BD EDBDC DB E DCA, BCFB BDC C. AB C DABB C AB ADB BAD BEDCB C- CC AD B BDF. B DB, DB CCC C EBB BBB BAC CD C C DBD, CDB BDCF BD. BDB, DAB C ED D EBCC CACC, DB DCD B BDBC CB AB. DBB DBE CD AD BDCBB C, BEBCB CCD C C AD. DB BD ED BDCDB, C, BC BABDBDB BDF BDB BDF C, A C C C BDC BDCBB C. y(t) C BD C BD t 2.26

105 2. AB ACDEEFC DBB DBE DCD, AA DB BB CBD, BDC, AA CD CBC C C BECC BABDBD BCA, CECFC B BB C A BBB. C BA 4 C CB, ABDB BD CBBD C BDCBB AB, CFC ABCDB BCA. C.2.27 BA C, BFC B BCA, ABDB D AE x(t) y 0 ( t) B BCA y 0 ( t) CD DBD f0 = 2t, t b b CDBD ECDBBB CD, C CD A 0 =100, B BDC CBBB BDCBB AB x (t) : y0 ( t) = A0 sin(2π f0). BA CD 0, ABDBB C C y 0( t) 50. D 0 BB DCD AA BED ECDBBB CD, ABDBBB BAB BDBD DCD CB BC C BB ECD. C.2.28 BA C, BFC BCAC: A0 y1( t) = A0 sin(2π f0) + A1sin(2π f1), A 1 = C f 1 = 3 f0. B BBB 3 BCAC C y 1( t) BCD F B CBC, DBD ABDBB 3 EB, CD 3, BBB BCAC. DDC, DB CD 1, ABDBB C C y 1( t) 50, EB, 0. B DB CCD BDBD CBB BC C BB ECD CB AB C D DEBC A DBBDC CBCCC B DCA C CCA. DC, DB DB BDCD D DADBB CC AD C C, AA DC, CC DEB BB BAC A C. 105

106 2. AB ACDEEFC y 1 ( t) C.2.29 BA C, BFC DC BCAC: A0 y2( t) = A0 sin(2π f0) + A1 sin(2π f1) + A2 sin(2π f2), A 2 = C f 2 = 5 f0. 5 AC BEB, C y 2( t) BCD F B CBC, DBD ABDBB 5 EB, CD 5, BBB BCAC, CD 2, ABDBB C C y 2( t) 50, EB, CD y 2 ( t) , AB, C.2.30 BA C, BFC 4 BCAC: A0 y3( t) = A0 sin(2π f0) + A1 sin(2π f1) + A2 sin(2π f2) + A3sin(2π f3), A 3 = 7 C f 3 = 7 f0. DBD DDB BCAC 7 EB, CD 7, BBB BCAC. D 3, ABDBB C C y 3( t) 50, EB CD

107 2. AB ACDEEFC y 3 ( t) D BCD, DB AD C D CCBDC BD. C, CB BBDBDC CC CC CD AD C BDCBB AB DBB CAC DBD C CBCD A BC C DA B C AC. B, AB BDBD DBAB C CC (CC DBAB C ), DBD BB C ED. C FC CC C BDB BDF BDDDD. BDB AD DCFB C BDCBB AB C BCB CD BB BD ABDBB CC, ECAB A 0, B,, EABBDC. AB ADCA C AD BEB BCCD CC 3 f 0, 5 f 0 CC 7f 0. BCAC DBDC 7f 0 BB E C- C BB A DCFC C CD DC BCA BDD 11% C BD CD BBB BCAC. EBC BDDDC BDBB BDF, DB D CC BDBBB DBA DCAB C CCAB, B DA CC DBDB CAB AC, ABDB BAD BDB DBA. BEBCBD CAB AC ADCAC CC C BEB DEBC FCD ABDB DC BD C CDC. DBDC, ABBDAB AC BB C ABDB DC BB CBCD A B C DB BD ABDB, BEC CB ADCAB B C. BD BBEBDC C CB CB BBD D FC B. C CBB BDBC CBBB C DED BCA, C BBB. BBC C C C CB CB BBD BDBCD CB C B BBB BCA (F), BAB C C BCEBA BEBCB CDDC BD E B BCAC, DB,, DB CCD AD BB C C, BDB, DEB BB BAC A C. 107

108 2. AB ACDEEFC FC E CF ECFC DB CBBB ABCBC BAD FDB CC ADB C CAD (BD C BDBBD BDAC BBEFC, BBBD BEC C CC BCEBA, DBCBD CCC) C CDB BD DE BA BBEBD C. C DC, A DB CBBB ABCBC D FC (C.2.31): EE CA FAFD C BB C DB ECDBB ABBDC; DC D DCAB C CCAB CB D CC BD BCBCCC; DAFAAB DADD DAB; BBBD DF DDC C C CC; C ADEDA DB ABCBC. EBC A DB CBBB ABCBC CCCC AD BCBCC CA DBCBD DDDC BDBB BDF BBBD BEC BCEBA 2.31 BBD C BB C DB BB BAC A C D EDC BE CC C, C, D DBDBB DCACBC C BCCC ABAC BCAC AB BB C DB CCC C, DB BECD EB BA ABBD C. B DBB, DB A AD C D DEBC BDDDC BDBB BDF, DB D CC BDBBB DBA DCAB C CCAB, BABA CC C DBDB BCD BC ADCAC CC C DDD BBC BDBBB DBA. AD DCFB C CCD BD: DB ABCBC (BCC); ABBDC BCC, BF ABBD C ; BD. DCAB C CCAB CB BC BD CDC CCA C BBB ECDBBB CD BD ED CB D CC EDDF EADDB CDDB. AC 108

109 2. AB ACDEEFC CBCCC CCA DCAB DC DB BD CD EB AC C DA E. F BEBCB BAC CBCCC CCA DCAB, DA DBB, DBE C DBD ABCBBB C AA BB EB BDC BD, DB, BBDDDB, D AD C C DDD BBC BDBBB DBA C CCC DBDB CAB AC ADCAC CC C. B C C CC DB, B BEDB DEBC, B A DB ABCBC. EC BCEAC CCAB B ABBCD, DA AA CCA BDED BCEB A, BC BBB B C E. DB ABCBC ABCDB B C EB B C, D DBCBD CCC. DB BEBB BEBCBD CC EB BFBB C, BDB, EB BBBB CB-FB BEBBC. EBC, A DB ABCBC, D CB BDCBCC, BDB A C DC C DBB CBBB ABCBC B C CC BED BCC BDBCDC C BDDAC CAB E F E A (NRZ) C.2.32, BA DB BDCBB ABCBC, DA ABCBC BDBA C F NRZ (Non Return to Zero). DB DB BAC BDC BBDDDD C ECD «1», CAC C «0». : 1 CA DBD BBB BCAC: f0 = ( ECDB 2C ABBD C ), ABDB, C DBB ABCBC; CC DBAB B BDC C, AA DC, BDBD C CA DBCBD. : BED BDB BCBCCC: C CB BBDBDC CC CC C CD C BB CBCC B CCA C DCA; CC CABDBDB BDF BBD CBBD DBD C ABCBC A C, BECFC BB CABB BCC CCAB C CDBCAB. B DC CC ABD D AB NRZ CDB C CBD., CBD B BCCACC, ABDB DD BDB BDF C BDDDC BCBCCC. 109

110 2. AB ACDEEFC ) E) CB C AB ( BDB A - ) CB AB AMI ) DAC AB ) CC DAC ) B DBB C MLT-3 ) DCB AB PAM CDAF CDAB E (RZ) B BDC ABB ABD D CBD C AB, ABDB D B CB CC B D BDB. CEB BD D D EF CD, DA ABCBC BDBADE C F (Return to Zero, RZ), ABDBB CC D CB BB BBDC, B CB B BBDC (C.2.32,E). C CD BBC DAD (ECDBBB CD). C ABB ECDBBB CD BCBCD BD A B BDC

111 2. AB ACDEEFC : BED BDB BCBCCC BD C ABB ECDBBB CD A B BDC CD CAB (DBEB) CBCCC B CCA. : CC D B C, DB DED CC BFBDC DCA BEC BDBBDC C C, AA DC, EB DBCBD CCC; AD C C, BDC ABB; DA, C CC CC DBD BBB BCAC AB ED, DB BBB BCAC AB NRZ. - CAB CBABB AD ECB C AB CBD AB CDAF ECFC ABFC CFC (AMI) B C BCCAC DB RZ D DB DDD CDDB AABD B (Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion, AMI), ABDBB CBD DC B BDC BBCD, B C BDCD (C.2.32,). BC «0» ABCD BDCB, BC «1» CEB BBCD BDCB, CEB BDCD, C DB BDC F CC BDCBBB BDC F. : CACCD BE BDBB BDF C BDDDC BCBCCC C DDBADA, BABA C DB DD BEB BBDBD BB CB D ADB, DB C AB NRZ, FB FC C C CC, DB D DBDB BBB BCAB ; B, CBBC AB AMI CBCD A EB AB AD C, AB NRZ, CD C A EB BAB BAB BBEBDC A C, DBDC, C FC CC C DBD BBB BCAC ; BDD BBBD BD BCEB C C CC BC BBDC CB; C ABADB BBD D E DE. : CC D B C, DB DED CC BFBDC DCA; CC BDBB BDF C C BBDBD. 111

112 2. AB ACDEEFC CAB E CFC DFC CC (NRZI) DA CD B (Non Return to Zero with ones Inverted, NRZI) BB AMI, B CD DBAB B C. C B D BDC, ABDB E DB F DAD, C CC BDC D BDCBBB FEC E BA D ( Ethernet C Token Ring) B B C C EAC CD (C.2.32,), ABDBB ABCBC BC CC C CBD B C C ABB ECDBBB CD: «1» ABCD BB BD BABB B C A CAB; «0» BED BB BD CABB B C A BAB. C BD B ABAB CC CC, DB ABB ECDBBB CD BCBCD BBCD E B C. : BED BDB BCBCCC, DA AA C BDC AC CD C ECDBBB CD, DB BD CD CB CBCCC CCA DCAB; CD DBAB B FDB BDC; AD DABB AB E, ECBBB CBB, 1,5 : BB BCA C 1 BBDBDC CC CC CD DBD f0 =, C C 1 FC CC C B f0 =, AA C AB NRZ; D BDBB BDF. : AD C C, AB NRZ C AB AMI CFCAB FEC E EBA CC DA AE F CBD D Token Ring (DD 802.5) C FDDI C DD BEB BCBD DABB AB BC BDC: «0» ABCD CC BDC ECDBBB CD; «1» BC FB B BDC. C ABB ECDBBB CD BEDB CDDD B BBB B BDC B (C.2.32,). 2C 112

113 2. AB ACDEEFC FF DFC MLT-3 B DBB C MLT-3 (Multi Level Transmission-3) CD BB BEFB ABB AMI. CC BBDDDD DDBA B C ECDBBB CD BBB B C B. C C D (C. 2.32,). AC DBD C BDCD C CB BBDBDC CC. DB CC B C BCBCD BBDB BBB B B DB FB B. MLT-3 CBD D FDDI BB BBB, CD AA CDDI, C Fast Ethernet DD 100Base-TX BDB CEDB DBB BCABB ABCBC 4/5. : BDDDC BD BCBCCC; CC D B C; CC BDBB BDF C CB BBDBDC CF E PAM-5 DCBB AB PAM-5 CBD 5 B CD C C ECDBB ABCBC (C.2.32,), BF CC D B, BBDDDFC ECD : 00, 01, 10, 11, DB D BB ECDBB CD D ECD. D B BE BC CEDBBDC AB, CBBB CC BCEBA. : C BB DB ABBDC BCC (CDBDC ECDBBB CD) B A C BB D ED B C AMI CC NRZI, DA AA BB ECDBB CD D ECD. : C BBDBDC BCAB ECD CBD A BC C BDBB BDF; CC 4- B DED EB BFBDC DCA, DBE BC DAB CC CCAB B B. B PAM-5 CBD D 1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet) E A D B C BDC ABB DC AMI, NRZI CC MLT-3 C B CACC C BBDBD CC CC, CBFC A BDBB BDC. C BDC ABB CBD BBE: 113

114 2. AB ACDEEFC CEDBB ABCBC; AECBC. E BBE BDBD A BCAB, CCAB ABCBC, DA AA BC BD B CB ECFC C CB BC AB DCD AA BBABD CBB, DFC BEB BBDBD ABAC ECDB, A C ABDB D B CBB, BFC EB ABCDB ECD, CB. CC DBB CEDBBB ABCBC D 4/5 (CBD Fast Ethernet DDB 100Base-X C 100Base-FX C DC FDDI), 5/6 (100VG-AnyLAN), 8/10 (10GBase-X), 64/66 (10GBase-R C 10GBase-W). A CC AB BD, DB D C CD 2 BDBC (BD CABB binary BC), C AD, AAB ABCDB ECD BCD BB CB CBBB C DCFB AB BBDDDB. DBDC, DB 4/5 BD, DB A 4 ECD CBB AB D 5- ECDC DCF AB, DB D DECD CB CBBB AB D CBC, BFCC B 5 ECD. DBB CBD C (DE.2.1), DCF BBDDDC CBC DECDBC CBC C DCFCC DCECDBC CBC D EBD FAF EBD D EBD FAF EBD BCDB DCFC CBB EB ABCD CB CBB. A, AB 4/5 DCFC CBB BD ED 2 5 =32, DB AA CB CBB DBAB 2 4 =16. BDB C DCFC CBB BB BDBED 16 DAC, EB BDC ABDB BCD C BBDBD CC CC ( 3 CC 8 CC). D 16 CBB DCD AA, BC ABDB BD BCEA. 114

115 2. AB ACDEEFC EDBBD AB 4B/5B BDD 25% (1/4 =0,25), BABA 4 CBCB ECD CBCD 1 «CC» CEDB ECD. DB BD, DB BA BBEBD A ED 25% BCB. BEC B BAB BBEBDC A DCA B EBDD BB DADBB DBDB. DBDC, C ABB 4/5 B ABBD 100 ECD/ DCA B EBDD DADBB DBDB 125. C DB AD C CCD B C B, AB D CEDB AB., AD CEDBBB AB AD DABB AB, DB BD CBBC BCABB ABCBC. : AB DBCD BCBCCFC, DA AA D C BBDBDC C CC; CD BDB BDF, CD, D AD C; BD BBBD BEC BCEBA D F CBB; BD CC C DEC ABCBAC. : D B BA BBEBD A C, DA AA D BAB BBEBDC DDCD CEDB ECD; BBCD DD DC CC BCABB ABCBC. DC Fast Ethernet DD 100Base-4 CBD DB BCABB ABCBC 8/6 D BDBCC DCFB C, ABDBB ABCBC 8 ECD () CBBB BBEFC CBD AB C 6 DBC () CBB, CFC 3 BDBC. BCDB CEDB, DB D F ABB: = = EFACFC AECBC BDBCD BEBCC CBBB BCBB AB B B BCD, BBF CACD C BBDBDC CC CC. CAC CC B D, CFC BCD, D EEA (scramble A, EBB EBA). CB DBB FEE BDCD CB BC AB. AD BCD BEBC BD CD BBDBC: B i = A i B i-3 B i-5 (i = 1, 2, ), A i, B i C i-b BBDDDB CBBB C DCFB AB; B i-3 C B i-5 C BBDDDB (i-3)-b C (i-5)- B DCFB AB; BC CAFB (BC B B 2). 115

116 AB ACDEEFC C, CBB BBDBDC = AE D FC DCFC AB: B 1 = A 1 = 1; B 2 = A 2 = 1; B 3 = A 3 = 0; B 4 = A 4 B 1 = 1 1 = 0; B 5 = A 5 B 2 = 1 1 = 0; B 6 = A 6 B 3 B 1 = = 1; B 7 = A 7 B 4 B 2 = = 1; B 8 = A 8 B 5 B 3 = = 0; B 9 = A 9 B 6 B 4 = = 1; B 10 = A 10 B 7 B 5 = = 1; B 11 = A 11 B 8 B 6 = = 1; B 12 = A 12 B 9 B 7 = = 1. AC BEB, B AE BCD BBDBD = , ABDBB D BBDBDC C DC, CDDB CBB AB. AE BDCD CB BBDBD BBCC BEDBB BBDBC: C i = B i B i-3 B i-5 (i = 1, 2, ). AB ECD, DB C i = i. C BCD AECBC BDCD ABCDB, FC C DCFB AB C CCB C C. A, D ISDN C BD DC A EBD CBD BEBC B CC 5 C 23 BCCC, C BD EBD D B CC 18 C 23 BCCC. : D B BA BBEBD A C, BABA BDDDD CEDB ECD. : BBCD DD DC CC BCD AECBC-AECBC; D CACD C BBDBDC C CC BBB EB C BCCC ABD D CBAB CBD AE CCC C. AAC C C () CC C, BDBF C AE, AEB D C AE BBC (DC, ABB, CD A, AE DBE). A (BD B. kabel AD, DB) BBABD CEAC CBCB BBB, A FCD (BEB DC) BEBBA.

117 2. AB ACDEEFC E (F) A AE C ADCAC () BBCAB (DBABBBFC C), C C DBC ADCAB CC (DBD C) CC ADCAC CB (C B). - A AE C BDCAC BBAB C DBBB BDBA. A C C CBCC ADCACC CC BDCACC (DBC) CC. AC BEB, AE CCC C D EBC : ADCAC () C BBABB-BDCAC (). C AE CC C, CB ABD D, D C E D CAC () DDCDD-DAC () CD BAC AE BBB BBBB ACB (UTP) ACB BAC (thin) BD (thick) FTP STP AF C D C CD FC DC ADCAC AE (C.2.33): 1) CD : ACB; ACB; 2) ABAC AE: DBD (thick); DBAC (thin) AEFC FEFCCEC AEFCEC EA C B ADBCD ADCDCAC ADCAC AE C D C AA (B AAC) C BFBDC C (BD CD) C DBAC: 117

118 2. AB ACDEEFC D BB C BB ADCDCA, CD C BADCBCC C BCC ACB C AE C; CCD BD DBD BB C; CD [/]. F DC ADCB BBDCC ABD AD BAC NEXT FEXT FA (BBB BBDCC) BB (ADCB C ADCB) BBDCC ADCAB C: CD C D BDBCDB BDBB CCB AE CD ( BABABBD D CCD BD DBD); AC CC C B C AE BD D B DB BDC, CBFC A BCABC DBC B, C DB DC, BA ECC DB B, ED BD B. 3. EE AF CDC C (NEXT Near End Crosstalk) C (FEXT Far End Crosstalk) DD CDCC ADBCD CB (C.2.35): C NEXT C FEXT CD BD DBD BB C; D C NEXT (FEXT), D, DA AA BAC BC BBCA ED ; CD C BB DBD. C.2.35 CB, DB EC AB BBCA (B BDBC A F ) BAC B C, BB BD 1 A 2, BCD CD C (BA ADCB), CAFC CBCB (B) C B DBB BBCA, B ABDBB D BD 2 A 1. CA DA CB, DB AB CD C B DBB BBCA CDB, BABA DD DC B CBCBBB C, BB B BBCA BD 1 A 2. DB DBB, DB B CBCBBB C B DBB BBCA «AB» CD ACB C, BB D B, DB CD C CDB CACD CBCB C. D D, DB NEXT D EB B 118

119 2. AB ACDEEFC ADCDCAB, FEXT, DA AA B C EB AD AD C CB. NEXT FEXT 1 2 CC AB C AB E BBDCC ADCAB C BDBB DBA: CCD BD DBD C BDD CC C AE; CD BDB DCAC BBCAB ACD ADCA C: D DB CCB C B ED CCB; BAB C ABDC AE CBCD A CAC C C BCCD BB BAC CCC C DF AC AEA (Twisted Pair TP) CBCB BBCAC, BB CD BEB CCB BEBCB CB BB BDA C (C.2.36,), DB DED C AD BBA BBCAC, C A CBCF BEBBA. CD BD C AE DBCC. ACC CD FE F DB DEDDA AE. ABAB CD (BEB 4 CC 8), A BEF DCAB BEBBA, BED (C.2.36,E). FDD ABAB ADBC EAEA AE (Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP), C ADBC AE, D EB B BB BAC. EC 1- C 2- ADBC CBD C C C CAC ABBD C A DD C ABD D. DD EIA/TIA-568, EBD American National Standards Institute (ANSI, ) BD CCACC 3-, 4- C 5- ADBC UTP C BCD FC ADCDCAC: ABCCD DC, ) E)

120 AB ACDEEFC BBB BBDCC, ABD, BB DC EC AB C. C, AE 5- ADBCC B FC ADCDCAC: DC EB 23,6 100 (0,236 /) C DBD 100 ; BBB BBDCC EB %; NEXT 27 C DBD 100 ; ADCB BBDCC EB 9,4 100 ; ABD EB 5, EAEAAC AC AEA AE, BFC B CC ABAB A BBB, A CBCF BEBBA. C AE BAD ACF BDAB C F BB CBCF BEBBAB, D B CD C FCF BD ADBCD B, ACB CD. CD D Token Ring. ACB CD BD BCBDC: ACBC AB C BEFC AB (Shielded Twisted Pair STP); BC BEFC AB (Foiled Twisted Pair FTP). BABABBD D EBD F ADBCC BB AE: ADBC 6 BECD EBD DBD 250 C BD ED CB AA ACB, DA C ACB AE; ADBC 7 BECD EBD DBD B 600 C CBD ACBC AB AE C BEFC A. DE.2.2 C C BB BAC ADBC B AE. CEB CBAB DBF BA D CD ADCAC AE ADBCC DBC AE BB BAC, ECAB EAB AA A (BD D. co BDB C axis B) AE, ABDBB BBCAC DD BEB 2 BB DCAC CC, CADCAB. BAC AE CBD C BABDBD CB (B ABAC ) C ADCD BAB BBFCFBD C DC

121 2. AB ACDEEFC CB. DB BEBB BDDDC B ADBCDBB B C BDD DBAB DC AE. BAC AE BCD (C.2.37): 1) BFA DBDC CDB BD 0,4 B 2,5 ; 2) CAC, AD ABDBBB BEB CD BE BCDC CC CCAC BCDC CAB BDBD, BBFC CD ABCCD DC; 3) B DBDC, AD ABDBBB BEB CBD B; 4) EF DACF BADC C BB; 5) AF CF; 6) B DDDCF C D Ethernet CC DC ABACBB AE: (thick) CDB BABB 1, ABDBBB, BDCC BD DBABB, AD FC BBEBDC: EB FCD BD C B; B; DED CC CBB BDB (BAFB C BDBFB AE) BAC ABD CC BB DBD; (thin) CDB BABB 0,5, ABDBBB, BDCC BD DBDBB, AD FC BBEBDC: D EB ABBDAC DBC; ; CBD EB BD BCCDC. B DAAC ABAC AE: BBD BAAC, DA BEC C BDAC DC; BA DBCBD C (D) BBABB-BDCAC CCC C () CBD BABABBDB C, D C DAC DB, B BDCAC CADCAC BADBDE, FC B ADCB CCAB B C. A DD BEB BCB DBB BDBA, C BADDE CC DE E. BC CDEDAE D: 1) BDCAB BBAB; 2) BBABB-BDCAC AE; 3) BDCAC ABBD C DBD; 4) ADB ABBD CD BDCAB C. 2) 3) 4) 1) 5) 6) 121

122 DCE AE 2. AB ACDEEFC ABBD BDBCD C ( ) C C BADC BC n 1 C n 2 (C.2.38). DCAC BBA CCBDC BD BBE BDC C CC D : FF (C.2.38,), ABDB DBB C CD CD 8 10 A, ABDB BD BDD DBAB BC (B B); F (C.2.38,E), ABDB DBB C CD CD A, DB D BB BDC C EBBB C (BB B). ) E) n 2 n A 125 A n A CC EAE DACDD BDDC D: DC; CC. AA BD DAE DD F BDCAB BBA C CD CE ACBD (/A). BDC BBFC CD BD ADA EA, BDC C BD DDDDA B BAD BC. DC CCD C BD C B CC, BCBB BBAB. CB B BDCAB BBA BFDD D CB: 0,85 A, 1,3 A C 1,55 A, DA AA CB DC CB A CD B BBD (C.2.39). DCAB BBAB ADCD DC DBBB C, BDF 0,1 0,2 /A C C B 1,55 A, DB BBD DBCD CB B ABAC DAB ACBDB E CC CB. D EBDAC F EB "B", DA, ADDCDA BDDCD DC BA 0,02 /A C C B 2,5 A, BB ABDB BD ED B, BECFC CECD ABBDC C C CBC DAC A 4-5 D ACBDB

123 2. AB ACDEEFC 3,0 DC, /A 2,0 1,0 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 BD, ECE 2.39 BC B ABDC CDC C CD DDCB C CD. D C B, ABDB DD C BBFD B, BD BC C B AB BB BB. DAD DB DBB C BEC BDC: B BD B B C DBDCAC BD BDD B "CB" DBB EABB AB. CDBD C BDD CB 10. BCDBB CD, ABDB BD ECD CBCC ABCD CC CC BDDDC BCDB, CD BA BBEBD 5 ECD/ C DBCC A. EC C B C AD C BB BDFC BDCABB C. BABA C CBCC DBCB CC CD ABDB AD C B, CC CBCD A CC CB C BDCC B BBA C D BBD CAC CB (C.2.40). C BA CCC BD DCB "A EAC" CC, BED CC CC C t C BBCC C B BDCAB BBA DBC 1 A: Π = 1. t D BB BAC ACBD (*A). BC BB BAC D, DB CC D BCC BD C C C DBD CB. C BB BAC BDCABB BBA BDD 1000 *A (DB BBDDDD CC CC C 1 /A), DB BA BBEBD CCC C CB 1 A ED EB 1 ECD/, C C CCC C 10 A EB 100 ECD/. C CCC C DC C DCB BBAB. 123

124 2. AB ACDEEFC t = 1 1 A BB BAC: Π = 1 = 1000 * A t 2.40 BBBB BBAB: F CAAC D AF DD DFC, DA AA C BDD DBAB BC ; ECED AF BDD 0,5 /CE C C B 1,31 A C 1,55 A; C CBBCC DCAB AD EF FE EDA DABA D 40 CE. BBBB BBAB: BBBB CDBCAC CC DD BBBB; BBBBB BBAB AF BBA BADBD F C- BB CD DBBB C; B DB CC DB CCCCBD DA B BBBB BBAB; DD EDA BDCAC B AB BBBB AE. BBBB BBAB: EB FD EDA, DA AA C EB DBBB C; BF ECD DACE EE EE DAE (B 0,3 ). CD EF ADEDA. BBBB BBAB: DD AF, BDF C C B 0,85 A 3-4 /A; BECD E CC BDB BDBCD AD D 2- CE; DAAD DD DFC BBBB BBAB CD CC C, ABDB BDD BA 1000 *A (B B C BA D). DD CDBB C BBBB C BBBB BBAB D DE.2.3, C BADC. 124

125 2. AB ACDEEFC 2.3 DCA DEDDBD BDDCD DDEDDBD BDDCD AF 0,5 / 1,5 3 /A DD DFC 500 * B 500 *A AD + ( 50 ) (B 2 A) ADEDA BA BD BADBDD F B DA B AE-DCEC EAB - A () C, BDBF C BDCAC BBAB (DA CC DCAB), A FCD DC BEBBA. BC BCD BCB DB BDBAB, C DBCBC CC CBC C. BFE B C ADCACC AEC: BA BA BBEBD; BDDDC ADBCDBB CC, DB CAD DA CBCC; BBDBCBD; EBB DBC C ( 2 A E BDBCD); ; BAB ADCAB BBDCC, BECF CA A BC DBD; DBCBD, CDB F DBCBD BB AE. BFE: DBABD BD, DEF CBB BEBBC; BA DBCBD D DBD DCEC ED DCAC ABBD AD E: BDCAC BCCDC; CD ADBB BDC; BDCAC ; BDCAC DCDC; CD C; ABB A; BCCD D; DDDB C D.. AC DA (CDCAD) BCC CB-F DB C BDAC. 125

126 2. AB ACDEEFC AE CADD (BDDBDD) FDA WDM (CD WDM) CD DCACBC C DCACBC BDCAC CB. AC F DB BDCAC CCAE, BE AB ABDBBB E BCCDC. AC BABA BBBB DBDB, ABDBB B B BDCAC C DD B ABAC B C. C BDCAC DCD: BC (C. 2.41,) DD BC BB BDCAC C B ABAC B ( B DC B BFBDC) CC BEBBD BECD ABAB CB BC BB; BBE (C. 2.41,E) DD BDFC B BB C BB BDCAC C B ABAC B ( B DC B BFBDC); BDDCD (C. 2.41,), EB D BFBDC BDD CDB A. AAAD CBD C BFBDC BBB BDCABB C. ) BC DCD 1 N E) a d BBE DCD 1 N ) C 0 BC BDDCD 0 C BDAB : BDC ADA F (f = ), BEBCF CBABBBBD BDCAC CB, DB D BBBD C B ABBD BA ECD/ = 1 ECD/; BDC DFC DDDA D C BB BDCAB BBA ABAC C B; ED AF BADBDD, DB BBD DBCD BD B BD ACBDB E CC CB. N

127 2. AB ACDEEFC : BDC ADEDA DC A (BB ABDBBB BDD BAC AC), C ABDBBB CBDCD BBAB, B C ; BDCAC BBA CDECA C (C CD BABB 100 A),, BDB, ADC CBBC CCC, CEBBDBCC C D..; BECD BC BC EADB, DA AA DA BBA BBD ADCDB; D B CACDE DAD, DA AA BD D, C, BDB, BD BDCBD D FDFC CC ADB; FADB C CADEAE DEE;, B, DA CDDBDD DAF, DA AA B DB BD FC BBEB, AC BDC BD ED CDCB BBF BCDBC (BB ABDB) BDBDC CCC; BBB CC CDB CAD DE, C D: BCBC CB B C C CC B F ABDBB CB C DBB CBCBBB BDBA; C B CBCC B BD CB; C ABAC B CB; DDBDA, BF BC BD BBA B DC 25 C EB D; BECD BBDC CDDA DAC C EB ECD/. : BEBC C DCAC D, CB: BAB D, BEFC ADCAC C DB C BEDB; BDCAC ABADB (BCCDC) C BDCACC BDC C EBC B AC-AC; BD BDCAC BBAB BEBCB CCBB,, BDB, BBB DBBCAB BEBBC; BAC DD B C AE BDBC BDCABB AE C B BCC (BE) FCC BEC DC BDCAB BBAB CBAB CBD C C BCC Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring. B CC : 127

128 2. AB ACDEEFC DED BDBCDC BD D ; BDBD CAC CBCC EB EB CAB B B BDCAC CC C; BBBD FCC CCDB BFBDC DC E AE ABCAC. CBBC : BD BBB BA DBCBD AE, DBCBD EBD B B BAA BD ED CDB. BD (C.2.42) BD: DB D, DC EB DC CC ; CBDCA (DC), BEFC ADCAC C BDCAC (/) C BEDB (/); BDCAC BCCD (); BDCAC AE..C C DCAC CD C / / D FCC DCEC AE FCC BDCAC BBAB CBD FC D. 1., BECFC: BBBD CD E DC BBAB B C DBDCAB C; CDB DDCBC BBA; BA AD BBDC BBAB AB; DBA BDC DB EBD; CC BD DBA C BCC. C A BB- C BBBB BBAB BDC BDD B 0,01, DB D BB DDB. DADAB: BAB ADB AC; EB ABBD BC EBD, DB BB C CACCC C CD CC C. DAADC: BA DBCBD B DB; 2. "" (splice), DFC BEB DCAB DBD B B C ABBEBA (4074 ) C BDBFC C AAC C AB B C BEB, ABDB DBB DD BC BBA, A AAB BDCAC AE - D AC 2.42

129 2. AB ACDEEFC AB. BE ABDAC BECD B DCBC, DCB C ADB BCC BBAB BDC DA BA 0,1. BDBCD: BDBD C C BBE BCC; B BCC BBAB (BABB 30 B BBDDDF BBDBAC BBAB); BEDB C EBD DBBDB D, DA AA BD D E CC A C CBB BEBBC. 3., ABDB D DA BBAB BCD BB CCAB BAB BBDC BAD BC, ECAC A BAD BC BDCABB BBA, DB BECD BDCAC ABDAD DBC FC BBAB C BBB DCCD DB DA. D FCC BDCAC BBAB BCAD DA, BEB: 1) CC ADBC: CB FC BDCAC BBAB (C.2.43,); BB FC BDCAC BBAB (C. 2.43,E); B B FCC BBAC (C. 2.43,); 2) DCC ADBC: ADCCDD C (C. 2.43,); CDCBD C (C. 2.43,). ) E) ) ) ) FDEC 2.43 EBD B CC BAB BBEBDC BDCAC D D C: CCD ABBD C BB C B: ABAC CD BDCD B 40 ECD/, DDB 320 ECD/; CCD CB C B, B BB BBA: 80 C B ABAC CD C B 1000 DDB. BDCA BA BBEBD BBB BBA BDD BABB 300 ECD/, DB D BE B DD-DCA. DB 129

130 2. AB ACDEEFC DBB, DB A B AE BD BCD B 864 BBAB, BB BBCD B BCB BB BAC BDCAC D C. B DBB, BD B BBD BDCAC D DBD, BEEDFC DCA E BEBC BDCAC CB ADCAC C BEDB AF F AAC A DD BEB BBABD: AE DCB (ACB CD, ABAC AE, BBABB-BDCAC AE); BCCD BDBA; ABB AE; CD. DBE E DB DACDB EBD BAB CCDB DC D: BDA AEB CD BABB 50% ( A D B 70%); EBC BBB BEC BABB 20%; EBC B C EBC DC BABB 15%; EBC D D BABB 5%; BC BABB 10%. DAC AC AE CD CBD CB BEBBC, CB: BBBDBFC CCD CEB CBDCAC C DCCACC AE C AE CD EBDB BC CB BE BB; EB BD C ABAD (B CBAD) CEB, D CDB, BFC D ACC, B BECFC DBBD; CEB BC C AE, ADBCD ADCDCA (NEXT, DC, C), BAC AE, B ADCAC B; () CEB BD C BBC CEB, BBFC BCD DBAB AD BE AE DAF AF F B AE CD, CB, B, ABD D, D FC : A AE B, CFC C CB (ABD, C, CB), CDC ABDB C C; DACADA ACAF AEB CD, BECF BD, BF BECC C CDC ABA, 130

131 2. AB ACDEEFC DAFC B DCCCB BEBBC CD BBAC C BBC; D CABDD FCDDB C CDC ABD D; D BDCD CDDA 100 C EB ECD/. BDCC A DEBC E EBD C DDCB DBBC BDBC AE CD, BC C «E -». DEEEAAC AAC A (DD) DD BEB CCA AE CD C CC C, DAD BCD, BBC C ABDB D: DCA BBA DC C; BCBD BBA D; ABB (ABDCB) C (AB-C); B BDAC EBC D. BB BB BDDC F: C ABD, BB C CBCBCC CBD C AE CD; EDC ACDBBC (B C DCCB BBB) BD D CDB ADCC DC; BED BBD C BBBD C CC C FCC AEB DC; BAD BBB CBBC ABAC C D BDBABB; CD BD CC D DBBC C BDFCA BEBBC; CBD DD ABBD C DC C BBD ABECCBD BB DC AEC CB. DADCBBB BB BDBD: AC CDA FCC BBDDDFB ABCACBBB BEBBC; BBBD C B CBC C DBBC; DCBB BBDDDC ABBDB B DD; BBBD BAC C CB BEBBC BBF C BDBA EBC D. DADCBBB BB: EDC BA BDBC, C DCCBB BB; BBCD ACD DD CEDBB BEBBC (AEC, BDAC, AB-C), ABDB, B, EDB BAD B ADCC. B DDB, BCFC, D DD ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A, EBD C D ABCDDC American 131

132 2. AB ACDEEFC National Standards Institute (ANSI), Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) C Electronics Industry Association (EIA) BA EB DAAC, CFC CE E B (A BDBBBAB): BA DBCBD AB; BBD CAC BDC B ADCC (BE C AC) C, C BAB DBABD C DC, B CD C DB CD BA; BBBD BCCC BECB (BCB) C BF EAAB C BDBC EBB D C BEBCB CD C DCAC C B D. B DBB, BEBCB CD BDB CACC ADBC B CBBC B DBD CC BD C BCC C DBD. BB BB CBBCC AD CBCB CB CC, DB, (). DBCAC C CCAC D BB C A C DF C C.2.44 D ACCAC DCCB CB EBBB C, ABDB AD E: CB CB DBD BD 30 B ABAC DAB ; CB () CB DBD BD 1 B 300 ; DCAB CB DBD BD 1 B 100 ; ( -) CB DBD BD 300 B 400. B CB ( ) (1-300 ) DCAB (1-100 ) - ( ) 2.44 DC C EBBB C BD EB CBAB CC C ABD D FEFCCEC BC ADCDCAC (CBB) D: 132

133 BD: λ = 2. AB ACDEEFC c f, CDDA D; f ADA ABEC CBB; EDDA F P (C A), C DD; DA D F, C BD D AC FDFFC F DBA C BAD CC 3 D CCAC B: 7) DA ADBCDBB B (BD C, C C D..); 8) DE B CBCCB B DB; 9) C C. F ADBCDBB B BD C (C.2.45) CBCD: A BEC B ( EB DBD, D EB BEC); A CC B. α 1 α 2 α 1 = α DB BD BBB DCBDB CC B C D BC BD DC DBA C B. CBB BCBCD (C.2.46): DE F, C DB ABB B, DB D EB DBD, D BC C BC BC, BDB C ABCACC BEADC CBD BABDBD CBB; BBFC CC. BCCB B f 4 f 3 f 2 f 1 f 1 < f 2 < f 3 < f

134 2. AB ACDEEFC (C.2.47) C BCEC DDC, CBF A BEC B: EB DBC C EB DBD, D E C CACC C EB BEC B DBA C. CCFC 2.47 C EB C B (DBD C) EBBB C BEBCB CCD B CC BC BDC CBB, CFC BD: D BD ADBB (BBFC, BDC, CAC); CDCBDC B; ABBDC C C CD FCA CBFD CCA CBB BB FC CB: ( CC A); ( CC A); CDDAC ( CC 3 30 ); FACDDAC ( 10 CC EB 30 ). B B BEBB C AB BDDB D C B : CDEADB (DBD < 300 A); CADEADB ( A); CEADB (3 30 ); EADB ( ); EADB ( ); AEADB (3 30 ); EEADB FEEADB (> 30 ) FCA F CD BBC CBB CBB D CC C BED BD C BDC, ABDB ADAB DCD C. E : D BD (ADA): EB ( 300 A). DAADC: B CD BBEBD D (CAC A... D). 134

135 2. AB ACDEEFC BD BC CD DBCBB CBFC C C EBC DBC, C B BB, A BCAD B EB BAC DBD. : D BD (ADA): ( A). D DB CA E D () C-: CC BDBDC CBB; CBDC "BDD" C "BB", CC B DBA (C.2.48). BD CBFC C C BD C CCC. B λ = 600 B C EDC "SOS". : D BD (ADA): (3 30 ). C CACC FDB C- ABB BDC BD CC C BDCC BD C (C.2.49). «B» «BDD» B DBA C BD BBB D BC B CBCCBB B DB (ADC CC C.2.49). D DB CC B C BC C C- B- C B CBB C CBDC (C.2.48 C C.2.49). BC B CD B AC, C B AC BBBBD CBB, "FC" (C) C- CC CDBB B C. CD C BCC BD (CD) CC CBC C ECDAB C. BC BC- BDC- BC

136 AB ACDEEFC : D BD (ADA): 10 1 ( ). ADCAC BDDDD C CACC. D DB C C BD B AED, AB B BDD B CC, B. B ABB 4 CD FDB AD C DBD BBBBD DB C CBB, DD B B BAD B E, B B- DBC. C BCC BFBD DCAB B ABAC ACBDD BB BFDD CB DBC B ABAC D ACBDB. : D BD (ADA): 1 0,1 ( ). BB CDB B BBD B B BD, BDB BB ABCACC BEADC. C B CDB D C- BBFC A B, D, BA ACBB C C B. : D BD (ADA): 0,1 0,01 (3 30 ). BDD ADCAC DBAB B CCBDC. BD C BDB D: EBCAC, B C. B ABB 1,5 CD BD D EDCFDD DD ADBCDBB B. : D BD (ADA): 0,01 0,001 ( ) CCDB B C 0,001 (EB 300 ) B ECCDB. EC B C- BBFC D C B BDD B /A. DBF CB B, CB EBBB C, BDCD B: C: 100 0,75 A (3 400 ); BE, C C: 0,75 0,4 A ( ). BBFC D C B CBA C CC B BD BDCD BD /A, DB BD C ADCA CCBD BDADB BDD C CBBC BBEB AD CD: BBB C DBB. B CBD DCCC, CBFCC, DB C C CCC BB, C BCC BEADC BB. B EBDD: CB CCC, CBBACB CD, CD C ABCACC BEADC.

137 2. AB ACDEEFC C BDBCC ABD D CBD BABDBD CBB, C CDBBB CB DBD: DCDB C CCDB AAC AC B CBC BDBD: DA - C -CBB; DC D ABDB DEDE. AFF () C BE C B CBA C AD C CBDC () (C.2.50). BEB BDD FC BBBDC: EB ABBDC C; DBA BD; CBA DCDBDC, BDFF C BBBB C BDDDC CBDCBB. BDFC C BBBB C BDDDC CBDCBB CBB DCD DB DCDBDC, ABDB D BBBB C BBB C, C ABDBB CBB AD C. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2.50 BBBB C BBB C, C ABDBB AD C. BDADCB C BEB BD C BBB DBD. CBBC B CBC: CDB BA DBCBD C, BABA, BD CD BC B C DBB, D BC CBA CDB C B D DB A; BBBD EBD BB CBA ABAC EBDB; BBBD BCCC BECB C. CC CB EBBB B CBC BD CD EBB DBC, BC C BDBB C, BECF DBAB C, B C C DCB, A DCC, DA B DD C C DABCACB DC. B DCDC EB CBAB BDC BD EBB BA CCD DC, C A B CBC. DCCDC BBEBDC DAC D (B C «DCCBB» B CB) D: CB CB DBD 1 C EB ; 137

138 2. AB ACDEEFC CDB EBB DCDBC BD (B ABAC BD DB); C DB ABCBC AF C CB CCC C () DD BEB BA CB-FC DC, D ABDB BDDBD BD DBCC B CCBDC. CBD EB EEACB, AB A DC, BF, CCD, CCD C CD C CC B DCC (C.2.51). B, DB, DBC r BFCC B CCBDC DC AB BBDC C (C E CC B BBD) BD C BC (. C.2.51): r2 = R + h1 ) R + ( R + h2 ) R = 2Rh1 + h1 + 2 r = r ( Rh + h, h 1, h 2 BD DBAC BBDDDB F C CB D BC DC; R C BB r 1 r 2 h 1 h 2 R CD, DB h1 h2 0 B C 2Rh1 C 2Rh 2, BC: r 2Rh1 + 2Rh2 = 2R( h1 + h2 ). CC, DB R 6400A = , BC: r ( h1 + h2 ) [ E] = 3,6 1000( h1 + h2 ) [ E] = 3,6( h1 + h2 ) [ CE]. AC BEB, EBDB AB B BBDC DBC ( ACBD), BECF CCBD DC, BD ED CDB B B: r 3,6( h 1 + h2 ) [A], h 1, h 2 BD DBAC BBDDDB F C CB D BC DC ( D). C h 1 = h 2 = 100 BC: r 72 A. 138

139 2. AB ACDEEFC C CB B CD BDB D EBC ABCCDB CC ( B BFBDC), DB BBD CD DCAC EBB BFBDC ( EB D). EBD D DBD BEDC BD 1 B 30. BDBCD DC CBB: 1) BA BA BBEBD; 2) BA BBDBCBD C BD. CC BAB BBEBDC AB DCC BEB DCD ABAB ABADB CB-F D, BA A BB BEF D C CBFC FC (EBC) DBD. BA DC BC ABADB BBDCB BABDBDB CB-F D, DBB AB DCC (E BDBB C BDBB), BED DA A () CC EAF. () C BABABBD BDBAB CB, ABDB ADCD CBAC ADB DBD C DED CBAC BB BAC CB-F D. EBDD DBD EB 10 C CCDBB CB B DBDB BD 30 B 300. CBD BBA CB D C C ADCD BAB ABBD C C C DF F C BEF, B C BCD EE AE () CDEC A (), DFC BEB C CFAB FAC E (), CFC ACC AAD. CCBB-DCA BBABD C CBB ECBC, (DCAC-DDB) C DBDCCBB CD C BED C (DDD). DCAC BD BECD A DBAC D C, BA BBEBD A BDB DBDBB CC BB BDC. AB EB ADC D BBE BCCC, C ABDBB AB BBD C BDD BB BAC. C DB BB DBD f 1 BCD A BD DC A CCF DCABB DCC, B DBD f2 f1 CBABFD A A DC BD DCA, ABDB DCD AD, CB DA BB BAC. DC AD CCD C C DCC, BFCC C DC D DCA. CC, BFC BBA AD, DC 139

140 AB ACDEEFC CCD D AD, ABDB BDB, C CBCD BD. C.2.52 BA CC CCC DCABB C. DC 1 D AD ABCAB DCC 1 DBD f 1, ABDB DCD B DBD f2 f1. DCC ( 1, 2, 3 ), BFC B CCBDC 1, A DC BDCD 1, BD AD, DB D BD 1 A DC CD B «DBA-BBDBA». DC, ABDBB A B AD AA C, BCD DBD AD E. D CBCD DBD AD. C DCC 4, BF 1 B CCBDC 1, BD f CBBD F BC f 2 f1 1 DCA 2, ABDB DBD f3 f2 DCD AD, BDCC BD 1. C CC EBD CD BB BEFB 2 C CBCDC B EBB FACDBE C EE DAEE BDBCD B BE DA CB. C BCC BDCBBB DCA BD BABB A BEF BDC C (A DCA C BEDB) BDD BD 240 B 270 CCBDC BD DBB, BCD C DCA CD CC ECC BCBD, DB DCACBC, ABDCC C A BEEBDAC C BEF A BD BDD B 400. B BAB ABBDC C ADB DC BD D D EBB CB ADB, C ADB BDCD. BDB DCAB CD C DB BDFC DBABC ADB BBF ABDB F, ABDB CBD CBCD. FACDBD AE C BDC CBDC CD BBF ACDC, BABA DCC CCD AD BD ( DB C C DC-CDBCA 1 C.2.52). C DC-CDBCA CCD B AD DB C, AAB B E ABCAB DCC, DB DB BAB D BDBDC CDDD B DB, DB AD CB CD DC C. DB, C C AD DC- 4 f3 f

141 2. AB ACDEEFC CDBCAB BAD, DB DBABC ADB A ABADCBB BD BCBB. BB, BCEA BD BCAD B DCC C. DB B BD BCD BDB AD. DCAC-DDB BD ED CC C ADCC (C.2.53). B DCAC-DDB D, ABDB BDCC BD, DFC BEB BDB BDD CBC, BEBB DB E, DDAC, F A C. ADC DCAC BD ED DCC C DCC (C.2.53). DCA, C C BD BB B DCC, BCD B DBD, CCD C D B B DCC. DCA BCBCD BC CDBB C C BB BCD B. B DB CC BCEBA BCBCD : DCA C CCF B DCC. BDDBA DBB DB BBD C, BDB, EB BA DBCBD, DA C A C. C C DBD DCA C BD CBBD ABACC CDC C, CFCC BC ABA. B BDBCD : BA BA BBEBD; C DCAC-DDB ADC DC DC 2.53 BBBD ADC EBC DBC: BBBD BEC DBBD BB; CCBD DBCBDC C AD DCAB AB BD C BDBDC ACCEC DCE C D CD FC EA DADBC CC DCA C. BD ED ACCCB CCBDC BD DC BECD (C.2.54). B CBD BDC BECD (CDB DAC D A), A ABDB BDBD: DAD BECD; BDCDAC BECD; CBD CAC AB BECD, CFC CDB EBB CD (BD ABAC BD B 141

142 2. AB ACDEEFC ABAC D A), AB B ABDB B BDBCDB ADB. E BABBECD CABBECD BDCB BABCDCAC CF FC ABAEAC EA CC BECD BDCBBB DCA DB CFDB (ADCCDD C = 0) CBAD (ABC B BABD BECD C BABD ADB = 0) D BECD CBB BEFC 24, CC BDBB CC (C.2.55). BDCB DCA BAD "CC", BC BDBCDB B BBDC. BD ADBB BD A CB BBDB BDCABB DBAC. ) N = E) N S

143 2. AB ACDEEFC BDCB BECD: 1) BFDD B, ABDBB, E BB BBB B C E BEBCBDC BDCC DC BBC DCA; 2) BEC C D C DCAB D DEC DC CBDC DBC BD B ; 3) BDDDD CC, B A, C DBD C B DCA C, B CC (AD B); 4) B CCBDC BDCBBB DCA BABB DDC B BBDC, DB BEBCD DBDCA BDDBBD D BC BEB CD C (. C.2.55,). B A CFD BDCB BECD CBD B CBAB. BDCB DCAC C DC CBBD C CBCC ABAB D, BCAC DC ABDC ADB. BAC DCAC C C EBDD BDCB BECD CBD DCAB CD C:, - (BC), INTELSAT; EUTELSAT C C. BDCB BECD: 1) BAC CBD (EB 75 B) BDCB DCA ADCAC C (. C.2.55,E); 2) D C D DCA BBCDB D C B BBD DBAC C BD BBD. DB CBCD A BEBCBDC CBBD C DC BECD BEC DCABB BBDDDFC BB BB EACDCE FC AC EA CBBE BECD (ADCCDD C 0) ABC (B BABD BECD C BABD B ADB BDC BD 0) CBB ) BEFC 12. BB BABDC BECD ECAB A BB C ABB C (C.2.56). CEB DBA BECD; E C N DBA BECD. BABCDCA BECD C CBD 1965 B N CDC C C FC E) 0 D C ADCC DCAB C DC "BC". ECC DCDBCC BCC BBB S

144 AB ACDEEFC DC CB 8 B, BDB D-D, FC, BDDBB BCCC ABDBB CBC. BB BABCDCAB BECD BCC C DCDBC, BFC BAC CBD CEFCAB BEC BDECD EBC DCAB CBD ABCC BDBC CABBECD : 1) CBBC CABBECD DCAB C; 2) DBBC BD DCAB DCB (VSAT- DBBC). DD BEB BBDCAB (BD DA B ABAC BD DCAB) CABBECD ABCAC DB, F AB BECD BDB BD 600 B 2000 A C ABC BD 30 B 85 B. C DB EB DBAC BECB BEDC B BBDC B CBCCBDC ED BCD BD E BC ABCAC D. DADAB CD CABBECD DCAB C: 1) CDB EBC DBC BD B DCAB- DDBB CBCD A: CDB DCAB C B C CDC C BABBECD DCAC C; BBBDC CC DC B BFBD DCA; BFC ABDACC DDB; CC BECD BAD ABCABB D; 2) DBCBD CD C CB BBA C, BDCB. C CD CABBECD DCAB C: IRIDIUM, GLOBALSTAR,TELEDESIC. A (VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal) AD EBDA C CBBCC DC B C C D (CDB 0,9 2,4 ) C CCD BAB DBD EBB BFBDC (1 5 D), BFCC BDB EBD. DB BBD FDB CD ECD C DBCBD DAC DC C D C BDC AC C C C C ABC. BD BB BC DC DCABB C BBC, CBC, DBBC C D.. DCC AD DA, D.. CD BEBC DCB AB C C B DADB C CB. E DCB AB C D BCD DB, D, C, ACCB

145 2. AB ACDEEFC C C. DB BEBCB B BDBDBD EBDA D DCABB C C BCDCBC C BCC DBC D BBBDC C BBEBDC DCAB AB C F A -A : EDBB DC D C BDEAB. F BDBC C ACBCBC D -: 1) D BEBCBDC DD AEC, AB D DAC BBBD, C, B BC; 2) EBB C DC: 5 10 BBB BFC, DB BECD ABCCBD; 3) C BFBD BA, BDC -CC BC, BDCC BD, CB B BBB; 4) DBCBD A CBB; 5) DED CCBC DBD. A : 1) BD EBD CB-DCA (): DC BFC: ; CC CC DC C ABCBB: B 500 ; 2) EBC C B: (DBD ); 3) ABBD C : B 10 ECD/; 4) ABDDB () BDB (C.2.57) BECD BB EBD 255 DCC. D -: 1) DED B BCDCC ; 2) D DCAC D BEC BBD; 3) DBC; 4) CCBD BD BB BC (B, D, ) BB DC - BCC CBABB BDC C BC B ADCAC BBD D EBBC DC, CBFCC CBCB DBDB AB AABC ABF CCBDC BD C DABCACB DC D : BB DC; CB DC. B DABCACB D D BB ADB:

146 2. AB ACDEEFC CDC BBBD C DC DCB (BBBBB DCA), FC DEBC A AD C; BAC ABBDC C D CBBC CBABBB AB C (BDBC CBABBB D C ). CCBDC BD C DAD B DABCACB D D ABAB B CCC (C.2.58): (C), DFC BEB BC, BC C ABBDC DC BB LAN CC WAN; (), BECFC BDBAC BD ABAC EBDAC D C BDBA, CD D; (), DF BEB BABABBD CBABBB D BB C DBD D (BBABB-BDCAC, DCAB C D..). C C C C C C C C BD ED BDB BB: CDEEFAFE CDB DCCB BB DB DC () C CB DC ISDN; B CDB BD BB AB BBB BAC 3,1 A B CB AB SDH BAB BBEBD DAC ECD/; CDEEFA CADB DBBCC 25, Frame Relay, ATM, DA TCP/IP (Internet). DBD BEB BB CB AB BAC BBEBDC B DAB ECD/. DC BD C CD DC BED DBD (BB) CD, C ABDBB ED C BDA. BD CD BB AB BB ECD 2 A: DB (CDB) C DDB (CDB)

147 2. AB ACDEEFC BB DBD CD CD BBB BB FDFC DB AB CB DBD CD BD ED CB BB FC DBBC: CBB (PDH); CB (SDH); CB () AA AF A F B D BECD DB DCC B AC, BBAC, BBC C D.. D DBDCA DB DC, BBB AC ABDBB D ABDC BDBA (DB). BEF, BB DCD AA BDD ABDDB. B BCC BC D BD CADEC A B B DC DEEE FBE (C.2.59). C ADBCAC B C AB-B ABBCD ACADB CB CA D DCC DC. 1. AF-A D, ABDB AD ABDCBBB D CBD AB- B CAD ADBC- AB DBDB, DF BEB EB C 10 ABDADB, ABDB AD EAB CCBDC BD BBB C ADCAC CB, BC ADCA (C.2.60). C B BBB C EBA AD ABDAD 1, ABDAD 2,, DC CB ABDAD 0. CC BC 2.59 ADBCAC ABDADB BEBCD BC CD B, DB FDB BBD CB C BBD BDC AB- CE CB ABBDC C

148 AB ACDEEFC 2. EFA D, ABDB AD ABDCB DBD CBD BBAD ABBCD BCCDC (), DFC BEB CEB BB DC, CFC B C AB-BC CADC EB BDB DBDB, DB BBD CD ADCBB BECC ABDCBBB BEBBC C BECD EB BAB ADB ABDCC BBBB DAD. CA DA D DCC DC. 1. AE D, ABDB ABDCBB DBDB CBB BB ABB, C ABDCB DBDB DC CABBBB DCAC. (BAFC BD «DC DAD») DD BEB BCD ABDADB, DC DA ABE (C.2.61,), ABDB D ADBCDB ADAB BED ABBB. C BBCC DBA ADBCD ADA ABDAD AD, BC ADCA C (C.2.61,E). 2. E (E) D, ABDB ABDC C C BBD CB. BB C BCBD EBDAB ABAD C D DC C CBB C, DB DCD BDDDC DC C D CC B. DB BECD AD ACB BBB ABBD. BFB DAD ADBB BB DCD C D BB EBAB (C.2.62). 1. EBA EBDAC CC (), CFC ACC BECC EBDB, AD ABDB BD DD: BE BB DB, FC A C CB B BB ; ABD, CAD C BD ABDB BED BBF BB, B BB ; CBB BEBBC (ABD, CD C D..), CAD C BD ABDB D A B CB. BB C, BDFC BD EBDB CBBC BED CB C. B AC DBCC CDB CD (.). CC CC AC BC C D BBBBBCA DBB D DBB AC. A B CCD B 0,1-0,2. ) E) U 2.61

149 2. AB ACDEEFC (0,1-0,2.) (0,8.) B A (BD) A EBA BCCD CC (), BECFC CC. C C B CBB C B D CBB C. C B D BBB, DB CB C BED BB C. C D BEBCBB ABCD A B CCD B 0,8. 3. ABDCBB B BD ED CBB CEB C ABDBBB ADBBB ABDDB, CEB C «BB BCFB DBD» (). B, D CBB C CD, D D BBDDDF A EBD-BD CC A B. 4. CBB F DBDB B C BEBBC (,, ), BDBAC DCC C B. B CB DBD BBDDDCC CCB ABDCC ADB C CD BB BDBAB IP. AC BEB, B DD BEB ADCAC EBB CCCB ABD, CFC ACC ABDDB, ABDB BD BCD BD CBB DC C. C DB BD D DBAB (DB), B C ABD, DA CB C CB. CCBDC BD C FDBC DB A BD ED DCB: CDEEFAFE CC BE, B DBAB C ; 149

150 AB ACDEEFC B CC DAD, B CD BDBA C C FDFC CCB BD DBB, D CC D. ABDC DB AB BAC EBDB A CC DC BD BD D EB B BC C BBEB: () BBE, C ABDBB EB C B CBC A BCBC CB DBDB 10 : CDBD C 50 C CDBD 50, C ABCDB CB B C C (C «0» BBDDDD 10 CB); () BBE, C ABDBB EB EBDB B CBCD A BCBC CB DBDB 10, C AB C BBDDDD C BB DBD; BC BDC BC ABB C ( AB C) CBD 2 DBD C C C DBD, C ABDB BBE B BEB (C.2.63). CC DBD C DBD A B C * 0 # D 2.63 B CBAB BDC DB D C, BC BD BB CC AD D BD A CB D C B DD. C DB ABD BD BD: B BB ; B CB. CB B BB CD DBD BBBB A CC BB, C AC ABBD C 56 AECD/ BDCD DBAB DB, C DC C CB. CB BD BECD BB EBC ABBDC C C DBCBD, C C BB DB DBD.

151 2. AB ACDEEFC EFABE CB BBC BDBD: ABD DCACBC ABAC BB AB B CC BB BDC; BDBD ABCBC; B BBBDC EBDAB CCCC. DAACE CBB C D: CAC C BEBCC CB CBB C; EB DAC DEBC A BB BAC; BE B C- CC A AC C FCCD FCCC C DB C B DB A CBBC BB D C () CC V. B B BECD FCD BD BCEBA, BCAFC A C C D C, D ABDB C ABACC BCEBA. EEBC (error correction) BDC BBB C BD B C CC BCAFC B C BCEBA. ABDB C ABACC BCEBA C CBD, DBDC, BDBAB DBB BE MNP (Microcom Network Protool), ABDB D D AA CDC DDC V.42. B C CBD BCD DC, DB BD ABBD BE C D C. DA FA (data compression) ABCBC CBCC C BE. C B DBB A CBD D BADEACD FCDBC-CDBC. DD TAPI (Telephony Application Programming Interface) BCD CBDC DBB CC C BBD CDCBD CBC BEFC A DBB C: BD BDBB EB B B EBACBAC BAB, CC BB C ABC. C.2.64 C BB ACC BB C, BCB ABC CC V F B DD CC V B B DB CC BD (C.2.65): 1) C; 2) DC A C; 3) C BCC; 4) ABBD C. 151

152 2. AB ACDEEFC ( V) BC C BC FCD BD BCEBA DC BA DBCC: DBBDDCA, BBB BD, A-E, 2.64 B DD C C C BCC ABBD A BA AB ABDC DBD B CD CDB-B 300 (V.21), 1 200, 2 400, 4 800, 7 200, 9 600, , ,..., , , C D.. B 56 AECD/ ACCEC C.2.66 D ACCAC BB B: ACBB C; ABDADCB CBC; BBE C ; BBE CCC BDBABB. 1. B B D : ) DB; E) D; ) BDB (CBB); ) A-B; ) C, C B AE CC C, DBDC B DC AEBB DCC B ABBD B 10 ECD/ 2. B B BD ED: C, BA AE A RS-232 BBB ABD; DC C D, DCB DC ABD. 152

153 2. AB ACDEEFC E B ACBB C B BDB (CBB) E A-B B ABDADCB CBC B BBE C B BBE CCC BDBABB CB CB C DC B D B (CC EBD CCC) BC D : ) D, CBFC CB BBE C, C ABDBB A ECD BD CACB CD C CBBC CBCCC CBB C FB DBD; CBCC BECD D C F CBCC C CBBC BEBC DBD DADB DBB; CB C BBEB CD C BCCC C B DC "DBA-DBA" A C; E) D, CBFC CB BBE C, C ABDBB A CB ( BB CC EBB EBA) BD BDB C C BD ED BCB BDAC C; BC BDFC A D BCD DDB C DBB ECD; DBD BBE CD DA AA DD-DBB ; B EBDD CBB C C CBBCC ABDC AB C; 4. B ABACC BCEBA C DC B ED: DB CC; BB CC F EAF A (ISDN- EC) B ABD B EBDAC CC DB D BBD C BC ( DC C CD DBAB CB C A C BABB AD) BDC B ABBDC 56 AECD/, DB B BDDBB 153

154 AB ACDEEFC C DCC, DBDC CB, B AB-CE C ADB. BEC EB BAC ABBD C B E EBD DBBC, BC C ISDN. E EA A D (Integrated Services Digital Networks ISDN) CB D, BDB E DBB DC C, ABDBB BD D BBEFC CB, DA BCB CBCBEC C. E DB BCDCB BB C BBD B BECD C B ABBD 56 AECD/. ISDN EBD CB DBB, DBE BEBDC BCC B ABBDC C, B BCD BDCBD FDFCC DBC DC. D ISDN BDC " C" DBC DC: BB BBCD BEBB DB B ISDN C BEDB CC C "BBB ", B ABBD 64 AECD/ C BB DBAB DCC ISDN. FD BBEBD ISDN DB AA, D.. BBBD D C BBB. BABA CD ISDN BD E A, C C BD ED C E BCC. ISDN B C BEB BB BECD: EB BA ABBD C ; EB BA BD; CCCB CB ADB CBDC EBDC. D ISDN: 1) DC BE FADB D D CBBC BB A CCCC C C B CB C C CBDC (DC CCC, EB B, BDD, CC C D..) CBB C; 2) FBDA DDB BBBD BFDD B BC C D CC AA DB BB, DA C ; 3) D F BBBD BCCC DDAD, DA CC DA BBDDDFC DBDB EB DBA BB. ISDN BBB BDD C C C: DB; B; B B A C. ISDN BBEB CD D, AB BEBCB DC (B BDBB) D D DE AD BDCD CDDA C DA. CC ISDN BFDD BBDDDCC ABCC ITU-T CC I.

155 2. AB ACDEEFC C ISDN BA C.2.67, : 1 DCB BEBBC ISDN; 2 BDCB ISDN DCB BEBBC; DC D; NT1 DB BABC B 1 (B CDC A EBDAB DBA, BEC CCC C ABDB EBC ADCDCA, CBCC, DCACBC 1- (CCAB) B, C ABCADB BD); DD BEB BEB D ABBEA; NT2 DB BABC B 2 (ACC 2-B C 3-B B: DCACBC, ABDC C ABDC, DA ACC C ABDB ACC 1-B B); AD ACBBB EBA NT2 BD DD, BA D CC DC D; (ACC NT1 C NT2 BD BECD CB CCAB BEBBCC, BEBB BDB NT); LT CB BABC; DCBB BABC. R, S, T, U, V CD ISDN, DBDC R-CD D BDCB ISDN BEBBC T2. 2 R 1 CB 2- BB ISDN 192 AECD/ 2 R 1 S NT T BDCC BD DCCB DB D F CBC D B C A, A C. ISDN CD DC A: AA B C BB C BAB BBEBD 64 AECD/; AA D E (C) A C F CBCC. C A DC D BECD 2 CC 30 B-AB C BECD BBBD EDB CC C EB BB, DA CBCC B BDFC B, DB C B B BEFFB A DC EBD. DD BD 3 ISDN (DC ISDN): 1) EB BRI; NT U LT V E

156 2. AB ACDEEFC 2) C PRI; 3) CBABBB B-ISDN. E BRI (Basic Rate Interface) DD (EB) CD, BEB AA (2B+D). DB BD, DB C CBD 2 A B B ABBD C 64 AECD/ B AB A C 1 E (C) A D B ABBD C 16 AECD/. AC BEB, BA BBEBD CD BRI : 2*64 AECD/+1*16 AECD/ = 144 AECD/. BRI BAC DBB D (DBB, AB, DBBDDCAB C D..) C ABDB A ISDN. E PRI (Primary Rate Interface) BECD ABAB BRI C BCD B. CCBDC BD ABAD D DDB B AD E 23 B-A ( C BC) CC 30 B-AB (B), BC CD ABBDC C 1,544 ECD/ C 2,048 ECD/ BBDDDB. B-ISDN (Broadband ISDN) BECD BAC ABBDC C (155 ECD/ C 622 ECD/), DB BBD CBD CB E xdsl xdsl (Digital Subscriber Line) C CB D ADE CE C, BECFC BB EB BAC ABBDC C B BE BB, DCCB B C ISDN. BAC ABBDC BDCD D CBBC DCAC C, DBDC ADC C ABB C DC DBB ABACC CAC CCC. xdsl BECD C DBBCC (C.2.68), ABDB EECD xdsl BBDDDD C CB. DC DBBCC CD BBB B CBB BBE BCC C ABBDC C. BBCC xdsl SDSL (Single-line DSL) RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL) HDSL (High-data-rate DSL) =2,048 ECD/ ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL) 1 = B 3,5 ECD/ 2 =B 24 ECD/ VDSL (Very-high-data-rate DSL) = B 52 ECD/ 2.68 HDSL (High-data-rate DSL) BABABBD CB EBDA CC, BECF CDC A 156

157 2. AB ACDEEFC B DB B ABBDC B 2,048 ECD/ AB CC DBC B 4,5 A. SDSL (Symmetrical DSL) BB C HDSL, BECF CDC A CBBB BDBA B ABBD 2048 AECD/ B BB DBBB AE. ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL) CDC CB EBDA CC, BBF B BB DBBB AE D BD BBD D ABBD BD 16 AECD/ B 3,5 ECD/ C BEDB CC C DC A BBD B ABBDC B 24 ECD/ ACB DBC B 5,5 A. RADSL (Rate-Adaptive ADSL) ADSL DCB ABBD, CDF ADCDCAC ABADB CCC (C, BBDBC C- C D..), D B BDCD AC BA BBEBD BC. VDSL (Very-high-data-rate DSL) BABABBD CB EBDA CC, CF B C ADSL CDB EB BAC ABBDC C : B 56 ECD/ CC BD DC A BBD C B 11 ECD/ BD BBD A DC C EBD CDCB C C C EBD CDCB C CB 26 ECD/ AB CC C ACB DBCC B 1,3 A. CEB BDB DBBC D ADSL, BB CC BCCC ABDBB DCD C. CC ABBDC C ADSL BEBB BDC BBD EB BB BAC EBDAB CCC, C DCCBB DBB C: 1 DB DB BDCD D CAC DC C CDB, BCCFC BB DBBB A CD BD 300 B BB 1 BCD 3 DBD CB C D BDBAB (C.2.69): DB (BBB) CB DBD BD 300 B 4 A; ABD BD BBD D CB DBD BD 4 A B 200 A; BD DC A BBD CB DBD BD 200 A B 1. A 4 A 200 A 1 f

158 2. AB ACDEEFC AC BEB, C CB BCD DBD AB: BABABBDB (B 24 ECD/) CBFC A C C DC ABD BBD; CABABBDB (BD 16 AECD/ B 3,5 ECD/) BBFC A C C ABD D. DC A C DB BBB. CDCBD AB C ABD BEB D, DB DCCBB BE BD BBD D BB BE, BEDB CC. DDC, DB C BEBCBDC BB CD C DBD CBB C ABBD C CBF C BBF A. C.2.70 D BCCC ADSL N 1 N DSLAM DD 2.70 EBBC BBD (DB C ABD ) BAD A DBA BD A 1, F B BB DBD C BBB CB BD BBBB DB C BD ABD. BD BAD A CD DSL-B (), BFDFB BC, DB D BEBC C C CBBB C BB. B AB A CD 2, BDF BDBAC ABD BD BBB CB, BA AD CDEEFAAD (), BECFC BD DB D BEFB BBC (), C EFACD DAF C DBD DACD (DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer), ABDB BED C C BBBB C CBB C (BC) C D B A DCDB, BECF BD DD. BCDB N DSL-BB 1,, N, BFC BD DSLAM, BD ABCDB BBD, ABDB BD ED BA A DSLAM. BAC ABBDC C C CDB BA DBCBD EBDAB D BBD D DBBCC xdsl CEB ADCC BCCC BD DD, BBD DFCC DCCB B C ISDN. 158

159 2. AB ACDEEFC AC AC C BEC DB BDBCD A D EBBB C C BD ED DCB: BC DAD; BEC DADB AD. BECD BC BECBD BBB CC ABAC B BB BFC C BDBD C EBB DCC C BB CC ABAC B DEBA. CDB ED, ADCAC BC, BECBD BECD, ABDB DBF BBD D, AB BB, CB C CB FCCD FCCC C BB CC BDBB C AD CC B BD DBB AC, BDC. D AB BD BCD EB DC (), BCF BECC EBDC (BDBC DBC), BFCC B BD. B DCC BEB BD A C C C A. CB (BB C E DBAC) BBDC B BADC BB DD BEB A (C.2.71,), CD ABDBBB D A. BD DCB AD C D BED D (C.2.71,E), ABDB BDBD BEB CBED C BD DCB BD (C.2.71,). ) E) ) BD EBDD BC DBD, AFC BCC (C.2.72). BD BBB C BEC B 7 BD. C EA (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) BBDDDD BB CB DBD, CBB BB BD. BD BCABC CBC DBD BDC, EBDFCC C DBD. EBC BD BE- CD CFD B C DCCBB B EBBB, CB: EBB ABCDB BBD, ABDB BBB BD EBDD DC DBD CB ( F B G E D C F G E B D C F G E D C 2.71 F B G E D C B

160 2. AB ACDEEFC BD); EB BFBD CB-FB BEBBC, BEB EBC B BD (B BFBD DB DEBA BDD D BC DD); DBCBD DBD BDBB C AA BBF DBD. C AAB-DB BD ABCDB BBD BAD CAB EBC, DB B BD ED ECD BD B, CABBDC, AA DB BAB C B DC, BEF, BCD CBDCA (), BCFC BECC DBC, C ABD, CFC BDBAB EBBB BECB C (C.2.74). B DC () EBC D EB DCC BC ABDDBB MSC (Mobile Switching Center BEC ABDCB D) C CD B DB D BEFB BBC (), BECFC BEC DBB B DCBC (C.2.75). EBC D ABDDB 1-B B (MSC) BCD ABDDBB 2-B B (C.2.76) C D.., C DB MSC CD B, CEB ABDDB EB BABB B (.C.2.76). DAC BEB EB DCC C ABDDB BED A 160 MSC 2.75 DADBD B, CCDDCB BCFC BB BDB, BDF C BECB C. B DCC BDB ABDCB BEBBC CD ACC B BC DAFB DBBBC BC BBD C BECD BD C C FCC BBD C B DC BB B DC B. C ACC BDB DB CFD C EBB DCC C BD DCC B CA CDCCACB AB. B C BCD BDB CBABDAD, CBCAC BEC EC C. C B DB C B DC (CC

161 2. AB ACDEEFC BECC CBC) DCD B. DBB EB DC, CACF BEC C, BCD BAFC CD DC, ABDB CCD CEB BF C BD BECBB DB. D D C DBB EBB DCC DB BD, ABDB DC BEC DB. B DBB, DB BD CBC B B B BD C D ACD B DBD, ABDB CBD DB BD. DBD B D C CD BC A. MSC BDB DC BDBB BCD B, DA B DCBB, DB BBD EBD BDBB D B, DA D BAC BEC DBB DCB C, BEBBD, B DCB BEC DB. B BBBDC BC, EBD, B B BADC B DC, BD BD C CCD BAC D BB BDB EAC CAB C CD 4 BABC BECB BDBB C, BEB AA 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G. DB, 2G C 3G, 3G C 4G D BDB BABC, BCC BEBC 2.5G C 3.5G BBDDDB. DC BABC BB ECD (C.2.77): BB (1G); CB ( BD, C 2G, CFC B BDC BBBDC B CB, DA ABBDC C). BDC ADAB AB C BABC EAC 1G DC BECB BDBB C BABC 1G BCC 80- BB BBB A C DC BEB BB 161

162 2. AB ACDEEFC EBB DC, BBB C, ADCAC, CDB AC ABDB E C B ABBDC, CC 9,6 AECD/. BABC BECB BDBB C BB CB CEB CDC DDC BDBB C BB BABC D AMPS C NMT. DD AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), EBD, CBD DBDB BDC, BC 832 A A, A C ABDB BDBCD C CA AB CCB B 30 A, CB DBD BD 824 B 894. C DC BB EBB DCC BD 10 B 20 A. DD NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone system), EBD D ACACC DC (C, CC, C, BC C C), CD EBD CB DBD (NMT-450), CB B 180 AB C B 25 A A. C DC EBB DCC CCBDC BD AC BDCD 5-25 A. BCCB C NMT-900, EBDF DBD 900, BBC CD DB DB, DA BECD ABAB B CB. 90- BB BBB BDBB C C CB, ABDB DBF BBD DC. BB DAADC BBB EBBB C BDDDC FCD BD ACBCBBB D BB EAC 2G DBB C BFC BABC BECB BDBB C BDBD A CB D C C, BDCC BD BB BABC, BDD BBD, AB C C, BDB BBCD CB (CB). DDC BDBB C DBBB BABC D D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA, BB ABDB CD DB DCACBC TDMA. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) EDAB DAF E D BE DB DCACBC EBBB C, C ABDBB ABAB BBD C CBD CD (BD) BB DBDB 162 1G BB 2G BB 3G AD 4G DCC 2.77

163 2. AB ACDEEFC CB, C DB AB BBD BDD B BD A B BB DBD DC ABBDABB CB C. DD D-AMPS (Digital-AMPS) E EBD DA, DBE BEC DB BB C DBBB BABC BC EBDD BBB BB C DB BD. BDDB BD BD C CCAC CD DC A (CBB, BB). CEB BDC C C DDB BCC GSM (CC NMT) C CDMA. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) BE CD BECB C, CBF DBDB BDC. ( C B C BEDB CC) DBD AB ECD BBF BB BDC (TDMA) AB CD, CB ABACC EBDC. GSM CD BB BAC 200 A, DB CDB C AB AMPS BBB BAC 30 A. DB BEBCD EB BAC ABBDC C. GSM, AA C D-AMPS, CBD DBDB C B BDC C AD A C C AB CD BBDDDB. GSM BECD BA FC : (CB C CB BE C, DB C AD GPRS); B CBCC; ABBDAC BBEFC (SMS); ACC BBEFC. BC FB B; C BB B B; BCC C C B; AB (BB BBB D C EB BBDC); BBB BD C BC C. BB DADABE DD GSM D BDDC: C B C BBC DDC C DB DB C EB C EBD E BAC AADB; BB ADB C; BBBD EBBB C BB BCC; CAC B CDC B DBD CB; FCD BD BCC C BB CBBC D CC BCDB CBC AB. DAACE DD GSM D: CAC C C CBB BEEBDA C ; 163

164 2. AB ACDEEFC EB, NMT-450, ABCDB DCAB, CB BADC BB BFC. DD GSM B 4 CB DBD C : 850, 900, 1800, 1900, CEB BC C ABDB D 900 (DD GSM-900) C 1800 (GSM- 1800). BD BD CD CD BD 400 B 50 A. B DA GSM-1800 BD GSM-900: AC C BFBD BEC DBB DD GSM-1800 (BABB 1 D) B, GSM-900, DB CCD B EBD E BAC AADB C CD B CBCC; EB ABD DC; BBBD BDBB CBBC DB DB DDB GSM-900 C GSM-1800 BB C DB DC; B BD AB EBB DCC CDB C, AA DC, BEBCB EB CB EB DC. BD CD GSM, AB BEC BDB DBB, DD EDE AE (MS Mobile Station), BD DC BCD (C.2.78). GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) BCD EB DC (BSS) BCD ABDCC (NSS) BCD DCABB BECC (OMC) B DCC (BTS) BDB EB DC (BSC) D ABDCC (MSC) BC D DBBBC (HLR) BDB D DBBBC (VLR) D CDCCACC BEBBC (EIR) D DDCCACC (AUC) 1. (BSS Base Station Subsystem) BDBCD C BEDB EB DC C ABDBB EB DC. DB A (BTS Base Transceiver Station) BECD C/ C BECB DC C ABDBB EB DC. DAD DB A (BSC Base Station Controller) ABDBCD BCC EBB DC C BCDB ABDCC, DA D BBD BCC, ABBD C, C CBAB, EBB DDCDCAC C BB MS BD

165 2. AB ACDEEFC 2. (NSS Network Switching Subsystem) BDB C FC ABBDB. D ABDCC; BC D DBBBC; BDB D DBBBC; D CDCCACC BEBBC; D DDCCACC. A CDEEFA (MSC Mobile Switching Centre) CD FC ACC: DCD BCC DC DC GSM; BECD CD C CC DC; BD DCC C C BC; D BECC C FCC BECB DCC C BB BD ; BDBB BDCD BBC BECB DCC, CB C BB (HLR) C BDBB (VLR) DB DBBBC, DB BEBCB EDBB BC C DBC BCC BECB DC B; BECD DDCDCAC ; B C B D D DB BCBC D BD C. DE A EADDD (HLR Home Location Registry) BCD E EBDB, CC A, CBC B BD EBD C B BDBCC ABB EBD, DA (IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity), ABDB CBD DDCCACC EBD. EBD CC A BB B D. B D CD BD D ABDCC C BD D B GSM-DC, DBB BC C D ABDCC C D. DABD A EADDD (VLR Visitor Location Registry) BCD E B FFC EBD, ABDB BD BD DB B, DB C BE EBD C CD GSM, EEA. C EBD DC B, B D C BDBB D. A BBD BADCD ABCDB BB A B D C, BDB, BEEBDAC B. A AC DDFDB (EIR Equipment Identification Registry) BCD E, BEBC DBC BCBDC BECB DCC B IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) C D CAB: BEC DC BF A CBBC; CD BE CDCCAC BECB DCC; 165

166 2. AB ACDEEFC - BEC DC F A CBBC. A FAAC (AUC Authentication Centre) BFDD DDCCAC EBD B SIM-AD (Subscriber Identity Module). DBB B BD BEC DB B CB, ABDBB CD B D DDCCACC C BECB DB CBBC CBB BCD. DD CBC BFD D ABDCC, BC CD. C DD CBC BD, DDCCAC CDD B, C BBD BD BD A DC. 3. (OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre) BECD: C D; ABDB AD ACBCBC; BEEBDA C CB; BA BDBC DC C C AC. D CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) CBD BB CB CC C, BBEB BD C. BDCC BD GSM ABBD C CDMA BD BDCD 1,23 ECD/. B DBB, FD BDCC D CBBC BB AD, DB BD BEC C CDCCAC BB C C, BBDDDB, BECD FCD BD BB BCC EAC 2.5G B EBDAC CCB C DDB DDB BABC BECB BDBB C BCB BDBB BABC 2.5G, BDCF BD DBBB BABC EB ABD DC C ADB. BABC 2.5G CBB C DDB GPRS, EDGE C 1xRTT, CEB BD C ABDB D GPRS. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) DBBC ADB CBC BEFB BBC, BCDCB CC «BECBB DD». GPRS CBD EB DCC GSM C C ADB, DB D B C BDDBB BD C BBD BECD BD DD. AD D BEB BD A. BBBD CBBC ABAC AB BECD BDDBB BAC ABBDC C (B 171,2 AECD/c). D B C: «C» (downlink, DL) BD DC A EBD, C (uplink, UL) BD EBD A DC. C C DBD A BBB BD CBBD ABAB EBDB, C DB A BDD DBAB 166

167 2. AB ACDEEFC C AD, DB CBCD A BC BC ADB C, AA DC, A CC AC ADB. CC EBD GPRS BC DD: ECD AD C BDD BD (BBB C DC), BCBCD C EBA. C DBCC CC AB DBD CCD CA. AD BD CD BD IP CC X.25, C DB AD BDBABB DBDBB C CABB B BD CBBD E BDBAB DD: TCP, UDP, HTTP C. BEC DB GPRS DCD AA ACD DC, ABDBB CCD BDB CC CCAC IP EAC 3G CCC DDB BABC BDBB C BCC 2002 B. FDD DC BB DD 3G: UMTS; CDMA2000; WCDMA (Wide CDMA). BC BCDCB AD C, BBDDDB, EBD CBC ABDC DC, A DD. ABBD C BD BDCD 2,4 ECD/ DB BBD D AD A, DA CBD «CBBBA». C BEBCBDC D 3G BD ED B D D GSM CC D DBBB BABC. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System C BEC DABCACB CD) DBBC BDBB C DDB BABC, EBD BAC DCDDB DDB ABCAC (ETSI) C B. UMTS BCD ABBD C B 21 ECD/ C BBD BBD BBCD CBABC, A ABB C CB ABDD. UMTS BEB CD BB DBBC CBCD, C W-CDMA. C B BD GSM A UMTS BD CD D CDAD. B BDCC UMTS BD GSM D BBBD BFDD DAC DC ISDN, Internet, GSM CC CC DC UMTS. C BD BECBB DCC A EBB DCC C BEDB CBD CB DBD: C BBDDDB, C BE A CD CC 5 ( C CDMA2000 1,25 ). DAACE UMTS-DBBCC D BDDC: BDBCDB BAC BEC DCB CAB ABD AADB ED; 167

168 AB ACDEEFC BBD CCC B EBD C B DC BB EBB DCC B DC B E BDC BB (B) DC UMTS C GSM; EBB C BD: 1-1,5 A. ADC CD BC UMTS DC DDBB BABC 4G, BBFC EB DC D C CCD ABBD 100 ECD/ C 50 ECD/ BBDDDB. CDMA2000 DD BEB CDC DBBCC CDMA C BECD ABBD C B 153 AECD/, DB BBD BDD C BBBB C, ABBDAC BBEFC, EBD ADBB BDB, CDDB, EC, C BC CBEC. BC BDBCDC CDMA2000 D: CBA B BECC; BAB ADB C; CEABD C C C B ; BA BBFCFBD; DBCBD A C BD D C BCC; CA C BFBD CBDCAB EBDAC DBD D ( C: GSM-900 DBD BAD BDD 2 D, GSM D). WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) DBBC DCDDDDD EDABDD DAF CDDBE E AB CB DBD C WCDMA DA CBD DD BDBB DC, ABDB ED AA DBA GSM. WCDMA BCDCB BDC DCC, BD DD C CBABCC B ABBDC C : B 2 ECD/ ABBDAC DBC; 384 AECD/ EBC DBC BB BECBD. AC ABBDC BECD D CBAB BB DBD A 5, DB EB, DD CDMA2000, CBF BC CC ABAB AB BBB 1,25 ABB BCC EAC 3.5G BABC 3.5G, AA BDBB BABC, ADCD EB BACC ABBDC C B C 3- BABC. C 2006 B D UMTS BDB BDD DBBC HSDPA. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access BABABBD AD BD EBB DCC A BECB DCC) DD BABC 3.5G, DFC BEB BCCB 3G

169 2. AB ACDEEFC B ABBD C 3 ECD/ C ACB 14 ECD/ EAC 4G DDB BABC BEC ABCAC DD BEB BCBB CDC 3G. DAD DD 4G ECD IP-BDBAB, DB BBD BECD BDB C ED BD A DD. BAC ABBDC C ( ECD/) B BECD DBAB ADBB A, B C CB. CD CC ABBDC C B 2,5 ECD/. AC BAC ABBDC BED D, DB DDB BABCC CBD DBAB AD, A BBBB DCA, BDBAB IP (BEC VoIP- DBC). BCB DBB, DC 4G B BECD BE BC, ABBDC D, BECB DCC BAB DABDC. AD DD 4G ADCB BCD DBBC DCDDDD DBDD B ADD DAF B AA ED CDEADB WiMAX, BC DD IEEE WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) DABCACB DBBC, BDF BABABBDB EBBB BD A DC EBC DBC CBABB AD DBD (BD EBC DC C BDDC ABDB B BEC DBB). ABBDC EBD WiMAX-D ED BDCD 75 ECD/ C, DB BECD DBAB BD DD, B C AD CB- C CBCBCC, DA BBCD CBBD D DBBC AD «CD AB». EBD DD DBBCC WiMAX IEEE d C IEEE e, BFC: EBC CB DBD; CC BB BAC; BFBD CC; DB C C BD; BBE ABCBC C BCC C; CC BDBBB CBBC CBDBD C C BADC. IEEE d, CD AA EA WiMAX C D 2004 B, BBD BECD DBAB «DDC» EBDB, ABDB BD BCD AA B B CCBDC, DA C B B CCBDC. IEEE e, CD AA WiMAX C D 2005 B, BCDCB EBD BBDC, CFCC B ABBD B 120 A/, C BCD CCAC AC, DAC AA B, C BCC (idle mode) 169

170 AB ACDEEFC C BC, DB BBD CBBD B A DADBD B. BB EBD C BDDDCC B CCBDC. DDB, DB BEC WiMAX BD CD C BECC CACB BBD. DBD CB D Mobile WiMAX BB CD 2,3-3,8. DC WiMAX BDBD C FC BB D: EB C EBDAC DC, DA BEBBC, FB EB DCC BEB, BDFCAB CB C DDB. BCC EBB DCC EBDAB CBD CB DBD BD 1,5 B 11. C BC ABBD BE C BD BDCD 70 ECD/, C DB DED CC B CCBDC EBB DC C CCAB. BACF B BDBC A WiMAX D DBBC LTE. LTE (Long Term Evolution) DBBC BECB C, BC ADCBDC, CC CA, CC BA D CDCBC FDFCC BDBABC. ABBD C BBDDDCC B DDB BD BDCD: 173 ECD/ «C» (download) C 58 ECD/ (upload). C DC EBB DCC LTE CCD BD BFBDC C CB DBD C BDD BABB 5 A, C BAB BBB D BD BDCD 100 A. B BEB D 4-B BABC D BA BAB ABBDC C C FCC BEC DC BACC ABBDC, CD, DB ABBD C D CC ABBDC FC C C BD EBB DCC. B DBB, BEBCB BECD C BECB DC C B BAB ABBD (C, C CCC DBBEC CC B) C BB BD E C C C BDC AD B CBCC. BD, DB 4G DD C DDB, ABDB CD GSM, CDMA, UMTS C C DD F FF CB CCC DBD BB ABDCBB D, EBDF CC C A B C Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). BC DBBCC C B CB CC D: CBB (BDC CB) CB CC (); CB CB CC () ACF CF CFFC CBB CB CC (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, PDH) E EBD CB AT&T AB 60- BB C A BEB B BABABBD BCCD CC

171 2. AB ACDEEFC C CB C CBB D DCACBC C ABDCC, ABDB BC C 1 C BB CBB C DCACBD, D C ABDCBD 24- EBDB. BCBC A 1 BA C BABA EBD BBC BEC BBC DBC DC, ACC BCBC C ABCBC BB BB - BEBC BC DCAB (). AC BEB, DCAB 1, BEC 24 AB B ABBDC 64 AECD/, BEC BCBC A BAB BBEBD 1,544 ECD/, ABDB BC C «A 1».. DCAB () AECD/ 64 AECD/ DCAC- BC 1 1,544 ECD/ 1) BCBC DBDB 8000 ; 2) -BEBC DD BEB A CB A C CB CB. BB A 1 BC B CD AB DBB DC, BECFC B BA BBEBD. B BDBC CBB DBBCC C CC DBCBDC A 1 DC CBBD AD CC AB. BAC ABDB DC A A 1 CBD CB BEBBC: CSU (Channel Service Unit) DBDB BECC A; DSU (Data Service Unit) DBDB BECC. CSU CD ADCAC CD AB 1 C B, BCD ADB A, BDCD BCC C BD A 1 B CCAB BABB DBAC. DSU BED C, BD CBCC, BCD A AB 1/1, CCD C C BFDD CC AC A. DSU BAD A CSU C BEB BEBD AA BB DBDB DSU/CSU, ABDBB BAD A BD C DCDB. 171

172 AB ACDEEFC E EBD D DCACBC CB BDBAB EB BABB B, ABDB BC BEBC 2, 3 C 4 C BBC BCBD CC ABBD C B A, BEB BC BEB: A 2 BAB BBEBD 6,312 ECD/ B D DCACBC 4- AB 1; A 3 BAB BBEBD 44,736 ECD/ B D DCACBC 7-C AB 2; A 4 BAB BBEBD 274,176 ECD/ B D DCACBC 6-C AB 3. A2-A4 D C , ,312 ECD/ ,736 ECD/ 4 274,176 ECD/ B CD BDCFC BD CAABB B DD, CBFC FC BEBC AB: A 1 BAB BBEBD 2,048 ECD/, BB DD DCACBC 30 AB; A 2 BAB BBEBD 8,488 ECD/, BB DD DCACBC 4- AB 1; A 3 BAB BBEBD 34,368 ECD/, BB DD DCACBC 4- AB 2; A 1 BAB BBEBD 139,264 ECD/, BB DD DCACBC 4- AB 3. CDDA (BA BBEBDC) AB i C i BEBD C DS-n (Digital Signal): DS-0: 1 B A BAB BBEBD 64 AECD/; DS-1: A 1/1 (1,544 ECD/ / 2,048 ECD/); DS-2: A 2/2 (6,312 ECD/ / 8,488 ECD/); DS-3: A 3/3 (44,736 ECD/ / 34,368 ECD/); DS-4: A 4/4 (274,176 ECD/ / 139,264 ECD/). ADCA BBB CBD A 1/1 C 3/3. C.2.81 BA BD AB 1 (DS-1) C 2 (DS-2). 1 (C.2.84,) BECD 24 AB, AB C ABDB D 1 ED, C ECD CBCCC S. C A BDD: 24*8+1=193 ECD. D 8000 A. B ABBD C : 193 ECD*8000= =1,544 ECD/

173 2. AB ACDEEFC 2 (C.2.84,E) BECD 4 A 1, ABDB E B, BECFC DB C CBCC. BCB, A 3 BECD 7 AB 2, A 4 6 AB 3. CCAC B PDH ) A 1 BCD: S CD ; ABAC AE; BBABB-BDCAC AE. 1 1 BC DC AE E) A 2 CBD AB 3/ PDH: BBD DCACBC C DCACBC; BDDDC CD DB B ABDB C C D, DA B BAC BDABDBCBDC; BAC B B A ABBDC C : 139 ECD/ 4, DB AA BBD CBD DAC ECD/ C EB CF CF CFFC CB CB CC (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH) BB BC B C SONET Synchronous Optical NETs (DD CD 1984 B). BAC DD SDH BC CCAC G G.709. SDH C SONET BBD BDC. DAC SDH BC CB DBBCC C DCA CB AB 1/1 C 3/3 C BEC CCC ABBD B ABAC ECD/ BB. EBC B CCC: SDH: STM-n (Synchronous Transport Module); SONET: STS-n (Synchronous Transport Signal) C ADCAC CB; -n (Optical Carrier) C DB B B. BD AB STS C OC CDC. C ABBD DBBC SDH C SONET D DE.2.4. DAD DC SDH BA C BD SDH BD FC DBD: AE FADAB () C D (Service Adapter, SA); EFACD (); 173

174 2. AB ACDEEFC EFACD BBD-BBD (); CCD C D DCDB BDBA STS-n, D CC E BBB DCACBC BBDAC ; AD (); DB CD-CDCAD ABDCC BABABBD BDBAB. 2.4 SDH SONET STS OC - STS-1 OC-1 51,840 ECD/ STM-1 STS-3 OC-3 155,520 ECD/ STM-3 STS-9 OC-9 466,560 ECD/ STM-4 STS-12 OC ,080 ECD/ STM-6 STS-18 OC ,120 ECD/ STM-8 STS-24 OC-24 1,244 ECD/ STM-12 STS-36 OC-36 1,866 ECD/ STM-16 STS-48 OS-48 2,488 ECD/ STM-64 STS-192 OS-64 9,953 ECD/ STM-256 STS-768 OS ,81 ECD/ STS-1 STS-1 STS-n DA BDBABB SDH BCD 4 B (C.2.83). 1. (Photonic). BCBC DBB NRZ (BC D). 2. (Section). AC BDBA DBDC. BBCD DDCBC ACC C BCD BCC CCDDCBB ABDB. 3. (Line). DD. BDBAB DBB B BD BCC DCACBC C DCACBC, DA DAC C C BBDAC. 4. (Path). DD BDA ABC BBDC. AD BDB CDB BCC BBDC. BDBAB CCD C BEBD C i/ei STS-n

175 2. AB ACDEEFC AD CC AC C.. BA DC STS-n AC C.. CC AC C.. Path Line Section Photonic 2.83 C.2.84 D BD A STS-1 C DC B 9 90 ED, BF: DDBDC C ABDB C ABCCC ACC; DDBDC ABCCC, ABDB C C CC; DDBDC FA AD DBBBC CD ABDB A. 3 ED 90 ED 1 ED 9 ED 3 ED B. ACC B. CCC 1 2 BBBA DC 2.84 EA E () DB BA, ABDB BD BDBAC EB CACC ABBDC, STS-1 (51,84 ECD/), D.. ABDB AD A STS-1, AA DB BAB C AD DAC CD ABDB BD DD, C, -AC, A 1/1 C D.. DB DBB, DB A STS-1 B 90*9=810 ED D 8000 A, BC: 810[ED]*8[ECD]*8000[ -1 ]=51,840 ECD/. AC BEB, SDH DB BB BBABB-BDCAC A CDCB D C, BBF D C DCA C BECF: 175

176 2. AB ACDEEFC CBBC CBB C BEDB BCC C DCACBCC; CBBC DDBB CB BDBC AB 125 A; AC CC EBBB C B; CBBC DBBCC ABBBAC (CACC) BDBABB C CD ABDB, C ABAC C DBDCBAC, BBFC D C BCD C A PDH. 176

177 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 3. ABCDE FDEBCDE E ABCDCEF DFE (, A BCD / Local Area Network, LAN) EFDCA BCD, CBFCA FCC CC BBDAA (D CB CBAD ECD CB ECD) B BBD, F, C ECCC 1 D/B. F: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI ABA CDE ABAC DEF 1. ABC DE D CB CBAD ECD CB ECD. 2. CACD FAAB FB C CDC BC EA, FAA FDCAE ECDBA EC BECBD CD BFD C CBB, FEC, FDC, ECE BDBD A CA. 3. AC FEABC. 4. E, D B FCCDBA "CBDCBDC" EC. 5. CBDC BDBD BFACA B BC FCC BFCDBA BDD FBDC BDBD EC F. 6. B FEB F: "A ", "", "C". 7. E (3- C EC OSI). 8. B F, F, CC 1 D/B. 9. DC A B FBDCC BCD. CCBCC BCBD BD BC, CBA F E EA A AC B, BCBDC, F F BCD FA DEF CE BC CD BCA: AE, FCB EFDC (), CE BCC DECC; EB FB, FCBDAC B CD FD A BFACA B BCBDE EE; F (), FCBDA B BFBD BCBD EE (EEA BCD, BCD BA), CAA BC C BDC BCD C BBDCE BA. FEFAF EFA () (FD, D) FCC A BFACA B BCBDE EE B CDE FAD BCD FE EC EC. CCC, CE, BD D CD BCD, CE BC, ECD D D C FF: 177

178 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 1) AB (AAB) A, CBFCC BFACC FDC B BCDC EBD; 2) EB A, CBFCC FCC BCD CC FAD BCD FD EC. EBDE AE DBADBA: 1) CDCBC CC B EBD; 2) BFC (CA) BBDC CB EBD; 3) D BD EC EBD D DC FA B. BCDCE AE DBADBA: 1) EA E BCBD EE (DBDBDCD BC FD CBF BA); 2) FEA EAC AE F FCCC FEC ; 3) EA AE F FCCC EA F FEC (DBDBDCD F BF NRZ); 4) FAEA E F FEC; 5) FEA : FC FBCDC F FCCC FBCDC FC F FEC; 6) EA FCCCE FECE C FEAD ; 7) FEA A F BCD (D BBDAA BCD, CCC D D..); 8) F AAC B F FCCC FEC. CC CDC BC CDBA FFD, BDC ED D C FEE, D CBDCBDC BCD BBD EC. A A F FCCC BCD BC FB (F FEC DA FBCDCBD). 1. AABD. C FCCDBA C FEAD ( C FEAD F FEC) CC FEECE /, FAE BDF FEAD CACE FEAD. 2.. CE A CA CEA D CBFCCA BBA EC B BBDC FCC D E E EFCDE. 3. EA (A): BCC CACDBA F FCCC ( CADBA BCC F FEC); ADBA (ADBA F FEC) C. 4. F. CACDBA EBD FCC BA: A Ethernet FCACDBA CADBD BA, A Token Ring C EC. FEC DD DF DBDBDCD. 178

179 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 5. EA AABD FC E FBCDC F FCCC FBCDC E FC F FEC. 6. EA/EA AABD. EDBA CDCBC B, BFCEC A FCBDCA. 7. /F FE. C CDCBC EFB FCCDBA BA (F FCEC FEDBA BA FADBA CC). EC D DF F FCEC ECBDC B FEEE CBFCCCE FA BE, C - CDCB FEC, D BCDA B BE BDFE - F D A CC DEF CC C BFBDCC F BCC DF. 1. "" (bus) FCBDACD B C, ECCE, DE FC BC EFDC BCD (B.3.1). A BDA DCED BCDC FDC 3.1, FCCCE D EFDC, BFBDACDBA F C C BD FBDFCD C BCDC FDC BC EFDC BCD, D FDE F B.3.1. D DD EFDC, DE CBCDBA, BACD C CC A CC D. CCD ECD, D EECD CEC F E A F. FDCBD BCD (BBD FCC ) AD BCC D: CBD EFDC BCD DCCBC FECD; DCBBD (BDD) FCC ; DF D BCDC FC; DF BCDC CA; BBDAC EC EFDCE BCD. A FCDCA DCA CDCB B E C CA BDD, FC DCC B. 179

180 3. ABC DCEFFABC F AA A ( DBCCC CA), DC F E AE, BCD "FCD" FCCD D. 2. "" (star), D BC EFDC FDBA CDE EFCD CDD (B.3.2). BCDC FDC 3.2 CCCE ECD D BDFC BCE EFDCE BCD, DF, C, BC DCCD CDD, DC 2-E C OSI-EC, FADBA CDE EFDC BDCDBD B CBE CA. BE A D DF AADBA: DC B CA A DCD BCDC; A CBD (C ECBD CDD). 3. "" (ring). FCCDBA F E A AFEA FAD CC EFDC (B.3.3). DC D FBB DF "", EFDC BDFCD FDDCA, FBA C BCDC FDC DCE FCCA BCCE EFDC. BEBD D BFB FCC B D: 1) FEAB F, D EFDC D "BD" FCCCEC F BCD C, C FCCECD D DFDCA FDC, FDE BDA EFDC C BCDBA DC BD; 2) EAB F, D EFDC CCCD B FCCD F BCD. 180 F DCD : C BCD; BCD DF "CD-BCC"; C DEF 3.3

181 3. ABC DCEFFABC F EC BCD, D ED D DF FC BBDCE (A BCCA) A (A) BACD AAEB (per-to-per) BCD B FE EFDCE, DC ED BFD CBB. CDC C BCD FAD BFD EFDC CBDC C BD BBDC BCD, D CBDC CC CCC BCC. DCD BCD F, CB: CBD FDCC C FCCD 10; FDC BFC EFD; FB D C D; ECCDBA CEBD FBD FDCBD CDBD B CADCBD FDCE BECBD BFA FCC A. AE: ECCA BDEBD; FBDD FBDCA BFD (CD CEBD BCDCE EBD). : C EC BCD, CAC C CC 10 FDCC (EFDC), FF; D CBFCD D E F E ECC BCD. ECE BCDC FC BBDCE AADBA LANtastic (E Artisoft), NetWare Lite (Novell). C BCDC BDC DC FCC BBDCE Windows (Windows NT Workstation, Windows 95.) E Microsoft EACD CDF "DAC-BAA" CD DF "CD-BCC" BCD: DFFA EC EFDC, CC CACEE EC FDCAE BCD CBBE FAC BDFE E CD; CFEA ECCC EC EFDC BCD, CC CCACEE CBBE ECC BDF CBBE BCC. DCD BCD DF "CD-BCC" F, CB: BCD FCDBA D B CE BCDCE CBBE, FEC, CECA D CB FDCC B C, BFC BCCC; CCB BBCDD BC CACEC BCDCC CBB (FEC, BCDC FDC) E ECBDC C DCCDBA CC BD EC B. AE: BA FDCBD BCD CCA CBB BCD; 181

182 3. ABC DCEFFABC F EBD CD D ; CDA A CC FA ; BFBBD FCD D BCD BDC DBA FDCC; C EBD A BCA. : DCD FBDA BA EBDA FFA FF CC EFDC, D FCBDACD E EFDCE BCD BDF E BCDCE CBBE. EE, CA BDCDBDC FB FAA, CDBA D DFCD. CC CADBA : -BCC; FC BCC. - FCBDACD BDF CE BE FBDBD, DE ADBA CBDFC,, BE, FCCACD EBD. FCBDAD B BCBD BCA EBDC D BCA: BCC, BCC FCD, BCC CCA, B-BCC D A CC DEF B A C CA FDACBD C BCD, BBDA CB BDC ECD. A BDD Ethernet BCECD (BBDAC D C BD ) BBDACD C CC 500 ECD A CDCB CA. BEC BBDAC EC EA CC CE D (E) BDAE CDBA CFE DFEC. BDC FD CCA ECD BCD CBD EFDC AAA A B BFCE: CB BCDC FDC -BCCC; FDDCC; CDD BFDA ABD BACA FCA FC CC FBD CC, FC CCC EC BCD, BFC CB BCDC FDC (B.3.4), D FA CD ECD BCD FD C F BC B BCECD. FEC, BCD Ethernet E D 5 BCECD, D EC DC C BBDCE. 182

183 AE: FBDD C CBA BDEBD. : CEBD B- FA F F- DCE BCDCE FDC () BCECD; A BCC, BCBDC, CEBD FBDCA (B E BE BD) BCDC CDCAD 3. ABC DCEFFABC F C- C 500 E 500 E 1000 E ECEF (repeater) FBDCCC BCDCC BDBD A FBDCA EBCECD, B B, FC B BCECD, FCC C BCECD (B.3.5). DDC FECD B BCECD CA FD B FDACD E BCECDC, A E EBD EFB, DC BA EFB. DDC CACD A AAB BCD DCD BEE CE EA OSI-EC. AE: FBDD EBCECD ; CC. : DCC FCC BCECD, D.. C "ECBDC" BCA BCECD FCCDBA BCD; BCC FDCBD (BBD FCC ). CECD 1 CECD BNC-CE

184 ACC 3. ABC DCEFFABC F FEE (hub / ) BCDCC BDBD, BFCEC BCDA EC F, DE CDDBA C D BD DC CA (B.3.6). CC CDD EFDC FBCACDBA C BCC EC E EC BDAE BCC EBDE. BDC CDD FCBDACD B AFEBC FE BFCDBA CBDC CD B DFC «C». CDD ECD ECD D 8 32 FD A FCA EFDC. CCC CCC CBD FD BDCDBA FDCE CCA CDD C, D F B D/ CC D/B EC FD A FBCCA BD B FE D F CDD ED ECD CE A FBCCA BBBDE EBDE BE CC -FDCBE CC C A DEF CDBD A BCBDCC AC CD (Access Control Method), FCCA FA FCBDCA BCDCE E BDF BCC FCC B C CBFCCA E FDC FCECE A BA. CD BDF BCC FCC CDBA A AA EA OSI-EC. FCBDC B.3.8. FDEFA DE ECD BDF ECBD BCDC C BCC FCC (FEC, C C), B BFCCBDC BD BDF BCC FCC. A BDA ECD FDDBA FCCD C EECD CEC. ECDE ECBDC BDF DBADBA: B BDF;

185 3. ABC DCEFFABC F DD BDF; BDF B DCE CBC CCE D; BDF B DCE CBC FCDCCE D. CD BDF CBDC (CFACE) C (FACE) D CCE D (CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple B FCDCCE D (CSMA/CA Carier Sance Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance ) DCE CBC B BCCE EC CBDE B BCCE EC DFDCCE CC BCC EC (ETR-Early Token Release) 3.8 CC FBDE CBDCBDCE ECDE BDF C BCC FCC AACDBA,, D A BDA BCD CD FCC EECD C FACA (EA), C BE D D, AD A BC FCC B. B C CC BD BCBDAD FCC D C CEA, D E BDBA, CD. B.3.9,) F B, C C BD 1 2 D FCC «1» «2» BC EECD CEC t 1 t 2 BDCDBDC. EECD t 2CD A (B.3.9,), BA. FD, D CD BFA BA F BE ECDC BDF BBDACD FEC 16%. ) 1 2 t 1 t 2 t ) 1 2 ) 1 2 D T 3.9 ECCC CCC CD BFA BA ECD D BDD BD BFA, D CDBA BCCE. CB 185

186 ABC DCEFFABC F CEC DC CDBA DD T, C CC D C CEC FCC EBE. A A BDA ECD D FCC D C CC DD. DE BC «2» CD FCC E DDC F DC «1» (B.3.9,), A C CD. BCCD DECDD, D BDDBA BDD B CADBD CA DC BA, EECD EA BDA DBA FCC DD. BA B DE, CD BFA BA, DA CCDBA, CDC, BBDACD FEC 32%. (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD) ECD BDF BCC FCC, F DE BDA, ECA C A FCC, FBCD, D FCCD, C FCCD C D CEA A BDA. DBDBDC B CBC CD, D BC BDA ECD D FCC. C BC, D DCCC CEC BFBDCA B F BCC FCC C BD FD CEC DC D FCC B. CEA FCC BDA FCD FBD, D BDCDBA DBDBD. B A C B, C BDDBA BFC FCCE. C BDA FDACD FCC CC CDC BC CEA. DC FCC FDADBA DC F, F C C D BFC FCC. (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA) ECD BDF BCC FCC, F DE FCC FCACDBA FB B (jam) B C D FCCC BC EFC FC. DD ECD BDF CEC EDCDE IEEE A FEABD. FA DE FCFCD C BCD BFC ED, CE F, D CFC CD BCD FACD FCBBE BDF BD BCC FCC. EECD CEC C ECD FCCD D D BDA, DA CCD ECE. A BDA, CA ECE, FBCACD B EC DFACD CBD. DE E C BCA FCC EC BD: 1) : A EC D ECD BFD C A DF BC, CB D CBD, FCCD EC BD; 2) : EC B FBCCE E CCD F D A

187 3. ABC DCEFFABC F FE ( CB Token Ring A BBD 4 D/B), CB CB C ; FDE BC, DD C B ECE FACDBA FD BC FCC ; 3) ECD ETR (Early Token Release), A BDA BCD EC B FBC FCC B FCCD C BD, C A CA DFC ( CB Token Ring A BBD 16 D/B BCD FDDI). C BDF BFCDBA BCDA: B DFC ARCnet: CECA IEEE (Token Bus ECA ); B C DFC Token Ring FDDI: CECA IEEE (Token Ring ECC ) F A BE DE BDD BCDC AACDBA EDCD 802, 1980 IEEE. E D EDCD FEDCD 802.1, 802.2,, D DDBA BDD C IEEE-EC DC FBDCA. B.3.10 FCCBC CDC D BDD, FCBDAC B CEC F DC, CBFCC FCC B DC BCDC, D DDBD, BD BECBDEBD. DD BDD FCAE, DC AD DCC CA 802. C, FEC 802.1p (BDD, FB FDC D E C), DC FFADBA E BDDE, DE FACC DC BCDC, FEC CBF BCDC IEEE C FCCCA AB E ECE C LLC AABC EA CSMA/CD (Ethernet) CBFC Token Token Bus Ring Base- STP 4 D/B STP 16 D/B C EA 100 Gigabit 3.10 C BBEDDBA FF CC FFA Ethernet, BFC ECD BDF CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3), 187

188 3. ABC DCEFFABC F Token Ring, BFC ECD BDF «ECC» (IEEE 802.5), DC CBF DC FCC, CBD WiFi (IEEE ) WiMAX (IEEE ). CD BDF Token Bus «ECA», FB BDDC IEEE 802.4, C BCD ArcNET, C FC BFBDCA CDE Ethernet BC AC Ethernet DCA, DA BECBD EE DEC, Intel Xerox (DIX) FA 1980 C BDD Ethernet II A BCD B FFB BFBBD 10 D/B, FBDC BC B CA. BC BDD Ethernet II D BDD IEEE 802.3, D ECCD BCC DA: C D FA: MAC LLC; CBC CDC ECCA ED F DC C EE EBE EC. BEBD D CB BC FCC IEEE FCBEDCD C D C CBE C: l0base-5 DBD B C; l0base-2 D B C; l0base-t DA F; l0base-f FD FAD BDD Fast Ethernet B FFB BFBBD BC FCC 100 D/B, D FCBDC C FDC C 802.3u BDD IEEE FAD BDD Gigabit Ethernet, FB CC 802.3z A B FFB BFBBD 1 D/B DCC BFCA IEEE 802.3C A B FFB BFBBD 10 D/B (10 Gigabit Ethernet), FCBEDA BFC -FDCB CC. C 2010 FAD BDD IEEE P802.3ba A B FFBE BFBBDAE 40 D/B 100 D/B: 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE). CCBCC D Ethernet FACA BDCDBD BDD BCC D.3.1. BDDC IEEE FCCC F, BFCE BCDA Ethernet ( DE BC Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet) CSMA/CD ECBDC BDF B DCE CBC FC BDC. EFDC Ethernet FDBA CACE BCC BDCDBD B DFC «A» (B. 3.1), DA CBFCCD EC E EC EA E EFDCE BCD. FCC 188

189 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BDFE C BCC FCC CCDBA BCBDE BCDC FDC. BCDC FDC, ECCD CB. 3.1 F F Ethernet Ethernet DIX 10 D/B Ethernet II 1980 Ethernet 10 D/B IEEE Fast Ethernet 100 D/B IEEE 802.3u 1995 Gigabit Ethernet 1 D/B IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet 10 D/B IEEE 802.3C Gigabit Ethernet 40 D/B IEEE P802.3ba Gigabit Ethernet 100 D/B IEEE P802.3ba 2010, FCCCEC BDAE, FAD CC BCDCC FDC BC BD BCD, D D, E CB, FECD FBCD C C FDC A CC EA BCA FCC C FEAD C BD. E E, EECD CEC BCD ECD FCCDBA D. B FCC D CEC C CC BD, CD A, CDDC D BC BDBA DCCDBA FDA FCC. BD BCD Ethernet, BC D BFD, CBE D D, BD D BCD A, CDBA F CC (collision domain). DD IEEE FCCACD CA, CEC EC Ethernet: EBEC AC E 1024; EBEA FAA 3-4 E; EBEA BCECD BCD (A CA A), BAA D DF FCCC BC: 500 ECD A DBD B CA; 185 ECD A D B CA; 100 ECD A D F; 2000 ECD A FD CA. BE DFAE Ethernet AADBA: " ", D CBDC BC FCC BFCDBA B C; "", D CDE E AACDBA CDD, CBDC BC FCC BFCDBA DA F FD C CCAC DEF Ethernet CA BBDCE BCD Ethernet AACDBA EE BC, F D FCCECDBA. DD CB 189

190 ABC DCEFFABC F A BCD FBC (BFC) CC DF, F A C BCDC B ECDE BDF CSMA/CD. CC BFC CB A BDCDBD B BDDE 802.3: <>Base-<>, C <> BBD FCC D/B ECD FED CA 10, 100, 1000, BC D BBDC 1G, 10G, 4G, ; Base ECD FCC, AEFA FCC (Baseband); <> DF CA: 2 D B; 5 DBD B; T DA F (Twisted pair); F -FDCB (Fiber);. DD (, ) FFB (baseband) ECD FCC, F DE B FACDBA CFBCBDC BC FCC C EA CBC, F DE BA FB FFBA BFCDBA A FCC D B. DD ECD C A FCC F E B FB FFBA CC BBDAA DCCDBA FBDD CC C, BA B CE BFCDBA. CD FFB (broadband) ECD FCC, B BDDE FDM, CECE TDM E WDM FDC B CB BDD CECB, F DE CBE D ED FCCDBA CB FD. A BC D CB A DC Ethernet, CBFC FFB BFBBD 10 D/B, BFCDBA A EA EFADDD 10Base-5 10Base-5 BDD CB A, AABA BD BDD IEEE FB D BCD Ethernet DBDE BE CC (thick Ethernet), BFCEE CBDC B EBD. B.3.11 F A Ethernet DBDE BE CC. C BD FDBA EBDE C B FE DBC CA, BBDAC 4- D F 50 E, FCEFCCD (DBC), BFC CFBCBDC BE CC. BC FCBDACD B CDCBC BDBD, BCBDACC CB FCC FE. BBDAC EC BBCE DBCE D D 2,5 E A BCA AA BDA CC CBD FCC B. EBD CA BFDBA DCED, FC BFBDABA CC E B

191 3. ABC DCEFFABC F FCFADBDC C D B, BC FC B. CDC FDC BC BC C ( 50 E) min =2,5 E BD C ( 500 E) 3.11 CBEDA EBD DBD F C, DA CA BBDCE FACD BDD BDD FDACC BCD. E E, BC CA A BCECD Ethernet BDCDBD B BFCC 10Base-5 ECD : EBEA BCECD (BBDAC EC E E) 500 E; EEC BBDAC EC DBCE 2,5 E; EBEC B (DBC) BCECDC 100; EBEA DBC CA 50 E. DD 10Base-5 FBCD FBDCC EBCECD BCDC B BFCE FDDCC. B.3.12 F BCECDA BCD. BEC CBD BCECD BCD, FBCEC BDDE, 5. D CC BC DCE, D FDDC D BD B, C BBDA E, D F E CBDC BCECD BCD ECD FCBD FAC DC FCD. CECD 1 CECD FBDC EBCECD BCD CE DD BCC CA (B.3.13): BCD ECD BBDAD 5 BCECD, BCC CC FDDC; D BCECD E FD C 100 ; BCECD BFDBA D A CCA C FDACBD BCD; 191

192 3. ABC DCEFFABC F FDDC BBEDCDBA BFC C, FC BCD, FDE CDE BCECDC B EA FDDCAE FBCDBA ECD D 98 BD E *500 E = 2500 E E FBDCA EBCECD BCD B DE CAE F C «5-4-3», CC 5 BCECD BCADBA B FE 4- FDDCC, FE CE AADBA D 3 BCECD. E E, BCD Ethernet 10Base-5: ECD BCD C CC 296 ( BD); ECD ECD (EBE CA) C CC 2,5 E EFADDD 10Base-2 10Base-2 BDD CB A, DCC EDCDE IEEE 802.3, FB D BCD Ethernet DE BE CC (thin Ethernet AC Ethernet, C C CE Cheapernet EBC Ethernet). B D BFC AF FEA EE A. D FDBA CFBCBDC B EBD CC -C BNC-CE (B.3.14). E E, D B C FD CC BCDCC FDC BC BD. BDE, FF F FBDCA - EBCECD DE DBDE BE CC. DC D CA EC BCD CBD BD BC CA A Ethernet BDCDBD B BFCC 10Base-2 ECD : EBEA BCECD (BBDAC EC E E) 185 E; EBEC B BCECDC 30; EEC BBDAC EC E 1 E; EBCECDA BCD BDDBA F F «5-4-3»: EBE 5 BCECD, 4 FDDCA, FE CE AADBA 3 BCECD; E D (BC ) BCECD E FD C 30 (B.3.15); BNC-CE

193 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BCECD BFDBA D A CCA C FDACBD BCD, E CA FBCAD BD; FDDC BBEDCDBA BFC C, FC BCD, FDE BCD B EA FDDCAE FBCDBA ECD D 28 BD E *185 E = 925 E 3.15 E E, BCD Ethernet 10Base-2: ECD BCD C CC 86 ; ECD ECD (EBE CA) C CC 925 E EFADDD 10Base- FCA 10Base-T, CA BDD C 1991, FBCD BCD Ethernet B DFC DF "C" C BBDCE BC AAEAAC EC FB. B BFC 10Base-T BCECDE BCD AACDBA C, BCA BD CDD. D CD, D E BCECD ECD D FC BDBD: BDA CDD (B.3.16), CBD BCECD CBD F CDD BD. C F BBEDC EBCECD BCDC A BDCA CDD CBD F BCECDE BCD Ethernet 10Base-T CE FED CDD B BCE FE CE BDAE, D CBD BCD, F B.3.16, CE B BDD BCECD BCD. BCECDA BCD... CD FCBDAD B CCC CB CDD B FE 3.16 E BDAE (B.3.17). CECD CDD 1 CDD E 100 E

194 3. ABC DCEFFABC F DC D BBEDC C BFC 10Base-5 10Base- 2, F FBDC EBCECD BCD Ethernet 10Base-T ECBD F «5-4-3» BFCDBA F «4-», DC BD, D EC E EA BDAE BCD D C CC 4- CDD (). BC CA A Ethernet BDCDBD B BFCC 10Base- ECD : EBEA CA (EC CDDE C BDC EC EA CDDE) 100 E (B.3.17); B CDD EC E BDAE C CC 4; EBE ECD BCD 500 E (B.3.18); EBEC CBD BD BCD E 100 E 100 E 100 E 100 E *100 E = 500 E 3.18 DECDE, D EBEC CBD BD Ethernet, C1024, ECD D BDD D A BFC 10Base- BD FECCA 32- FD CDD (B.3.19). D C CEA A BCDC, FBDC BE CC (10Base-5 10Base-2), D CC C BDE. CDD CDD CDD CDD A ECC BDEBD C BBDCE EBD FBDCA BCDC B EBE FBDEE CBDE BD, BCD 10Base- F ECC FCC C FDCB FBD DCB BCD, FBDCC BE CC EFADDD 10Base-F 10Base-F BFBD BDD CB A, FB D BCD Ethernet -FDCBE CC B *32=

195 3. ABC DCEFFABC F FFB BFBBD 10 D/B. CBDC BC FCC FD BCD Ethernet BFCDBA EE - FDCB C (). DDA A BCD BDD 10Base-T: BCDCC FDC BD BCADBA B EFDE FDDCCE (CDDE) B FE D CB DF «C». 10Base-F D BCA BCC BDD. 1. FOIRL (Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link): FD CA EC FDDCAE 1 E; EBEC B FDDCC 4; EBE ECD BCD 2500 E Base-FL (Fiber Link) C D BDD FOIRL, BA CC EBD FCCD, BD C EBEC BBDAC EC E FDDCCE ECD BDD 2000 E, F DE: EBEC B FDDCC 4; EBE ECD BCD 2500 E Base-FB (Fiber Backbone) FCC D A CCA FDDCC EBD, F DE: EC E BCD E BDD 5 FDDCC BDD 10Base-FB; EBEA BCECD 2000 E; EBE ECD BCD 2740 E. DC D CC BBEDC BCDC, FDDC, BFCEC Ethernet 10Base-FB, F DBDBD A FCC ECDBA BFCE FBCDCBDAE B, D FACD FBDA FCD B BCD. DE, FBDC F BDD 10Base-FB, D «B Ethernet». A ECE CE F FCCC BCECD, CBD FDDCC CC 5. D.3.2 BCC BC FECD BDD FDCB BCDC Ethernet 10Base-F. 3.2 FOIRL 10Base-FL 10Base-FB C A BCCA FCCD FDDCC 1000 E 2000 E 2000 E E 2500 E 2740 E 195

196 ABC DCEFFABC F DEF Ethernet DD Ethernet A IEEE FBCD ED BFCE BCD ECD BDF BCC FCC CSMA/CD. FCBBC BCDC Ethernet FAB 4 DF : Ethernet II Ethernet DIX, FCC EE DEC, Intel Xerox (DIX); Raw /Novell, FABA CDDC B EF Novell F B BC BDC FD BCDA Ethernet; 802.3/LLC 802.3/802.2, FABA CDD CCA A F MAC LLC; Ethernet SNAP, FACC D CEBD FCCA FC ED CE BDD Ethernet II (Ethernet DIX) DD Ethernet II D EE DEC, Intel Xerox (DIX) B CE ECCAE FAD ED Ethernet II FCBDC B D AC A Min = 64 D Max = 1518 D 3.20 F (8 D): BFCDBA A B BD BCD; BCD FC BCE D FBCCE DC. AC FD BFC (6 D): FA BBDACD 6 D, ECD D 2 D, CB CB BDC EBDDE D A DCC FA; BD (BE FC) D FC CB (B.3.21) CD F (I/G Individual/Group): 0 CB CA AACDBA, D.C. FCC CD C BD; BD A FA CB CA CDBA CB CB (-CB) CD C BD; 1 CB CA AACDBA, D.C. FCC FFC BD (D FBC A CDBA CB CD FF BD),, CB BC BDC A 1, D CBD CB BCE E BDAE ;

197 3. ABC DCEFFABC F D D FC CB CD F AAA (U/L Universal/Local): 0 CB AACDBA CBE CBE, D.C. CB BCDC FDC C AEAA EDCDE IEEE, D BFCCACD EC FDCAE BCDC FDC D CEC C CDD (Organizationally Unique Identifier, OUI), ECCEC FC DC D CB, BC DC D FECCDBA EC BCDC FDC, FBCE FDCCE (B.3.21); 1 CB, D.C. C EBDDE BFCDBA D FCC D BCD I/G U/L OUI EC D 3 D 3 D 3.21 A FD CDEBC (6 D): FA BBDACD 6 D,, CB CA, ECD ECD 2 D; BD D FC D (FA I/G) BC C 0; C ECD BCD CDC CB: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF. EC E (2 D): CDCD DF FD CC B A, BFCE A C FCC FCE, FAC ECBD FD B A CAD C A BCEC ; FEC C FA «DF», CD C FD: IP (Internet Protocol) ARP (Adress Resolution Protocol) Reverse ARP Apple Talk 809B 16 NetWare IPX/SPX (CB CB 16 CD CBDDCC B). F A ( D): ECD ECD D D. E D: BCD BAC C B (Cyclic Redundancy Checksum CRC), BC B FE FE DF CRC-32 A BC FC : AC+A++ (C FCE). E E, AA A Ethernet (C FCE) 64 D, A 1518 D. 197

198 3. ABC DCEFFABC F Raw (IEEE 802.3/Novell) B BDD IEEE FC Raw 802.3, FCC E Novell CE DC E 802.3/Novell, ED D F B C AC A C (0-1500) (46-0) 4 D 3.22 BC DA D D Ethernet II DBA BCCE: 1) BED FA FCE, DC BD 7 D, CC DC FC C «DC», DC BCD , ; 2) ECBD FA «F FD» FAB DC FC, DC FCCACD FA C; DBDBDC FA «F FD» BC DCE, D 802.3/Novell BDCDBDCD D FD IPX/SPX DD FD ECD DD B E; 3) F AABD C, CB FA ECC 46 D, D BFCDBA FDCC FC C, B FE D FACDBA EE FBDE CA 46 D, CB FC ECC 46 D. E E, DBA FC D D, C BDA FCE F. BCBD BDD IEEE AACDBA EA F FAB F AABD AC A 46 CE, A DE, D DEDCB FACDBA EC FBDE BEE FC. BDDC Ethernet II DC BD BBEDDBA C /LLC ( 802.3/802.2) 802.3/LLC (802.3/802.2) BCD DC C FA, D Raw (B.3.23). DC BBDD DE, D FC BDACDBA FCD FA FCA CBE BCCCE LLC (C ), BC CBDC D D FA: DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) F F (1 D) FCCACD DF FD CC (BCDC) A FDCA ; SSAP (Source Service Access Point) F A (1 D) FCCACD DF FD CC (BCDC) A BD ; FEA (1 2 D) BCD E A FCA E DC BCB, FCBDACE FCE LLC; FEC, CC BDCDBDCD CECE ED 198

199 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BDDC Ethernet 802.2, CE, D FC LLC CBFCCD BC C BDCA CB BCCA. A DSAP, SSAP D E F LLC (0-1500) (46-0) 4 D C AC A LLC C FC «FCC» FCD LLC ECCD 1 ( CEC LLC1) 2 D ( CEC LLC2), D EBE EC FA ECCDBA D BDCDBDC Ethernet SNAP DSAP SSAP C 1 1 1/2 (0-1497/1496) D Ethernet SNAP (SNAP SubNetwork Access Protocol), FD BDF FBCDAE) FCC A BDCA A ED DF FD, BCA D C FC Ethernet. DD SNAP AACDBA DCE BDD 802.3/LLC BCD CCA FDC E F SNAP, D DBA E FCD LLC CD BCA 2 FA: (3 D) BCD CDD D, DA DCD FD, CEC FC «DF» ( FD A DCD IEEE, D ECCD CDD, ; CB CE FDCDBA C FD, D BDD D CDD, C D, C ECAA BDC CA ); (2 D) BBDD 2- D BDCDBDCD F «F» Ethernet II, D CBD CE BFDBA DC C CA FD CC B E A. DE 3 FA FCD LLC C Ethernet SNAP ECD FC CDC CA: DSAP (1 D) BC BCD AA 16 CD D, D ECCD ED DF Ethernet SNAP; SSAP (1 D) BC BCD AA 16 CD D, D ECCD ED DF Ethernet SNAP; (1 D) BCD B DC FAAAD CDF 3.23 DCB BC BCDCC FDC Ethernet ED DD B BCE CDEA DFE, DEDCB BFA. 199

200 3. ABC DCEFFABC F B.3.24 FCC BCE DE FCCCA DF Ethernet. B A A DF FD DE FC «F/» DBA CA, FCC CC EBE FA, C 1500 CBDDC BBDCEC BBCA 05DC 16, Ethernet II C DD D DF F C D FA. DCE FCACDBA C DBDBDC FC LLC, DC ED DBDBDD D DE BC, CB FCE BCCD FCD IPX, EC 2-DC FC FCC CE. DCE FCADBA CA FC DSAP SSAP: CB 16, D D Ethernet SNAP, FDE BC 802.3/LLC. C DF C 05DC 16? CD FCE BCCD IPX-? CD FCE BCCD B A 16? CD Ethernet II 802.3/Novell Ethernet SNAP 802.3/LLC C CSMA/CD FB FD CSMA/CD CECBC DC ECAD C BD C CEC (EB EB), CBDC D CE «D DC». CEA CEF D DC, BDCDBD FCCC D, D CBD D CEA EC FACCE FBCDC D. E CC bt D DC, D DCBD D DC CD FCCADBA BCE E: τ bt = 1/ C, C FFBA BFBBD BC FCC (BBD FCC ). FFB BFBBD =10 D/B DCBD D DC τ = 100B τ = 10B F =100 D/B. bt bt 200

201 3. ABC DCEFFABC F B FD CSMA/CD FECACDBA Ethernet B FFBE BFBBDAE BC FCC 10 D/B, 100 D/B 1 D/B, BFC FADA D DC FACD D FBC FD CSMA/CD A BC D BCDC. BB FD CSMA/CD BD FAD BCC DF. 1. EA FCC. DA ECD FCCD, CB CACEA BC ( BA) B. A D BD CFC BCAD, C FABA C B "C CBC", D BFCDBA F FACA BCDCBDCD ADBD. 2. FCC, CB AD. DE, BCA, DBA CC BCDC FDC. 3. F, CB BC. E CADBD AACDBA DBDBDC E CBC BDD. B BC D D BBA (B "DBDBDC CBC"), BDA ECD D FCC, C DCCB F, CE FA CEF, 96 D DC, D A B FFB BFBBD 10 D/B BBDACD 9,6 EB. C BC BCE BDADCBDE. -FC, FB BC BD DBCD FCC BC BCD, D FBC CCA FCC BC EB FB AB B FEAB E DA A A FE CC, A C DCCDBA FCCC CEA. - D, BFC EC DC FE AFABC DE B BDC. CC EC DC BD ED D FCC BC. - CC BFBDCA B F C C BC BD BD CEC BD D A FCC. 4. FEA C. FCCCDBA F C BBDCEC FCA. B D C CEA C BDA D FCC, C CD., CCC, FCDADBA (FCD CC ). DE CEA FCC BD FBD B C CA. CC BFCDBA F B C, C D C ECC A B, FE F CEC FCCC EA CBE DBCE. B A, C BD CC C CC, ED FFDDBA D FCC. D BD D D CC. A BCA D BD CCC BD D FCCD B 201

202 ABC DCEFFABC F DCE, D BC BDC BD BCECD BDCB DE, D A AD. C E BFCA FBCDCBD 32 D, CEA jam-fea. D, CCC, CD 1 B. DA BDCD, D FE A CA, CB C C FCC 64 C. A, A B E CC 64 D, CDBA F CCF, D BCDCBDCD CCDE EDC C BBDCE, FEC, DE, D -D BCECD ECD D CC, CE D FCCC BFCC A DF C BBDCE. 5. A FCC FD FCCC. A EECD FD FCC BDA CBDCD BB D CEE CE EDEFC, CBFCCE C CEC DBD FD FCCC. DA FCC DCDBA BC CEA DC 512 DE DCE, D A B FFB BFBBD 10 D/B BBDACD 51,2 EB: t = 51,2 * N. CB N BA C, FEA CBCC CC DC (0; 2 n ) BDCDBD B ECE E BFCCCA, C n CBD (FD FCC), FCE n = 1, 2,, 10. n = 1BA C N ECD FAD B CADBD 1/3 D C: 0, 1, 2, F n = 2 B CADBD 1/5 FAD C: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. BC CBAD n C ECACDBA BDCDBA E 10. E E, EBEC CEA, DC DCDBA FCC, 10 τ max = 51,2 * 2 52, EA F FCCC D. DA ECD FFDDBA FCCD 16, FCC CE FCDD B FFD. DE BC BDCDBA C FCCE. BDA, AABA BCD, FAD BCC CBDA. 1. FFD E CC ECD. Ethernet BC BD FBEDD BC, FAC F BA. DE A FCACDBA, ECCD FBDE (C ECCC 64 D), D CBD C AACDBA ECDE, FCE C. 2. E FDCA. B C AACDBA ECDE, FEA BDA FCACD CB FDCA, D FCCD, BCCD DD.

203 3. ABC DCEFFABC F B CB BD, AACDBA CDCE ECCD BDCDBD FF CB, BDA FCACD CBDBD. 3. E A. A D, D CD D BC F FCCC F CCD BE FCCC BD, FEA BDA FCD: A : CB CC 1518 D, BDCDBA FCCFCE; FCCFCC ED FAADBA CDDC CBFBDC BCDC C; AA FEA B FE CB D ; CB DA FBCDCBD CCD, FCACDBA EBEAAA : BC BCD CC B D (FEC, C 122,5 D). B DA FBCDCBD CCD, BCD CC B D (CD C), BDCDBA, D ECCD ECBD D FBCDCBD. E E, FC FEC BDC CDBA FCCC: AACDBA ECDE; C BE C C ; C DA FBCDCBD; CD C. B A- FC CB CC, DCDBA C BCEC C FCCCDBA A D FD BCDC A. 4.., BFC FC BC FC, BDCDBA CDE, F BEE ECE FBDE. BCDBA D C, C BCEC FCCDBA A CC D FD BCDC A. B BDA CD FC BCD, CD BFE DE DBCE, D FED FCCD CD BEC. A FC DBFBBD BCD BFDBA D FD, DC CBFCD FC CBD BA B BDAE B -BCCE. A D BFDBA BFCC BDCBC C CDC BCA, CE E "F-F", D DCDD BD BCD A DEF Ethernet Ethernet ECD CAD BCECD, FBDCC BC DF CC: DBD D B CA, D F, -FDCB CA. DE CBD BCECD BCD ECD FCD C CC BDCDBD B FE «5-4-3» 203

204 3. ABC DCEFFABC F CC 5. D BCD Ethernet, BBDAA BCECD CB F, D CD, CE FCC CDC B B: CBD BD BCD C CC 1024; EBEA BCECD C CC C, FCCC BDCDBDCE BDDC CB A (500 E 185 E BDCDBDC A DBD D B CA; 100 E A C D F; 2000 E A FD CA); CEA D B (Path Delay Value, PDV) EC EA BEE CE D BDAE BCD C CC 575 D DC; BCC EC DC (Path Variability Value, PVV) F FC FBCDCBD CC BC FDDC D C C, CE 49 D DC. F DFC CC CBFCD C ECC BBDAC 96 D DC, D FBC FCA FDDCC D C ECC, CE 96 49=47 D DC. CC D DC CBFCCD CDBD D BCD C DC BA, DBA F A, FCCAC EBEC CBD FDDCC BCD 2500 E BDA ACBCD E A CD D BCD Ethernet CE, D BD BC E D, CB FCBBC FCC. B BDA FCDD FBC BC FCC C, CE A ECD FD, FCCCE CD FDCA. DE FCCA BDA D, D FCC C, CC D, D FCC D. B FCC BC BD BCD FBD, D A CE BC ECD D F FCCC EC CC CE D BDAE BCD. A BDA F B N t 1 1 t 2 t 3 A 3.25 EECD CEC t 1 C 1 CD FCC 1. E, D EECD t 2, 1 F BDCD CC N, FBC CD FCC N. CDDC BDCA 204 N

205 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 1 N CD A, DA BFBDACDBA F EECD t 3 BDCD 1. E E, B FD EC CC CE D E BCD DCCC CEC T PDV = t 3 t 1, DC CDBA EA ECA (Path Delay Value, PDV).A BFA D E 1 CE, D EEC CEA T min FCC DE E C EA ECA T PDV : T min > TPDV. EC CEA T min FCC BA B EE l min FFB BFBBD BA lmin BDCCE: Tmin = C. CEA D T PDV BD D EBE BBDAA EC CC CE BDAE ( C BBDCE) 2L L BBD BFBDCA B CC v: T PDV =, C BBD v BFBDCA B BD D DF FCCC BC FCCACDBA v = c ( BBD BCD). 2 3 E A, BCC CEBD CA BC BCD, FECD : l min 2L >. C v BCCC CC ECD BFDBA A FCCCA EBE BBDAA EC CC CE BDAE A FCCCA EE EC F E BBDA: vlmin 2LC L < ; lmin 2C > v.. BBEDE BCD Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet. 8 BD: v = 10 / ; lmin = 64C = 512, FBC BFBBD BCDC Fast Ethernet (FE) Gigabit Ethernet (GE) BDCDBDC : FE = 10 8 / GE = 10 9 /. : * *512 L FE < = 256 L 8 GE < = 25, *10 2*10 E E, ECD BCD Fast Ethernet C C FCD 256 ECD, ECD BCD Gigabit Ethernet 25 ECD. C, D BD EC EC BCD Gigabit Ethernet C E CDD D, FDCC BCD. A CCA ECD BCD Gigabit Ethernet DA 200 E CE CD EE CA: 205

206 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 9 2LC 2* 200*10 l min > = = 4000 = 500C. 8 v 10 GigabitEthernet, CD F C, EEA CC CA 512 D, D F CD ECD BCD 200 E BC AAD C (PDV) A FCA BCD PDV BFDBA BFC C IEEE, BCC CA CC BFBDCA B FDDCA, FCEFCCD CB BC. D.3.3 FCC C, CEC A BCD CA PDV A BC CB BDD BCDC Ethernet. D FCC BCECD. DCE B FD CC D CC C (FEC) BCECD. EC CB CE BC FBD BDCC CD A. E BCECDE BA FBDAA C, A, DA BD D D DF BCECD D FCA BCECD FD B (C, FECD F). EC D, B E BCECDE BA C BFBDCA B CA BCECD, DA BD D BCECD BACDBA FDCE ECA CEC C B E ECDC CA ( D DC) CA ECD. 3.3 F BCECD C- BC- ECD, bt FEC- D BCECD, bt F- BC- ECD, bt C BC 1 E, bt BE. BC- ECD, E 10Base-5 11,8 46,5 169,5 0, Base-2 11,8 46,5 169,5 0, Base-T 15,3 42,0 165,0 0, Base-FB - 24,0-0, Base-FL 12,3 33,5 156,5 0, FOIRL 7,8 29,0 152,0 0, BD PDV FACDBA A CC C (F CEC BFBDCA B) BD BCD CDBA BC CC, BE E DCE CA, BEE D CC B E C, FECD F BCECD. CC CC PDV (BEE C BC BCECD) C FCD 575 D DC. D CC FC, BA EE 10-ECDE Ethernet 64 D FB FCE 8 D, BC 72 D 576 D. CDC, CEA D D ECC 57,5 EB. 206

207 3. ABC DCEFFABC F C F BCECD ECD C C C, CE FD BCD, FECA F DE BDC ECBDE C F BCECD BCD. BC FCBDC D.3.3 C C ( D DC) BFBDCA B F C BCDC 1 ECD E CD BBD BFBDCA B F C BDCDBDC CA CD ECCA (ECCA BBD FCC B F BC B BBD BCD): A DBD B CA: v 10 [ / ] 115,5* = [ / ] = [ / ] ; k 5 = 2, 6; 8, A D B CA: v 10 [ / ] 97,5* = [ / ] = [ / ] ; k 2 = 3, 1; 10, A D F: v 10 6 = [ / ] [ / ] ; k T = 3, 4 ; 11, A FDCB CA: v 10 6 F = [ / ] = [ / ] ; k F = = BC AAD A DCA (PVV) A D D FCCD CDBD FBDCA EBCECD BCD, CE BBDD ECCC EC DC FDDCAE F FCCC BCD, D CBD C PVV. A BCD PVV BFDBA CECC BDDDE IEEE FCCC CA ( D DC), FCCAC ECCC EC DC F FC FDDCC CB BC. D CA A FCC FECD BCECD FCC D.3.4. EE D C CD CC PVV, DC D ECC FCC CA 49 D DC. 3.4 F BCECD CC BCECD, bt ECD BCECD, bt 10Base-5 10Base Base-FB Base-FL 10,5 8 10Base-T 10,

208 3. ABC DCEFFABC F A CCAC DEF Ethernet CBDC FDCC FDCBD BC FCC Ethernet BFDBA BCC C: D DDDE DC [D/B], FCCACEA FCCA BBD FCC ; F (FEC) D DDDE DC C [D/B], FCCACEA FCCA BBD FCC F FDCA C CD FCCCE BC BE C C CD E FBDC ; F (ECBFD) DDE FFBC A C [D/B], FCCACEA B CDE E FBDC ; D DDDE DFA FFBC Λ [/B], ECACEA CBDE, FCCCE C CEC. FE BD FCCBC DCBD FECDC Ethernet B FFB BFBBD =10 D/B. FCCE FFA FA Λ [/B] B F A EE (B.3.26,) EBE (B.3.26,). ) T min =67,2 EB D: min 96 bt D: max bt t L T Λ L T min min max max max ) T m =1230,4 EB B FCE: = 8C( F) + 64C( ) = 72C *8 = 576; 3.26 = 576 *0,1 = 57,6 + 9,6 ( AE. ) = 67,2; = 1/ min 14880E /. B FCE: = 8C ( F.) C ( ) = 1526C *8 = 12208; = 12208*0,1 = 1220,8 + 9,6 (. A.) = 1230,4; Λ min = 1/ Tmax 813E /. E E, 10-ECD BCD Ethernet C D E A ECD D FCC BC D 813 (EBE ) (EE ). DB C FCCD FC (CD) FFB BFBBD CD BFA BA F FCCC EE EBE : 208

209 3. ABC DCEFFABC F Cmin min = 14880*46*8 = 5,48 / ; kmin = = 0,548; C Cmax max = 813*1500*8 = 9,76 / ; kmax = = 0,976. C CC CA FDCC FDCBD CD BFA BA C DD F C F FCCC, DC BC C FFB BFBBD Ethernet ACA C AC DEF Ethernet CBDC BDBD Ethernet BCCD DECDD: F AE F; AEB, EAA FBDD CB BDEBD BCDC FDC CDD; EBD BFA ABD FE BCE F C BBDCE. CBDDE BCD Ethernet E DCBD: BAA AC FCC B C BCD, FD CC F BD; DA F AFEAC: F C CA DCD CB BCECD D CBF C BD BCD BDD B DFFF Ethernet CE BBBDE DCAE A FCC F BCD Ethernet B BBD 100 D/B C C DC Fast Ethernet 100VG-AnyLAN Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet (ADEA Ethernet) BBBDA DCA, FCCA E 3Com A C BCD Ethernet B BBD FCC 100 D/B, DAE E AC FA BCBD 10-ECD Ethernet (Ethernet-10) CA C BDD 802.3u. B C F DC DC Fast Ethernet CBFCCC FCCEBDCBD F DC 10-ECDE Ethernet BD BCA ED ECD BDF CSMA/CD, D FACD BFD FCCC FEEC CBFCCC BCBD FCA BCDAE Ethernet. E DC DC BFC C BBDCE BC D F DC 3, FC EECD FACA Fast Ethernet C BFBDCC BCDA Ethernet-10. BA B DE BC DA Fast Ethernet D Ethernet-10 BBCDC CBE C. Fast Ethernet FCBEDC 3 D ABD : EE (BFCDBA 2 ); 209

210 ABC DCEFFABC F DA F DC 5 (BFCDBA 2 F); DA F DC 3 (BFCDBA 4 F). BCD CCBA CA, FBDCA CDD ( 10Base-T 10Base-F), FB C FCBEDB BFC B CA. ECD BCD Fast Ethernet, F F.3.2.5, BBDACD CEE CC 200 ECD, D ABACDBA ECCCE CEC FCC EE 10 CDDC CCA FFB BFBBD 10 F BC B Ethernet-10. CE C ECCC, E FBDCC F BCDC BC DC Fast Ethernet, A FAC C 90- F C EEDD. BF EEDD FD Fast Ethernet ECD DD FFCBE CEC, DE CD C BCD, BDDBA D CA CB BCECD, BCA BBCC BDBD (FDC EEDD EEDD EEDD). DD IEEE 802.3u FCCACD 3 BFC CB A Fast Ethernet, CBECBDE B E: 100Base-X A FCC BFDBA C CC F UTP DC 5 STP Type 1; 100Base-4 A FCC BFDBA CDC C F UTP DC 3, 4 5; 100Base-FX A FCC BFDBA EE EFADDDD 100Base-X D 100Base-FX. C 100Base-X 100Base-FX, CBEDA BFC C BBDCE, ECD E C B D CA FBDCA A, DE BC, ECD CB A 4/5 F ECD CB A MLT-3 100Base-TX NRZI 100Base-FX. EC D, DC 100Base-TX ECCDBA A DFCC, CBFCA DEDCBC FCCCC BBD FCC ( D/B) EC EA BAE BDBDE (, CDD, EEDD) FDCE FB F FC F BFC EFB FLP Fast Link Pulse burst B BD BDBD, DC ECD DD BBD 100 D/B. B BDCC BDBD C DCDBA D EFB, D CD, D ECD DD D BBD 10 D/B, FCC BDBD BDCD CE FCC 10 D/B EFADDD 100Base-4. EECD FACA Fast Ethernet BD Ethernet CBDC C BBDCE BF C D F DC 3. CC BD C BBDCE 10-ECD

211 3. ABC DCEFFABC F Ethernet B FECCC BFC ECD CB A 8/6, CBFCC CC BFCD B, D F BBD 33 D/B F DBA FB 16 D F DC 3. 8/6 8 D ECADBA 6- DE E. DCBD D 40 B. CDC, D FCCCDBA 240 B (6*40 B), D BDCDBDCD BBD FCC 33,3 D/B. A FCC BFCDBA 3 F UTP DC 3 (3*33,3 D/B = 100 D/B), CC F BFCDBA A FBA CBC B C CA. BD ECCA B FC BBDACD: 1/(40 B) = 25, D FACD BFD D F DC D FBCAD BAAC E Fast Ethernet 1. DDC Fast Ethernet CADBA BB: I FCCD BC CB A (4/5, 8/6) ECD ECD FD BC DC DF CB A: 100Base-X, 100Base-4 100Base-FX; II FCCD D CB A (4/5 8/6) ECCD BC FD 100Base-4, FD 100Base-X 100Base-FX, D FBCC BFD CB 4/5. 2. BEC B FDDCC () E ECC : D 1 FDDC I - C BFBDCA B 70 bt, BC CEBD DBD C BBDCE B (B.3.27,); 2 FDDCA II, BA EC C F FCCC B: 46 bt A FD 100Base-X 100Base-FX 33,5 bt A FD 100Base-4 (B.3.27,). ) (70 bt) (DD I) ) 46 bt (TX, FX); 33.5 bt (T4) (DD II) (DD II) 5 E EC E BEC BBDAC D FDDCA C BD BD D DF C BBDCE BBDACD E. 4. BEC BBDAC EC FDDCAE BB II

212 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 5. CB EC ED CADBA B FE EEDD EDD, A BCD F EC (B.3.28) ( I) 100 E (TX, T4) 2000 E (FX F.) ( II) ( II) VG-AnyLAN VG-AnyLAN DCA, DA EE IBM Hewlett-Packard BC DC 100Base-VG (Voice Grade) A FCC B BBD 100 D/B B BFCE FD () Ethernet Token Ring (AnyLAN). CCBDA DCA 100Base-VG DB A FCC BCD Ethernet B BBD 100 D/B F C D FC (UTP) DC 3, BFCE A FCC C CE F D FC CCE VG (Voice Grade). 100VG-AnyLAN, 100Base-VG, ECBD CSMA/CD C ECD BDF B FDCDE (Demand Priority) A BCE A Quartet Coding (DCDC C), A DE C FCCDBA B BBD 25 D/B F 4-E FE UTP CEC, D BEEC CD 100 D/B. CD Demand Priority CDBA BCCE. DA, ECA A FCC, FBCD BDD B CDD, FA FDCD A B A, BDDC CECE CE (FEC, C C). B BCD B, CDD CCD FCC. BC CB FDCA FADE C CDD DFACD BD CA. D CD, D DC D CDD Ethernet, CDD 100VG-AnyLAN DCD 2-E C OSI-EC. B C BCD AD, CDD BDD FC FB CC, DA DCDBA FAC FBDFCA FB B CDE FDCD: FB B CC BE FDCDE FADBA FCE. F BCC FCC. BEC AC E 1024.

213 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BEA FAA 3 E. BEC A A: 100 E A D F (UTP DC 3); 180 E A D F (UTP DC 5). FA BCD 100VG-AnyLAN C F DF BCDC 10Base- Token Ring, EC CBA A ECC BDCDBDC, D C CEA CBA DFA ADC "C", F DE F EEA C FBDBA. AE CECDE BCD 100VG-AnyLAN AACDBA EED, FE FBCDBA EA BA (B.3.29). C CDD LAN uplink port LAN downlink port CDD A E (UTP-3) 180 E (UTP-5) CDD A CDD BCD 100VG-AnyLAN ECCD FD: LAN downlink port (FD BA "") FCC A FCA C CDD C A; LAN uplink port (FD BA "C") FCC A FCA CDD CC A. EC CDD BCD 100VG-AnyLAN ED BFDBA: EEDD; EDD; BCDCC FDC. DD IEEE FCCD 3 DF : IEEE Ethernet; IEEE Token Ring; IEEE DCBDA BCC 100VG-AnyLAN. E BCECDC BCD ECD FCDBA D DF FCC Ethernet, Token Ring. BBDA BDD IEEE AACDBA (Demand Priority Protocol DPP). DPP CD FA D FB BDCA BCC EC CE E. B C C D 213

214 ABC DCEFFABC F DFD, FCCCD CDD FB B FDCD. B CDD CC FCCD, DFACD B CE A (Idle CAD). C CDD FCD BC B, DE BC CDD C A, FEA D B Idle. B C C DC (EFDC C),, CBDCBDC, C CCCD DC B. CDD CB FCD FD, A B FD B ECE ECE, ABAA DBD FCCC. B CEC FCCC D CB, D CDD CD FB B CDE: FDCD FB; CB EC FD, DE FC FCC C. B FDCD CDBA: FCAE, DE CEC C; FD CDD. BE BCC CDD BDF BCC FCC CCDBA FDE DPP BCE E: 1) FB D, F CDD C A, DBCDBA CDD CC B A; 2) F FBC FD LAN downlink port CDBA FB BC FD CDD C A, D FBC D ACDBA FB FD CDD CC B A. DC 100VG-AnyLAN: EBD BFA BCBDC C BBDCE BCD 10Base-; E F FEA - AE BCC FCC ; EBD FBDCA FDAC ( 4 E) BCDC C BFA EEDD Gigabit Ethernet BBBDA DCA Gigabit Ethernet CBFCCD FFB BFBBD BBDCE DCCEE 1 D/B FB CECA 802.3z 802.3ab ( UTP 5- DC). AA DC Gigabit Ethernet: BC BC, BFCE FC DCA Ethernet; FCBEDC BFC CB FD BDF BCC FCC : FFA CBA FD B ECDE BDF CDMA/CD; FAFA B EEDDE; FCBEDC BFC BC DF CA: ; DA F DC 5;

215 3. ABC DCEFFABC F B C. BC B DCAE Ethernet-10 Fast Ethernet ECCA ECDBA CBE C, D C. A CBFCCA ECD BCD 200 E C BCC CCA. 1. CC EE EC B D, D BBDACD 4096 D DC (bt). FACDBA 512 D FCE DCFC (extension) ECE D D, FCE FCCE BEE 8/10 (B.3.30). AC A D D D 2. A ECCA B CE E CC FCCD CB FA, C BCA BC FCC A BD. CE FCC CDBA «Burst Mode». DE BDA ECD FCCD FA CB B C 8192 D = D. BDDC 802.3z FCCC BCC DF CB BC: E ; EE 62,5/125; EE 50/125; B B E BFDCCE 75 E; EE C. F ABD DC Gigabit Ethernet FCBDC D IEEE 802.3z 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX CBA BC (/E)- EE (E/E) 850 E 1300 E BCECD 500 E (E/E ) 5000 E (/E ) 100 E (F.) 550 E (E/E ) 3.30 Gigabit Ethernet ECD D C D FC DC 5 (CECA IEEE 802.3ab) B BFCE 4- F F, F DE CEC FCCDBA C B BBD 1000 D/B. CDC, A F CBFCD BBD 250 D/B. BFCE ECD A -5 (5 C FDC). 215

216 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BEA BDD BFCD CBC F FCCC D BE PAM-5 BBDACD 62,5. CDE FCC FC E FD 1000Base-T DCCDBA FB BDD Gigabit Ethernet A E FDCC, A Cisco System, Foundry Networks Nortel, D C A BCDC Ethernet B FFB BFBBD 10 D/B DCC BFCA IEEE 802.3C (10GEthernet), FCBEDA BFC - FDCB CC FAD BDD 10GBase-T (IEEE 802.3an-2006), BF A FCC BBDAC 100 ECD D F DC 6 6. CA 10GEthernet FCC A FCC DCC BBDAA, D FACD FCDE BA FCD BE CDE C B F CC BCDC. CA 10GEthernet CCD FDACBD BCDC Ethernet CB CBAD ECD ( BEBD D FDCB B DF BFCE CA). BC BCBD 10GEthernet: 1) C D FCB CE BC EEDD (B.3.31); 2) BFC D FF BDD CB A: 10GBase-X (BFCAA 10GBase-LX4), 10GBase-R, 10GBase-W; 3) FCCA BC -FDCB C. F ABD DC Gigabit Ethernet FCBDC D.3.6. FFC 10GBase-X FCBEDC D BFCA: 10GBase-LX4, C L CD, D BFCDBA D F FBD 1310 E. FF 10GBase-R 10GBase-W C 3 F BFC BEBD D : 1) 10GBase-RS 10GBase-WS; 2) 10GBase-RL 10GBase-WL; 3) 10GBase-RE 10GBase-WE, C S CD, D BFCDBA FC F FBD (850 E); L D F FBD (1310 E); E DCD F FBD (1550 E)

217 3. ABC DCEFFABC F GEthernet 10GBase-LX4 10GBase-Rx 10GBase-Wx EA 8B/10B 64B/66B A EAB 1310 E 850 E (x=s) 1310 E (x=l) 1550 E (x=e) <E EA>*<F.FA.> 4*2,5 D/B =10 D/B 1*10 D/B A 300 E (E/E ) 40 E F 10 E (/E ) (A 10GBase-RE FA 10GBase-WE) BEC BBDAC EC FCCDE FCEE A FBD E ECD BDD 40 E, D FACD BDD DCD FDACC DBFDC BCD Gigabit Ethernet C 100Gigabit Ethernet C 2010 IEEE FA BDD IEEE 802.3ba C FCA BDD IEEE Ethernet, DE FCBEDC C BBD FCC F BCD Ethernet 40 D/B 100 D/B. BA C D D BDD BBDA DE, D BFBDD FD BCBC BBD FCC, F DE CBFCD EBE BECBDEBD DCCB B BDDE B C BCA FC CBD BCDC BDD. CEBD FACA D BDD BC B BDE BE FC E CEE FCCCE. BC DCA FFB BFBBD BC FCC DC FCD BCBDC EBD Ethernet. DD 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet FCCD FCB CE CD C DF (BC) CB A (PHY). BE CAE D BDD 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet BCC: BCC ED 802.3, BFCE -C; BCC EE EBE EC BDD 802.3; CBFCCC BDCBD FCC -C CADBD D (BER) C FCD ; CBFCCC FC DD DBFD BCD (OTN The Open Transport Network) BC BC A FCC D; 217

218 ABC DCEFFABC F CBFCCC BFC CB A (PHY) A FCC F EE FDCBE (SMF), EEE FDCBE (MMF), ECE CAE CDC FDC (backplane). BE FDCAE BCDC IEEE 802.3ba ED BDD FDC BBDCE EFCD A BCC, BCDC CA, BCC CE, BFDC BC, CD D, DCCEE EF, DC BBDCE FCD. BFC B CC E BCC DCD, CD D, BCDC FC C FDCC CCD, E BA, BC FCC E ECBDE. CD IEEE 802.3ba FAD BDD C ECBD, CBFCA C, EBDCE DCD BC FCC A CDCA DC FFB BFBBD. CC FCBFCD DA BBBD DC FCC BAD B D BCDC Ethernet B BBD FCC 1 D/B (Terabit Ethernet). CFCDBA, D DCA CD D 2015, A C FCDBA CD CE FCE. CC, DA ECD CBFCD FCC B BDC D, E, BDCD DCA DWDM. A D, DECCD BDCC Ethernet CD, «CE FCCD ECBD C, A 1550-ECDC C EA B BDD 15. A C BCD C BCE EA, DC C FD, C C, CE, BC C. CAB DC, A BCDCA DCD FDCCDBA A CC FC. E, FDCBC BCD C D BFD B E BCC CC ECBD CEC. FCD D CAD C FBD FDCB BDBD FD BE FBDBDC (C)» CDE Token Ring BC AC Token Ring (A ) BCDCA DCA, D BD ED FCCD C D D, CD, CFC E F. CA Token Ring, FCCA E IBM 1985, FB BDDC IEEE CCE Token Ring CCC BCD BC DF, FBCE E D. BC DA D Token Ring: EBEC B BD E C 256; EBEC BBDAC EC BDAE BD D DF FCCC BC BBDACD:

219 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 100 ECD A D F (UTP DC 4); 150 ECD A D F (IBM DF 1); 3000 ECD A FD EE CA; 8 C ED D BCC EBDE. BEA FDACBD BCD BD D. CBDD D DC Token Ring, CBFCC BBD FCC 4 16 D/B BDCDBDC. CECC FDC Token Ring, FCD D F CC Token Ring CBA DFA Token Ring "C" (B.3.32) CCDBA BD FCA BC EFDC ( BD, ) CC BCDCC FDC () BDBD ECBDC BDF (MSAU Multistation Access Unit), DC BCBDACD FCC D FCBDACD B CDD Token Ring. MSAU ECCD 8 FD A FCA EFDC B FE FABD C CE A FCA E CDDE. C EFDC, FBC MSAU, FBD DEDCBC FCC A C. BC D DCA BD MSAU CD FD D BD, D F B.3.32 A BD, F DE BABD BACDBA. FDCC C /D MSAU MSAU /D MSAU BDC C 3.32 CBA DFA BC BFB "". CD FCCCDBA D F DC F, F C CCDBA C, C FC. CB MSAU ED BDD CADBA FF (BDC, cluster), D D CD BCC, D FACD CD CBD CD, FC E CD. FDC BCACDBA B MSAU B FE FC BA. E C EA FCE AE BA, AE EBD C, ED D BA MSAU (B.3.33), DC D FC EBD CA, D F B

220 3. ABC DCEFFABC F MSAU MSAU MSAU 3.33 MSAU MSAU MSAU MSAU CBDC BC FCC BCD Token Ring B BFB DA F (UTP, STP), DCE FAB D FFD A B CA FD CA BDDC FDDI C CC Token Ring C FECD D BBCC, BBDCD B FCCCD BCCE. CCCE ECD BCD C ( AABD) AADBA ECE. F BFC BC, FCBDA, D E CCD, F FCC. CE FCCD, C FDC CDBA FBDFCA EC, DCE FCCD C, BC C, BEC F FD BDCDBDC A, FCCCD C BCD. FCCCDBA F BCD D, F C BDCD CBD, D BDD CE FCCCC D A FDCCA D, D FC CBDE, CDBCD C CC BCD. CD FCD CC F BCD CA C-DFDC, DE FCACDBA FBD FCC. B FCC CBD C, C ECD BED FCCD CC (CB D CBD) FCCD EC BCCE. CBD, DC ECD D FCC E E, FCCACDBA EA A, DC BBDACD 10 EB. BDCC D CEC C C DD EC E. C,, FCCECCDBA F D. B C, FCE EC, CD () A FCC, D 3.34

221 3. ABC DCEFFABC F DFACD EC BCCE. B C, FCE EC, ECCDBA A FCC, D BCDBA C FDCD D () B CCE, D CE EEAA F, AEBA FC EC C E EEA. B C FDCD C C CA CC FDCD, D C DCD EC, FBCACD CE, EA, FCCD C BCD. FDE BC, CB C FDCD ECC CA CC FDCD, EC FACDBA F BCCE. FCBBC FCC EC F C, FEA, FCACD C F C BDCD BDCDBD FA, BDCDBD B DE BC BDC D FCCCE FBD CDBD C -DFDC. EC D, C, EC C A FCC, ECD FC CCA FDCD EC BDD C FDCD C, CB DD FDCD C, CE CC, ACCBA DE FC FBC FCCBDE E. CE CDDC,, CBA FBC F D F C-DFDC, CD ECD FC CCA FDCD CC, BDCDBDCC EBEE FDCD BC BC, D FCCC. E E, Token Ring CCDBA FA FEA, FE BDCA CE, FB EECD CEC BCD FCCDBA D. FCCC C, FEC FB DCC, D FDCC CFDCC C CEA, CEC A F D F BCD CC ECBD BD DCCC D BCD CBDF A FCC. C FBC FCC E DFD CDC CBD BE CA C DFC : D BE B BBD 4 D/B 400 BE B BBD 16 D/B. A CCA FDCBD BCD Token Ring B BBD 16 D/B BFCDBA D CE FC F FFBC F (Early Token Release ETR), F DE C FCCCD EC BCCE B FBC FCC BC. A EBD BC DCE, D BCD Token Ring BBDD CBE ECEFDC BAC, C FCBDACD B C C, FA CC BC EFDC. D CA FCC B D CD D C BBC. Token Ring BD CDBA CBDC EC CE, D DBA FDCC DC C: 221

222 3. ABC DCEFFABC F EAAC A CBE C B C ACA BD, BA B FC ; EA AE FBC CA FDC EC; EA AD E F FCCC BDADCBD. C D ED BDA, CDBA D ED ECBD. CBDC ED DEDCB ECD D C BDA, ECA, FEC, -CB BCD Token Ring BFDBA 3 DF : (B.3.35,); EC (B.3.35,); FBCDCBD CCA (B.3.35,). A B DF, BC BCC FA (B.3.35,): C AABC (1 D); FEA F (1 D); FEA (1 D); AC AAA (2 6 D); A A (2 6 D); F AABD; AA (4 D); AEC (1 D); (A) (1 D). ) C F BC, BC 3 D FA (B.3.35,): C AABC ; FEA F; AEC. DFEFDE FFC BC, D F CEBD BFCDBA A FCCA FCBB FCC EECD CEC, BC 2 D FA: C AABC ; 222 ) /6 2/6 A D A D ) 1 1 D 3.35

223 AEC. 3. ABC DCEFFABC F D A ADCAD BA FCEF (Start Delimiter SD) F FCEF (End Delimiter ED) C DC FBCDCBD, C BDCDBDC C ECC : C: J K 0 J K : J K 1 J K 1 CB J K BDCDBDC 1 0 AA ECBDCBE C; 0 1 C CC CC CA; FA ; AAAC. CE FEB (Intermediate Frame) FECD CA: 1, CB AACDBA FECDE E E FCC; 0, CB AACDBA FBCE CBDCE. CE F CC (Error-detected) BDCDBA 0 EECD BA C-BDC ECD D ECC CC 1 E E, E F FC F BCD. BC D CDBCDBA C DA FBC BDCA -BD, D DE BC FCFECD FD FFD FCC. A C AD BBD BC D BCD Token Ring FADA BCF C - FCF DE (Access Control) 8 D ECCD BC BDD: P P P T M R R R CB PPP B F; T : 1 A EC 0 A ; M A: 1, CB FCC DE EDE 0 FDE BC; RRR B EEA. BCD Token Ring, DC D BCD Ethernet, FCBEDC EBD FAC F BD FBA BCDCE FDCE FDCD EC E. D CCDBA FDCE FB FC PPP A FDCD D 0 7 (7 B FDCD). C, F EC, ECCD F FCCD D DE BC, CB FDCD C C FDCD EC. FDE BC EC FCCDBA BCCE. ECBD B DE FDCD BFDBA D CCA RRR. BCD FCBBC FCC F ED CCD CCC BFC BCD, FECBD CC 223

224 ABC DCEFFABC F FDCD, C FCC, D CCA RRR, CB DD FDCD C DCC CA FA CCA. BC D, FCC C, F CBA, ECD EC, BDCD C FDCD PPP E C FA CCA RRR CCBA. E E, EC CD FCC, BDCE FC CCA B FDCD. BFC D ED FACD AD BD, EC F C CBD. E D AACDBA FCC DE EDE B DE ED = FADA BCD Token Ring ECD BCD FC : A FEA (C A MAC), D ECDBA FDC A FCA DA FCA D CB ; DC DBA FEA F A-; FE AAB (C A LLC LLC-). C FCF (Frame Control FC) FCCACD DF (MAC LLC) D MAC-: FF 00 CCCC CB: FF DF : 00 A MAC-; 01 A LLC- (CA CC C BFDBA); 00 CCC A; CCCC MAC-, FCCA E DF (FCCC BDDE IEEE 802.5) FA A MAC FCD. CBDCD 25 DF -, DC E CD BCC FF: BD (5 DF); FCA BC (5 DF); BC (3 DF); FCA BDAE (12 DF). EC -: 0000 FCCCDBA C BDC, FCC FBCACE CBE, D CDBA, D CC CB AACDBA E; 0010 FCCCDBA BC CA BCC FCE, D CC FCC E FCA E EC; A FCE BDCBE FEEE BDD FCCD C, D FCCCD D BCC;

225 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 0011 CB FB ED CD, D D ED FCCBD D, FBDFCD FCCC B DCCE EC; FBC ED DE BC D FCBB ECBDA B E, D D D ED; 0100 () FCCCDBA FBC CB, FBC BD D ED; 0101 () FCCCDBA DE EDE BDD BD A CECA DE, D D ED CD; 0110 () FCCCDBA FBE EDE AB BCD Token Ring ED BFDBA CB 2 6 D. ED CB BCD Token Ring BFCD B EDE CB BCD Ethernet. C D (I/G Individual/Group) AAA (AC) E FE FF CB. C D A (A) BC C 0. D D FCCACD DF CB: CB (U/L Universal/Local). BDC D FCCAD CB CB A F A ECD BCD FDCBC C, FCC FCCC A FD BCDC A, D IPX, IP, BCD DF A MAC. FC CA FA CD, DA FDCB CD - C FBDEC CEA CA EC (10 EB) BDC. D CEA BCD B BBD FCC 4 D/B ECD FCCD: 4 /*0,01 = 0,04 = = 5 C., BCD B BBD FCC 16 D/B ECD FCCD: 16 /*0,01 = 0,16 = = 20 C. DE CC F FCCC B C, FAD BDD, D EBEA FA C FCD 4 18 A Token Ring B FFB BFBBD 4 D/B 16 D/B BDCDBDC C B C AAC B () BCD BAC C B (CRC Cyclic Redundancy Checksum), BC B FE FE DF CRC-32 A BC FC, A B FA FCA E () A FCE. BDC FA 225

226 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BCD C, ECACEC F BFBDC F, FEC, D ED D CCA FC ECCB DC FC (A) (Frame Status FS) ECCD BC : AC RR AC RR CB: R - CC D (4 D); A (FA) FAEA ; (FA) FEA F. DA BEE C DCD FC, D C DC FC A DC A D BDCBD FCCCE. C-BD FCBBC EA A FCC BDCD 0 D A. C-FE, CB D BF B CBE CA, E C FCCCE, FBC FCA BDCD D A 1. B FBC FA C -FE C C C, D D DC BDCDBA 1. E E, FE BFC FCC AACDBA CC BD B DE: A=1 =1. A=0 CD, D BD-CBD C CD BCD BDA BDA (C). A=1 =0 CD, D F FD D BD CBD (F DE DC CD BDC 1 D CA CE CDCC). A=1, =1 D C =1 CD, D F DE FD D CBD BD, FBC D BFC FAD E-CBDE ACA C AC DEF Token Ring Token Ring: E AE BCC FCC ; CBFCCDBA AEAA E F BCE FDCAE BCD; BCD Token Ring CD F C, FD 100%, DC D Ethernet, D C F C 30% CC BCBDC BDCD CEA BDF, D C CCDC A BCDC C CEC; FBDE EC FCCCE E C ( 18 D), F BC B Ethernet, CBFCCD CC EA AAEA F F D E AABD; 226

227 3. ABC DCEFFABC F A F BCD Token Ring B FFB BFBBD 4 D/B ECD DBA C, CE 10- ECD BCD Ethernet. C Token Ring: CC EB BCD Token Ring F BC B Ethernet, D : C FDC - CC B FD Token Ring; FDCC DD FCDCC MSAU; A B BCD Token Ring F BC B Ethernet; FFBC BFBBD BCDC Token Ring BDACC CEA DC ECC FFB BFBBDC, BDD Ethernet (CBAD D/B C) CDE FDDI FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface EA CEFFD DFFFC A) FC BBBD DC B FFB BFBBD 100 D/B, CA -FDCBE CC BC AC DD FDDI, D ECBE E BDDDE BDD (ANSI American National Standards Institute), C B EBEE BDCDBDCE BDD IEEE Token Ring. CC DA D D BDD FCCADBA CEBD CBFCCA C FCC A A. FDDI-DCA FCBEDCD BFC FDCB CBDC BC FCC, D CBFCCD: EB AA; A; EB FCC 100 D/B; A EC BDAE (A EE 2 E; A E F BF C 40 E; BCD 100 E) F CC AC FDDI F BCD FDDI ECA (B.3.36), FCE FECADBA FC FD CA, D FACD BFD FFCB FCC B C CD BBD 200 D/B, F DE DCD B BBD 100 D/B. BCD FDDI BCCAE "D-D" EC E BDAE (). D, CFBCBDC CC, DBA DECC D A BFCF DAS (Dual Attach Station). 227

228 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BC D/B 100 D/B 3 2 CCC 3.36 EE CEC D A FCC BFCDBA BC. DC CCC, CBFCCD FCC FDFE FC DEDCB DCDBA BC FCCA C BBDCE (B.3.37,) CA CBFBD BD (B.3.37,) ) ) BDA 3.37 FDC FBD CBD FDDI, CB BFD OBS (Optical Bypass Switch) (B.3.38). DE BC F C BD BDA BCDBA, CBDBD F DE BACDBA, CCC C CBDCDBA. OBS BD BCBDCC FDC CA, D CD B FBCDC BCC FCCDCC. CCC "D-D" EC BDAE C C D FCD BDD, DC FACD CEC FECAD BD EC EEC. D CD, D DCA DAS- BDA C FDDI ECD BADBA B E BBCE (CC 2 E) F EE ECD CC FCCC BBDCEC CB A, B E BBCE (ECCC 2 E) F EEE BFD CC BCDDCC. 228 FDCB FCCDC DA B E FCCE 3.38

229 3. ABC DCEFFABC F DD FDDI A BDCA B BD BCD FCBEDCD FECCC BCDC FDC DF: A, FCBA DCCE CCE E BCD, D FACD CD EBD EC B BBD 200 D/B C EBD CCA CA BCD (F FCC B CA BFCDBA CC C); D FDC BFDBA BE D BDA BCD; F, FCBA D CCE BCD; D FDC CC FBDC CCC C ECD EBDC FDC BB. EC BBDC CD (EFDC, DCE D..) BCD FDDI ED BFDBA, DC CBFCD: A D BCD, BD CBFBDC FCC C BCD CCA E ECBDC BC DC FCA; FEA CDCB B FDCBC D F FECC CC DF (FD CDCB). EC BCD FDDI B BFCE BA CDD FCBDC B D BB A CDD D BB BC FCCA CA FCC BD CA BCDBA, CBDBD BCD F DE C CDBA BCBDC FCC ECBD, D.C. FDC BB D DD FDC BB (B.3.40). A FCCCE FDDI FECACDBA 4/5, BFC D A D BDD. BFC BE, FCBDA 4 D (FD C), FACD FFDE BCBDE FDDI FCD B FDE DE, C B DE, DCE BEE BFBBDA CC BBD EC C CC FDDI 3.39 B BDD FDDI AD ECD EC BDF, FB FDC IEEE Token Ring. BC DA ECD 229

230 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BDF FDDI D ECD, BFC FDE IEEE 802.5, DBA BCCE. D BB A CDD D BB 1. FDDI FECACDBA FDEF FFB F, F DE EC FCCCDBA BD B C FBC A FCC, C A C CA. 2. FDDI C FCBEDCD EBD BD FDCD FCD CCA, DC BFDBA IEEE A CCA CBB BCD. ECBD D A BBCDBA, A D CEA BDF BCD C D,, A D CEA BDF BCD CBD C, D.C. BCBDD C CBDC DCA DCE CEC EC FCCE. FDDI BFCD B DE A FCBDCA BDF BCD DE E BBE BDBD ED (B.3.41,) EC (B.3.41,) BCD FDDI CB DDBA D BFCE BCD Token Ring. ) ) /6 2/6 4 0,5 1 D C <= D 3.41 FDDI D C, IEEE 802.5, ECD CBD E F FC CBE E (C A MAC) BCD FDCBC C (C A LLC). A C FDDI ECD BCC CA. F BD A B FCE. CBEDA D, D D FA 64 D (16 230

231 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BE FD), ED ECB ECAD CC BDCDBD B BE DCAE B. C BA FCEF (Start Delimiter SD) C BEC (DC) FC, CC (EC). FCF (Frame Control FC) FCCACD DF (MAC LLC) D MAC: C L FF TTTT CB: C D, D FCCACD, CD BFDBA A B B EC; L D CB, DA ECD D D ( DC D Ethernet Token Ring BCD FDDI FBCDBA BFC CB ); FF ED FCCACD, FCD F MAC (D.C. FCC A CC FCA E) F LLC (D.C. FCC A FCC ); CB AACDBA E FA MAC, D D TTTT FCCAD DF, BCC C F FC FC. AC FD BFC D. A FD CDEBC D. F A ECD BCD FDCBC C C DF, FCCC A FCA E; FA AACDBA FCCEC, C BEE, C FCBAC 4500 D. E D DF CRC-32. F FCEF (End Delimiter ED) A FBCDCBD 0 1, A C (EC); ECCD : FD (1 BE) A 1 D (2 BE) A EC. DEED (Frame Status FS) FC F, BCCC D: "C ", "CB F" "C BF" CAC CACC FDDI BEC B BD C 500. BEA FDACBD BCD 100 E. C FCC FD C. BEC BBDAC EC BDAE BD D DF FCCC BC ( BA) BBDACD: 2 E A FD EE CA. 40 E A FD E CA; 100 E A D F (UTP DC 5); 100 E A D F (IBM DF 1). CD BDF EC. 231

232 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BD FCC 100 D/B (200 D/B A FCB CE FCC). CC BCD BC CCE CEC F FCA B F A CBFCCA FCC FBDE CEC BDF. BEC BBDAC EC CDE FCCACDBA DCE B CC ACA C AC FDDI : BA FDAA; A FCC E; FCBA EA E CD; EB FCC C BBDAA C CDBA, D FACD BDD FDACC BCD, FEC BC, BAA F DE BC FCECBD BCDC, BDBD C ; EBD CCA E FEC; AEAA E F BCD; E AE BCC FCC F E C. C: EB F BC B E DCAE ; A E F - A FD CA F CDE BC CC AC BA DEF FB (B.3.42): 1) EC AC (B.3.42,), EC E EC E (EE) BDAE (,, ) BCBDACDBA CC BD; 2) EC A (B.3.42,), EC E EC BDAE (,, ) BCBDACDBA FAE. ) ) E CBF () F BC B FE: FBDD CC FBDCA C BCD;

233 3. ABC DCEFFABC F EBD FDCC. CBF : A FECBDBD; CFCCCBD FDA; FCE «BD DCE». CE «BD DCE» BBDD BCCE. E, D BDA (B.3.42,), FCCD C BD. DA C «BD» BD ( AACDBA «BDE DCEE» A BD ), FA, D BC FCC B, CD FCC, FCC A BD. C, D A F DE A FCD BC FCCCE D BD, D D BD. ECBD ECD BDF B FBCE CBC BFCE (CSMA/CD) BFDBA ECD FEA C (CSMA/CA). BCDA B BDC FECADBA B F, A BDA FCD BC BD, ACBA C C CBDA,, F CB BD A FCC, FCBDACD F FCC BDCDBD B FAD D BCD BDDCC. A FCA FECBDBD A B E EBD CBF BCDA D BFCA, CDA FB FFBA, FA FECAD EA B CBE CBE. E D DC BFDBA C ECD FCC C BE ECDE FCC CBF, BE CD FCC DC BCA BFCD, CBF AADBA (B.3.43): DC BDDC ED- FCBC (OFDM); BCC BFCD B- E ECCCE BDD (FHSS); OFDM FHSS DSSS 3.43 FAEC FBCDCC BCC BFCD (DSSS) CA BCCA CDFABDDA EF BDEEF ECFDCCF (OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) BFCDBA A FCC B BBD 54 D/B FC 5. B.3.44 F BCE C OFDM. D FD CDBA N FFD, D ECDBA B FE ECD BDD (FSK) (PSK) EFA B BFCE CBC, DA D B 233

234 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BDDC f 0. BC BD FCA C BC CBC BDBA B, BFCD D FEC C BFCD B, CE CBC. BC FCC D B FE BDC B BFCE FCA C CADBA CBC FFD, D ECDBA B D FD. - FD 1 f 0 BDC FCC C f 0 CCC B BBBD FD CB BBD FD FACD ECD DCCC FCCCE B BD CCA D DC BDADA BFAC B DAADA BCC CD DCFC DFE DB FFDE BDEEA (FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) B FBDA BECC CBC FCC F BDD (B.3.45). 234 D FD BDD 2 N 2f 0 Nf 0 S N F N Data9... F 8 Data1 F 7 Data3 Data7 F 6 Data5 F 5 Data6 F 4 Data2 F 3 F 2 Data4 F 1 Data8 BDD CBC F 1,, F N BE E ECACDBA CC FCCC FC CEC, CE FC EDFBC (BC), BDCDBD B E DEE D FBCB FBCDCBD. BDDC FECACDBA EAA (FSK PSK). CC BDDC CDBA DCCC B DC CEC, DCCC D FCCDBA CDA FA S 1 DC FCC C CEA 2f 0 Nf 0 D FD

235 3. ABC DCEFFABC F (Data). C FC FCC A B FCE B FCCDE BFDBA BD, DC BD FC BBD FCC. BEBD D BBD ECCA CBC D 2 CE BCA BFCD: ECCC BCC BFCD (B.3.46,) FC DBC FCCCDBA CB D; BDC BCC BFCD (B.3.46,) D FCCCDBA CB FC DBC, D CBD FDACDBA CB. FCE BC F F AABD ECC F F F, DE C. D=1 D= F 0 1 F = 2 FC FCC C FCC ) CD BD BCA BFCD CBFCCD CC FCC F FEC BD ED FDCA CA D C D BDD, CC BC C, CE ECD ECC BCA BFCD A FBACAA BDADA BFAC CD FAE FBCDC BCA BFCD (DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) BBDD BCCE. «C» D FCCCE ECACDBA FBCDCBD N D, DA CDBA DCF DFEFDE, «C» D CDBA CBE CCE BAC FBCDCBD (B.3.47). DE BC DDA BBD FCC CCDBA N, BCDC, BFCD B DC BACDBA N. A CC A CBF FCC ( BA) BDD F, E BDCDBDE E D BBD FCC CC N, D BFCD B F CB F. 1 0 ) N F N

236 3. ABC DCEFFABC F BA C A DSSS FHSS FCC FECBDBD. C DDE BBD FCC CDC. CCFE DCFC CBD D N BAC FBCDCBD. N DBA DCC D CE C N, DCE C BFCD FCCCE B. FEC, FBCDCBD C (Barker) B CDE BCA N=11 ECCD : , BC BDBD D CDBA DE, D F BC D C F CBD BFC D ECC F: 1) B C (5 BFC) ) B F (5 BFC) DSSS ECC BDCFC C D FEC, CE ECD BD BCA BFCD ABCA BCF B AADA CD BCA BFCD BFDBA BD BCDA, BDBD, F C ECD BDF CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) FDEFA DE D A FFCF. CDMA ECD BFDBA BECBD B FHSS, CBF BCDA C B DSSS. C BCD BFCD BBDC BA FBCDCBD, DA CDBA D, D FE C E CD C BEE B. BBEDE FF C CDMA FECC. BD BCD DD 4 : A, B, C, D, D BFCD B BA FBCDCBD: A: 0000 B: 0101 C: 0011 D: 0110 A FCBDCA 1 0 BFDBA DC CBC B, FC B.3.48 CC BDCDBDC ( + A) ( A). C, D: + 1 ( + A ) + ( A) = 0. 0 A FCA E: ( +A ) = 1 ( A ) = BAC FBCDCBD A A, B, C D FED : 236

237 3. ABC DCEFFABC F A B C D E DCFC, D FCC CD BC 4 : A, B, C, D CD EECD CEC FCCD BDCDBDC D 1, 0, 1, 0 C BDCDBD BA FBCDCBDC (): C D A B C D S A FBDD FBDE, D BC B. E, D CD C CD FAD C D A. BBEDCE EECD CEC FECD B S C CD ( ). A FCCCA CA FAD D A D C C BFD CEAD CDMA B BAC FBCDCBD A. DE D CEAD: 1) ECC FAD B S CD BAC FBCDCBD A: S A = ( ) ( ) = = + 4; 2) CDD CDBA CBD (BD) BCD; CB CDD FDC, D B D C 1, CB CDD DDC, D B D C 0; A : +4/4=+1, BCDC, CC D D A 1., F FCEC D B: S B = ( ) ( ) = = 4 / 4 = 1, BCDC, CC D D B 0. FCEC D C: S C = ( ) ( ) = = + 4 / 4 = + 1, BCDC, CC D D C 1. FCEC D D: S D = ( ) ( ) = = 4 / 4 = 1, BCDC, CC D D BD D 0. BDBD CDMA CDBA FC CBD BDBD FCC : C A BAC FBCDCBD, CE FD B, D C FBDBDC. 237

238 3. ABC DCEFFABC F C WiFi CA CBF (WLAN) FCCACDBA BDCE FD IEEE , D FBCD CB C C B EA FAE: MAC LLC. CBE C FCCC CB D BFC, DC DBA: BFCEE FE BDD; ECDE A; BBD FCC. D FBDCA CBF BDD , FC C WiFi, FCBDC D C DA DCBD D DD F BDD CD - A BD FCC 1 IEEE E 1 D/B; 2 D/B IEEE ,4 FHSS 1 D/B; 2 D/B IEEE ,4 DSSS 1 D/B; 2 D/B IEEE a 5 OFDM 54 D/B IEEE b 2,4 DSSS 11 D/B IEEE g 2,4 OFDM 54 D/B 2003 IEEE ( 1): BC FCC -CC; FCC C FAE EBD; BFDBA 3 D BFBDCA CA: CFCA DC; DCC D FD; BC FCC CC («D-D»). IEEE ( 2): BC FCC E F 2,4 ; ECD A FHSS: 79 BDD F 1, DCBD D BBDACD 400 EB (B.3.49); F 2- BBDAA B CBFCCDBA FFBA BFBBD BC FCC 1 D/B, F 4-2 D/B. BDDC F F79 F1 400 EB CEA

239 3. ABC DCEFFABC F IEEE ( 3): BC FCC E F 2,4 ; ECD A DSSS c 11-DE E CBDC BAC FBCDCBD: IEEE a: 1) F BDD 5 ; 2) BBD FCC: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 D/B; 3) ECD A OFDM. CBDD: BE C C; CD BD BDD D F FCD C. IEEE b: 1) F BDD 2,4 ; 2) BBD FCC: 11 D/B; 3) ECD A EC DSSS. IEEE g: 1) F BDD 2,4 ; 2) EBEA BBD FCC: 54 D/B; 3) ECD A OFDM. BCDAC 2009 DC BDD IEEE n. FECCC FD FBD BBD FCC FDCB CDC F BC B BDBDE BDD g. CCDCB n BFBC CBFCD BBD FCC 600 D/B. B CBDA CBF BCDC IEEE ECD C Wi CA CBF FB BDF B B FFB BFBBD WiMax FCBDC FF BDD IEEE FC FCC A FBDCA FDAC ( 50 E) CBF BCDC, DBABA BB C B BCDC. DD IEEE IEEE (C 2001 ), AABA FCE BDDE «D-ED», CD D BFCDC D 10 66, BCBDC, DC CA FCCD FE BD FAE EBD, D AACDBA BCBDCE CBDDE, BC BA. B FBE BFCAE, BCD E BD 60 CD B BBD T-1 (1,554 D/B). CC FAB BDD IEEE a, IEEE IEEE C (E WiMax), D BAD DCC FAE EBD EC FCCDE FEE. BC FECD FCCBC BDD DC WiMax BCC D

240 3. ABC DCEFFABC F 3.8 IEEE IEEE a IEEE IEEE e, ECCC 11 ECCC , QPSK, OFDM 256 OFDM 256 OFDM QAM, 64 QAM, / CD CD CD, 20, D 1,25 20 B 16 CB- D 1,25 20 B 16 CB- CC 5, E E , EBEE 50 E E 5 8, EBEE BBEDE BC Wi D WiFi. 1. A. C BDD DBA A BD CBF BA C BBDAA FCBED EBD FDCC FCC A D BDD IEEE e, CD E FDCC. BDACC CEA CDBA D BFC f h A BCDC BDF B FC D E (F) CD F BBD CA 300 E/. 2. FEA EAABD FAE FE BCD CC BC DD FBDCC BCD. 3. A A FCC DCD CCA A BFCCB FCE: EC B EBD, BFC CB BCE EA, FCE D E. 4. FEC ACC. 5. EB FFA FA, FCBDACEA FDC. 6. BC CBD BA EDEC D. C BDB, D IEEE ABC A Ethernet, CBF AABC A A EA. FACC DC DC WiMax (IEEE e) A FC E FDCC CCD D DCCC BFE. 240

241 3. ABC DCEFFABC F A A AC FDAF DFEC (Personal Area Networks PAN) FCC A ECBDA BDBD, FC E C BFC DCD CE BBDA ( 10 E). BCBD PAN: FBDD, EC EC A BDEBD CACE BDBD, BCBDC D, A BDEBD C BCD; C ECD BCD; BC DCA CFBBD; CBFA CA; CA EBD CE B (C CC 100 ED) AD Bluetooth CA Bluetooth, FBA BDDC IEEE CBFCCD ECBDC BDBD CACE BCC F 2,4 B BBD FCC 1 D/B. BC Bluetooth CD CFA F, DA DCCDBA BCE BCBDAE: CA BD FDA D 10 E 100 E; CBD BDBD BCD 255; CBD D (CEC ECBD) BDBD 8; BDBD EA (), CBDC D BFCDBA FCB EFDC), BDC FAAAB () (BE. B.3.50,); CB FBCDC ED D BBCDC BCD, D BDBD, CEC EBDE, CEC FCD CBE BCDAE ECD D E BDBDE FBCD FE BDBDE FBCD (B.3.50,); ECD BDF CDMA B BFCE DC FHSS; BD FCC CCDBA B FE ECE DA; ECD 343 D; A FCC B BFDBA 30 D. ) ) /

242 AD ZigBee 3. ABC DCEFFABC F ZigBee DCA, FBA BDDC IEEE FCCA A FBDCA CBF FCB BCDC (WPAN) B BFCE C EE FCCD. FCA ZigBee CC FCA, DE DCCDBA CC CEA DE D D DC A CFBBD, F C BBDA FCC. BA BCBD DC ZigBee CDBA DE, D F DBDC AEB AFA FCCD C D FBDC DF CBF BA («D-D» «C»), BC CBFC BCD B EBA (ACBD) DFC B CDBAC EDC BC. BD FECCA DC ZigBee D FBDCC CBF BCB BCDC, DEDA BDABA FECC, BC BDCB ECB A, BBDCE FEC ED FCA, DC FECCC D CDC FCB EFDC. CA ZigBee D B C D F E, CE C CBFC FCBC BCD, DC Bluetooth. BDBD ZigBee ECD DDBA (FCCD D BFAC CE DE) 15 A ECC, D BCBDC ECC F BC B Bluetooth, A D C F FCCC D BFAC CE DE BDCD 3- BC. BDBD ZigBee BD CEC ADBA BFACE CEC, C FDCCA C ECD D C E, A CE BDCDBA FDCA D DC. FC BD FECCA DC ZigBee: EAA DEDA DCEFCD D, CFBBD, D ED C, D ECA F D..; EC B EC FD, ED D, D BDF FECCA, A, DCCFE; FECC EECCBC FECCC D FBDC FCBB FEC A, FCC CC, D BDF. CBDD D DF BDBD ZigBee. ZigBee (ZC) CC DCDBDCC BDBD, ECC FD CC BCD BACCBA B E BCDAE. BCD CBD D ZigBee, D FBCD BCD ECD D E BCD. ZigBee (ZR) ECD BDFD CBDC FECD BDBD, FCCA C EC BDE BDBDE. 242

243 3. ABC DCEFFABC F ZigBee (ZED) ECD ECDBA EC B EDCBE E (DE EDDE), C ECD FCCD C D BDBD. C FCCC FACD BD CEC FCD BFACE BBDA, D FACD ED CCBB DC. CC BDBD ECCD C FEAD, D CCD C CE FBDC. BDBD ZigBee D BECBDE B BDDE IEEE CBF FCB BCDC, D FBCD C B FD (CB B PHY FCC BDFE MAC). DD IEEE (ZigBee) FCBEDCD BFC ECD FB EA B FAEE BCCE BFCD D DC F: 1 FC 868,0-868,6 ; 10 FC ( CD BDD 2, BEA AA 906 ); 16 FC ,5 ( CD BDD 5, BEA AA 2405 ). DCDBDC BBD FCC BBDACD 20 D/B, 40 D/B 250 D/B A, BBDAC FCC D ECD. CE BDF BCDA ZigBee CSMA/CA ECBDC BDF B DCE CBC FCDCCE. E BD, BC FECCC CSMA. FEC, F FCCC FCD FDCCA FCE (CB FDCA FCD D) DD ZigBee F FD E BFCDC BBD CC CBF BCDC DC, FB CCD EE FBDCC BCDC B E FDCCCE C E AE FC CBF ECBDA A AA AC CBFA BCBA BCD (WSN Wireless Sensor Network) FCBDACD B BFCC BEBA BD D DC CECD BCD, BBDA ECBD CBCE C DC BFC BD (), CC FBCBDE A. BD FDA BCB BCD ECD BBDAD AD E AD E BCD CDBA BC D CECD E. CBFC BCBC BCD AD B CC C FECCC FBDC, DBFDC, BBDCE CBFCCA CCADCBD, BBDCE D.F. BFC C CBF BCB BDBD DA FECD CCD EE FECCC BCB BCDC A DA: 243

244 ABC DCEFFABC F FECD (DCEFCD, CC, BD D. F.); BDF CEC C CEC CE CDE ED; D BFDC ECE; CB FECD C BC. CBFC BCBC BCD BBDAD AABD EBABD CE E, BC BCBE (DE DCEFCD, CA, BCCBD, A, ECBDFCA D. F.) FF AE, DE E FC. CBA BCD FACD FD BDBD. C BCB BCD ECD BCD C D A DA CC BC, EEFDC FCEFCCD. D FACD BDBD FD ECCA, BEBDADC FD D FCD BA B CC E BBDCE. «BBCBA» DCD BCB BCD B DFE C, D ECD D FCBDC DCEA BDBDE. 1. (FFD Fully Function Device): BCBDACD, BD FECD BCD; CC BC BDBD, DCCC FEAD EBD BD FDA. 2. (FFD Fully Function Device): FCCD BDD (ZigBee); FDCA FEAD CFDCCC FAD FAD D BCD; FCCD BC DF («D-D», «C», «CC», «ACBDA BCD»); CDBA B E BDBDE BCD. 3. (RFD Reduced Function Device); FCCD C BDD ; FCCD DF «D-D», «C»; C FACD D; CDBA D BCD EDD FC BA C C WiMAX WiFi ECD E C DCE B, C BDD, D B D DC, F (BDD D IEEE, DBA B «802.»), DC C DC BFD CBFC BCCC ED BFDBA A FCA DCCD., CBEDA D, D DC FC CCC BCC.

245 3. ABC DCEFFABC F D. 3.9 A BCA BCC BBEDCC C CBFC DC FCC. WiFi n WLAN 300 D/B, FCBFCDC 600 D/B 100 E 2,4-2,5; 5,0 WiMax d WMAN 75 D/B 6-10 E 1,5-11 Mobile WiMax e 40 D/B 1-5 E WMAN Bluetooth v.1.1 Bluetooth v WPAN 1 D/B 10 E 2, WPAN ZigBee WPAN WiFi a WLAN 54 D/B 100 E 5,0 WiFi b WLAN 11 D/B 100 E 2,4 WiFi g WLAN 108 D/B 100 E 2,4 - DA E D 11 D/B 55 D/B D 20 D/B 250 D/B IrDa WPAN 16 D/B 100 E E 50 BE; - BDAA BA 10 E 2,4 2,4 (16 ); 915 (10); 868 (1) 245

246 4. ABC DEF 4. ABCDEF F A BCDEF (, ), BCE C DCFEA BCF B BC F F F A A EFCF B, BCE -ABCDE A, B BCCBFCA C A BCDEF B BCF, FCF BE F F BCEF F. BFBCF BBFBFCEA- BCBE E BBCF F BCFDCF, FF F F, BCE BCD BC, BFC F C C BCD FC, BF, BFCEA, CB F F.. B BC EFCF F DCFDC BBFBFCEA-BCBE F ECEA FEFEA (BCEF F) BCDEF BCFDCF BCFF D CBC F A FDE ADE A Internet. EA BBFBFCEA-BCBE F ECEA F FEAD FC BFF, EFF F BCF, F BF CDCA F BF FEF Wide Area Network (WAN). E BB BC ECEA F CCB DCA C, F EF CA B B, EC F C -CCBC, CF C F.25 FEF IBM SNA ABA CDACEF ABAC DEBEF A EFF CBCBF F ECEA E EF. 1. AB BBFBFCEA C. 2. A F C CAD EF ( BCEA B), ECEA F BBFBFCEA F CAD DFB. 3. E FF BCDEF F BCF C C EAF BCF FEAD FCEA BCF, C F: AD (, BFBCFF F..) F E (CBBFDCB, CB, ED). 4. EF ECEA, EC, CF. 5. FD CF DCC, BC BF BFF ECEA F, E BCFDCF F C BCC C. 6. ECEAC A BCA EFA C CAD : CEA FF F EBFF, FE E, B BCF F F CCE, FF BCDEF B F ( EAF F/ F/). 246

247 4. ABC DEF ACA DEBEF A 1. BCEF EADCE F BCF C E FEFEA F FBCF BBC, C C C FFF E, CF C EBC C, EC DA, BDA, EFF DCB, BCDBCD FBCF BBC F.. 2. DA C BBC F BCFF FD E F CBC. 3. DA BCF F E F C, FE CF FFF C CF F F F A D ECFFCF FF B FF, BCEC C BF.4.1, EC : A FF BC, FEAD E FF EA F BCFBF, B : BFEF (repeater); BCB (hub); EA FF BC, FEAD E BF BBFBFCEA-BCBE F ECEA FF C, C F BF -EF: (bridg); CBBFDCB (router); CB (switch); ED (gateway). A BFEF EA CB BCB CBBFDCB ED F FF BC, EFF CF, F B E FEF BCC FCEC, BCE BCF C CB CDCF BCC C, A BCC C 2- F E F B OSI-EF. CF FF BC BCC,, C 1- FDF B A A B B, F ECEA FEF CE F BEFB BF CB FF. F BCD EFF F

248 4. ABC DEF A, B EC CF FEADCA BB, C C, C F BD (BF.4.2). F B DB BCC C B CCEA B F BDBC E BE E F B, A BFFC BF BC CBC FD C B C CFF FDF CBC (-CBC) CFF CDCF. E BFB (), BC BF (BF.4.2): F -CB (CB CDCF, BD) CF, E ; CBCEF (), B CF EC; "" C E EF DCFF. C C CB, BCDC E CFF C, BC BD, BCF ECEFD BEC, FC CBD C A F C FBCF DCA. EFF BFE, B C FDF B F EFA B F CCEFC FCE, FC F CB F F EA, FE FB. CBC BC CEA BC F C EA F F CB F BCDF MAC-CBCF. E EF FBCFF EFF CF FDC CBC CF, FC CBC BF BD F CB. BF EFF CBC BCFC CB CDCF CBCF F, EF C CBC, BC CB CBCEF (B BCFE CBC). C B BCF CDC "DCEF" (flooding). EF CF CB CDCF, BCFC B BC FD B BC, B BFE CB. CF DCC, CBC BCFE F ECE BCE F, ECEA, CB C BCEFBCA, F FBFB. EF CBC BCFE F ECE BCE BCD C, BCE CB F. E: FEAC BC F FDC FF ;

249 4. ABC DEF "" (ECEA) CB C C F DCBC EFEA BF ; BFF BDBC E EADCE; CCFF CCFB FDF FBCFF F; FA F, BCCF BCDF BECF B;, F CF, BCD EFF F A,.. F F F CB; BF ABC FD C B B FDF CBC;, ECCB B CBFB, E BFF BCF. E E: EFEAC DCBC CB C; FEADCA CEABCF F; FD D C FBC F, CEA EFB; CA DCFEA EC BCFC F, CBFB, BF BC CBC, CB B BF CEF C; CF CB BC ; BBCCA "FBCEA B"; F B E FDEFF F FFBF. B F (BF.4.3): BDBC (transparent); BCEFBF (translating); FCEFBF (encapsulating); CBBFDCF FFC (source routing). BDBC (transparent) BCEFBF (translating) ABC FCEFBF (encapsulating) CBBFDCF FFC (source routing) A (transparent bridges) BCDC E FF A EF C CCEA F FDF B, CBFB, Ethernet-Ethernet, Token Ring-Token Ring. BDBC E CCF B: B BC E C E C CCFF BF CEF CB CBCF CF, CF

250 4. ABC DEF B : 1) BF C CBC B C; 2) CCEFD CBC BCFE () F F CEF CB (); 3) EF, CB F B BC, B FE CB, DC ; 4) CCEFD CBC ECE () F F ; 5) EF C, F BFCEF, F (.. B BC CC B BC), CB CE FD BC; 6) EF C, F BFCEF B, CB BC (C F B); 7) EF, CB BC, B C, FD B FE DBEFF ABC ADE A (translating bridges) BCDC E FF CA EF C CCEA F FDF B, CBFB, Ethernet F Token Ring (BF.4.4) oken T 6 Ethernet 8 7 BCEFBF F F CFEFBCF "BCF": BF BC CBC FD F Ethernet A TokenRing E DCC DCEC ( ETh) F FC ( Eth) Ethernet- CBC C DCE ( TR) F F ( TR) TokenRing-CBC F CB. EA BCD FEAD CB BCD EF, C BCEFBF BCDFCA CB C CF, C B E A FBFBC E BCF CB FC EF BEFF ABC BADDE A BCDC E FF FCF BECF CCEA F FDF B BD B CFBCEA A BFF BECF, CBFB 10-CF F Ethernet, F A FDDI (BF.4.5). 250 Eth C Eth TR C TR 4.4

251 4. ABC DEF EFF BCEFB- F, B BBCD "B" FC B, FCEFBF EC- C E CB DCE F F B "B" (. BF.4.5), B FEAD CFBCEA F (C BF "FCE- F") F BC CFBCEF BF C E CF DE CDCF. FDEC Ethernet-CB FD FDDI-CBC F BC, B CF CBC. EFC E C FDDI-CBC CC E BCDF Ethernet-CBC CFCEA EF. 1 FDDI 2 FDDI 4 FDDI-E 3 Ethernet-E BC B ACFF C FBCF FDDI A A D A (source routing bridges) FFB C FBCFF, BFB CF, EC CB, F BCF B CBC. EC C B FA CD C CBCF. C B BE A CBC BD B, CDC " " (route discovery). B BFF CBF CBBC BFEEBFBCA C E BFB (BF.4.6). B-FF FFFCEFDFB CBF CBBC, EC FCEA CB (BF.4.6,), CDC "FFE" (explorer). ECEAF CB FEAD FCEA B, BCDCC CF CBBFDCF FFC. BF EFF C CBC C FCEA CB F C (routing information field), DCF EF C: B BC, B E E CB, FFFCB C (i) F B BC, CBFB: 1,1,3 (. BF.4.6,). CE BC CB CBCEF, FEC, B CB E E. F, CF CDCF EC EA FECEAF CB, FE B BE FE D CBB. CF CDCF FBC F FD CBB (C B, C BF FEF B) F EC CFF-FF. BF FBCF CBB, B E ECA CB. CF-BCFEA DCFC CBB F FEAD C

252 4. ABC DEF E BCF CB CF CDCF. F CB BF BC ECC FCEA B, E CBBFDCF FFC., EC F B, C DCFA F CBB F BC CB CBCEF. C) ) 1,1,3 1,5,2 1,8,3 BCDE DCFF CBB CBBFDCF FFC FEAD CF Token Ring E BCF CB BCDF EACF C D, C F, DE F FA F F EFFCA F BCDB,, EFF EF, BCC C OSI-EF, A BFB A, F BCE E FEECEA BF, DCECF BEFF CFE F F C BCF C. EFF C, BCC B BDBCC E B, BCC CBBFDCBC EC A C B. E C B (FB) CBBFDCBC F CB: S1, S2, (BF.4.7.,C). C BF.4.7, CDCC CFC BBC CBBFDCBC. 4.6 C) ) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 A A 1 N

253 4. ABC DEF CF C DC B A. BCEA BB CBBFDCBC ECEA CCEFDFB DCEF C F FF BC BCF CBBFDCFF F DCC CEF CBBFDCFF BE CCE DF, B (A) B E A CBCE C. C BF.4.8 CDC BFB B CBB CEF () DEC (CBBFDCBC) 4, C FDE F. S1 S4 S2 S3 F C () CF S S S S S S S2 1 default 6 S3 - B E CDC (FD) CBBFDCB CDCF (). E C B E CDC () E CBBFDCBC, B E CBCEA C, C BA CB () C CBBFDCBC: S1, S2, S3, S4. BF CEFFF CEABCF E F A CDC EA D BCF CC. C, CBFB, C =3 A CBCE CBBFDCB 2 FEF 6 BD FB S2 F S3, BC CEF F B F CB CDCF. EC B CBBC E C (), CDC 4- E. BFC BFBCA EF CB: BCF FF F BFF CC, B FDB "FCF " (hop EF CBBFDCB, B C FFC BFFC); BC A CCEC DF; B CF BCDF F; DCBDC CCEC DF F.. C BFB C BFF FEAD BCF CBC CDCF, FDB C. EAF E C FA C F,, BF FC CBBC, FEAD BCF CB CB CDCF, CDC CEF. E BF

254 4. ABC DEF CB FEAD CBB ECF, B CEF BC (default), CDCC F CBBFDCB, FEAD ECF. A B CBBFDCB BCDFA C 3 B (BF.4.9): 1) BF E FF EAF CE FEFCE A BCEA FC; 2) E B BCDBC; 3) E CD B BCFDCF FF ACFC D (Boundary Router) BCDC E FF CE ECEA BCEA A F, C BCFE, F BCF DF: F B E FF ECEA A F F E FF BCEA CBBFDCB. E FF CBBFDCFF DECC C BCEA CBBFDCB, DF BFBF CBBFDCB B CEFFFBC EFCF C F CBCBFD FD FA. C F F BFFF BF BECA FF BD B ECEA F C F CCE BCBE F FEF. C FEC FA BF CBB CEF CFC E BC D DCF CADB F FFBC (EA) BF EAF FE B, CBFB: F LAN-B E BF ECEA A, EAF WAN-B E DF CBBFDCB F BCEA FC F F BDB B E FB FF. CBBFDCB CE C, EC, FC: F EF C (dial-on-demand) CCF CEF FB FF EA B BCF C; AD, DE BFB FA B A CCEC DF; 254 BFBF CE C CFBCEA 4.9

255 4. ABC DEF E EF E EA F (EA FEF CF) EC C FD B E EFF, C C BF F CBDC FBCE ACFC FA D, DCFFF CBFB, E C CBBFDCB: BCEFDC CBFB; BCBE CBFB. CBCB F CFBCEA CBBFDCB : 1) EAC BF: C EA CBBFDCBC C BB, BCCCF ECEA BCF, BF BD B E; BCEA BB DC EA E CBBFDCFF C BCDF EF; 2) CEFF EAF B E BF ECEAF F BBFBFCEAF F BCD F: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM F..; 3) BC B F CDFF, F E BCFF C BFEF: DCC E "B" BF (D EF FCF); FEADCF FD FF FCF; CCFC FCFC BFBCF EC CD; BCBE BCEF. CBBFDCBC FEFEAC A BC E. CFBCEA CBBFDCB BCBE CBFB BCF BCEFDC E F CDCEF BFDFEAF F CDFF. CFE FDF FBCF-CFCF CBBFDCB E Cisco, 3Com, Hewlett-Packard C ACFFF CBBFDCFF, BF CBBFDCBC, BCDFA C B (BF.4.10): 1) EB (EB) CBBFDCFF; 2) EB (B) CBBFDCFF. CFF (FFBC) FCFF (CCF)

256 4. ABC DEF DCC, C BC BE F, CE CFFBCB F FD F EFEA BF. CFC CBBFDCF BF EAF CE FDF, ECCB CF EE: FDF BCF CBBFDCB; C DCA F. B CF CBBFDCFF BFF EF E, BCFFCF BFF: C BA ECCFF ( CFFBCB E DCCCA F FFFBCA CBB B); EC CCCF FDF EFF F. BCBEC CBBFDCF, DEC CCFF FDA CBB ECF C BF CDC FEF BBDC CCE DF. E CCF BF F FFCFF CBB CEF FEAD BE (BF.4.11): B C IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), CBFB RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, ES-IS; B C GP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), CBFB BE BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), FEAD F Internet. B CBBFDCFF IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) CBBFDCFF EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) FEADCF CBB CEF B BEC C CDC AA (autonomous system), BCE A F CFFBCF FF (BF.4.12). E C CBB FBCF CF FCF C BF EGP, BCDBCC E F Internet. BE CDC C, F CBBFDCB, C BCFE, BCDC C BFBFF C F. DCCC DCEC B FBCFF F C C F F E BC FBCFF F CBBFDCBC BF C F. 256 RIP OSPF IS-IS ES-IS BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 4.11

257 4. ABC DEF () IGP IGP EGP IGP IGP EGP EGP IGP EGP IGP 4.12 C BFF BEC EGP E BCDBCC BE BGP, C C FEADCFF C BCB BEC, B BCF EGP: FC E B CFEFDCF FCEA CBB; A DCBC A E FBCF, CF, DC BCF BF FDFF F FBCFF, EA FDF CE ACFFF BE CBBFDCFF BCE FCFF FBCF CBBC F CBBFDCBCF F, BCEFD BBC CBBFDCB, DCC CEF CBBFDCFF, BCCF BCFDCF F. BE B CBBFDCFF, C BCFE, C C CEBFC C: CEFCF "B-EFC" DVA (Distance Vector Algorithm) BE FC «distance vector»; FBCF FF CCE LSA (Link-State Algorithm) BE FC «link state». DVA (Distance Vector Algorithm) RIP (Routing Information Protool) LSA (Link-State Algorithm) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

258 4. ABC DEF DVA - CEBF C FBCF F BCF F EB BCEF CBBFDCBCF FBCEA C. BEC FC DVA F F FD C B BE RIP (Routing Information Protool), B BCCEA FB BFE F B. F BE CBCBFD, BFFF (C EF F BFF FDF) EC FBCEA C CEFCF CBBFDCFF, B, B BD CBBFDCB, E CEF CBBFDCFF. C B CBB CEF CDC: CB B F; CB CBBFDCBC, BD B E BCCA C, CBCE C A; BCF F. BF FFFCEFDCFF CBBFDCBC CEF CBBFDCFF DCFC: CBC F ; CBC F CBBFDCB, BF C CBBFDCB DC B; BCF F CBBFDCB BFFC BC 0 FEF 1 DCFFF BCEFDCFF. C 30 CBBFDCB BC FBCEA C, BCF CB (V, D), V CB F, CDC, C D BCF F, CDC C. BF RIP EFC BC FDB F CAD C ( C) C CBBFDCB F A. C CFF E CEF "B-EFC" CBBFDCB F EF F FDF CBB CEF, BE F FFCEA EF F. EA CCE DF FA BCD B F, B BCEFDCF RIP EFC BC C C FF, DCFF BF BCF C. RIP F BF BE FC DVA BCEFDCFF. E RIP: 1) F FC FCEA CBB; 2) F CCE BCCF CEFCF "B-EFC", EEC F CBCF: BFFA BCF FBCEA C, BCF CEF "B-EFC" C BC C EC, EF F E FCF FDF; EAF F CEF, B BBFCE FE, F A. 258

259 4. ABC DEF BE FC distance vector EBCD BFA EAF F FEA F. EAF BFFF EC FBCEA C BF BBD F F AF B F. LSA CEBF C FBCF FF CCE, CDC C F BCB F BD SPF (Shortest Path First), C C FCF BFF CBBFDCBCF CB EFF F DC BC FBCFF FF F CCEC DF. E CBBFDCB BFFF FB F CCE FF CBBFDCBCF, C C CCE C "CF" FEF "CF". C BCF E AF EF C F F BF E BCFE: «EF "EA" D, E CFAB F CF, "EA" E CFAB FF CF». BF FDFF F F CCE CBBFDCB E BCBBC FBCF F CEA CBBFDCBC, B, EF F, E F CB F F DC FE BCCF F F CDCF. CEBF LSA: 1) CBCFBCC F E BC CFEFDCF FCEA CBB, CEBFC DVA; 2) BC ECF F AF BCC FBCFF, DCFF FEC F. BE FC LSA FEAD EAF FEF B BCF. F CF BE, C Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) F Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). C BCBBC BCEFDCF CEBFC LSA E BE OSPF B CCB, BCDBCC E BFF CBBFDCBC F B F FB FEAD C B BF (NetWare, SNA, XNS, DECNet). ECC F BFCF CEBF LSA, BE OSPF FC EF EFEA DF. 1. C C FF CECA F. CFFBCB BFCFCA CCEC BCDEF DCF "FF", CA C F B F, DCBC FEF ECCF BCC. CBBFDCB FBC A ECF CC BDEAC CCEFDC EA CBC ECE, F E "F EFCF" DCE. 2. F CE CEABCFF F FC FF ( EFF BEC RIP, FE EA F A C CDCF). 259

260 4. ABC DEF 3. C C FF EF F. CFFBCB DCA EA B BCDEFF BFBFCF. C C BA C BC BDEACC CCEFDC FC BEC. E C, FEA BA DCBC, E BA E F BFBF. 4. E. F DF, CBFB BE RIP, BFF BC C DEEF, B BCCA CEF "B-EFC" CDC CE EF F. 5. C F EF C, FF CB, C BD B BCDF A. EF OSI C CEBFC LSA BE BE CBBFDCFF B: "C FC BCDFC FC", ES-IS (End System-to- Intermediate System); "BCDFC FC BCDFC FC", IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System). BE FC LSA, EFF DVA, EC FBCF CBBC EA E BCF FDF F FF. B EFF DCEC DF BC CCEC BCF FD EAF D FD CBCB CBBFDCFF, DCCC EADCE: DCBF FEF BF BCF C; B F FEF BFDFEAF; CF. CBBFDCB BCF CF: C DCA C; C CA DC CEABCF ; F BCBEF CBDF CCEC DF DC BC CFEF CBB E BCF C; EAC FA DC BC CBBC FF BF, FC FA, B A CCE DF F..; CBCFBCC DCFC "FBCEA BC"; DA FF BCD EF C. E CBBFDCB: BCFEA EA DCB BC C; E E C F FBFBCFF, ; BF BFF ABC FD F B B FDFA CB; E BF,, C C B E BB, EAF BCF CF, E B 260

261 4. ABC DEF BBC F, FA B DCFF FEC BFC BE. CE.4.1 CBCB F F CBBFDCB. CEFC 4.1 CE A CA 1. BCF CC - CBCF CC F CBCF 2. C EAD EA CBC BCFE F ECE EAD BCD FF E BC CBBC 3. B F C C B BCDFCA C C E BF 4. BEC C EA FEABC BEC C C B CB 5. BFBF FC FC, FC 6. B DCBF 7.CA 8.CD- FA 9.DCA EA, C BF BBDC D BF CB CBCFF CF CB BC BCCA BF FBC BCFFA BC BCD F BFC EAC DCB, F E BFDFEAA CBCFB C C E F CDC F (DC F ) FC E A DCF F BECF, ECCFF B F,, FF CBC, FEADCA CBBFDCB F F A FEF CB. C CBBFDCB, B B EA FF C F CDC A/D (bridge/router FEF FC brouter) EF CFF E Ethernet FECA CB FCEA D DCFC B EF F CBBFDCB F BF FFF ECEA BCC C 2- CCEA B, A FB C C CCEFDC -CB. BFDFEAA CB DCFEA,, F FC EAF FEEF CB. 261

262 4. ABC DEF FB BCC AACC CFC BBC CBC BCEC C BF ) C CBC CEFC; 2) BCEF CB A: CFC CBFC; BB B B CA E BCF CB. EFF C CB C B F BB, B C B C BCE F BB. CB CCEFC F A E CB F F, FF F CB CDCF F BCDF C CDC «C», B C CBBFDCB E C CC BE CFEF A. BCC CB FD B BCD B B CBC BFFA CBCEEEA F DCFF B BC. F F CBC EEFC AF DCBF BF BC C BCF CBBFDCBCF. CFC CBFC BC CB FD B C FA E. BCEF CB F CF CBF BCEFD A F, B B BFC CB CEF. CB BCEFDCA F FD CFF: FB CB E, C CCEFD DCEC C CBC CFC EA E, C CB EA BF B; 262

263 4. ABC DEF «F» (on-the-fly), C CCEFD DCEC C CBC CFC BCD E, C B BF DCE CBC, FC DCBF BFC EF CBC, DE EA BCFA DCB CBC CB. CB ECEA BCCA FD BF: BDCDBA, C B CBC EC F C CFCEA CE FEF BCB EF BCFF CFF (BF.4.15,C); CDBA, C C B CBC EC EA C BCC CF (BF.4.15,). C) ) 4.15 EF BC CBC B B (C ) CDC AF. B C E BF B FDF EFF BC -DE F BCB CCB ( FFBCA EEFDFF Ethernet, CA CBBC Token Ring F FDDI). FF «CB-CB» BFCA E BF. BF BC CBC DFA FCF, C C F F B CBC CB C EAF B CB FFA, BC BEA DCF E C EFF, CBFB E Ethernet B A 10 F/ CB. BFF BBDC F B CB DC BEF BC BC. E BCF FCF F. E Ethernet F Fast Ethernet 1997 BF CCB IEEE C BCEF FE, BCBFCF C «BFCFA BC» F «DFA BC», B CBCE DE. E B (Gigabit Ethernet F B.) EA FA EFB CB F BCDBCCC E F CFD, B CDC, EE F AFA CB, C BFCCEFCA E. 263

264 4. ABC DEF BF EE BF CB D C DE A DC E, C F: C F C, DCECF DCFF F EEFDF A jam-eceaf; C FAAF BC, C B CBC AC CB FBCE FEF CD E EEFDFF, FC CB BF B BCF DFB EFF AACC C BF.4.16 BCE F CBFC F BCEFDCFF CB, B B CBFC BCEFDCFF BB FEFEA E. C) ) ) BCE B C CF CBF (BF.4.16,C). : CFCEAC BFDFEAA; C CA. E: EA F C FA; BCF FE B, EA F EFF DBCC FA. 2. C F (BF.4.16,). : BC; FDC. 264

265 4. ABC DEF E: FDC BFDFEAA; FDC CA. 3. C BCDE CF (BF.4.16,). CBFC DCFC B EF CBFCCF C CF CBF F C F EFCE FF AACC CB BCF CF E E FEECEAF F BCF F ECC B EFEA F. 1. E «F EA» («Spanning Tree»), B DE CCFF BEA BF FBCF D F E FEF EA F FE CBBC (DC CBB). EBF «Spanning Tree» BCEFD 3 CC (BF.4.17): BE CCFF (CB AF - CB EC BCEF) FEF CDCC CFFBCB (), B BF B; E C CBC () BE, BD B EF BCCF A B CB; E C C ( i ) F FBC B, B FC BCC BCF C C B CBC B B - CDC B F EF EF. CB BCEFB BE CEBFC, F BCEFBF ( FF FFCFF IEEE 802.1H F RFC 1042). 3. F E FF DCCF EFF (CBFB, BCFFC B EC F). 265

266 4. ABC DEF 4. C E DCFF EFF F, CBFB : BFFCF BFBFC BC CBC; CDCF BFBFC CBC FF CCB IEEE 802.1p, B BCBFC F EFEA DCE E CB Ethernet, F FD C (B E C CBC), 3 FC DCC BFBF CBC. C CB, DEF ECEFDCA F BEFBCA F C, C C BCEA FF A EADCEAF FEAB, DE FEADCA CB E BF FBCEA (, VLAN Virtual LAN) E E BBC-CCBC E, FF BCDB F FEF BC F DEF BCA BE, DC BCDEFF BE F F CBCFF. ED B BCDEF BE F DE BCDEF BC B FA, C BCCA C FC A. C BFB CDCA C CCB (PAD), BB BE F BC, FF F Ethernet F.25. F Internet ED C CDC CBBFDCB. ED FC E FEECEA F E E BF, F CBBFDCB F BCCA C F B OSI-EF AC C CDCEA BCDE 1, CF C AB A BCEFDCC CF: C BB BCF C C F DCFFF CCF F; C F EF F. BCC C C FAD EF FB BF BF BFF ECEA FEFEA CF C F FC CFEA FA E EB F C. BCC C C FBCEA CCE BCEFDCC.25, Frame Relay F CC C A CEF E C FC FBCEA CCE: DD D (Switched Virtual Circuit, SVC), B DC DCB CC CCEC BCF C F EA C B CC; BA D (Permanent Virtual Circuit, PVC), B DC B CFFBCB F (D,

267 4. ABC DEF BFEF BCEFDC B BCEF A) F FD F C EFEA ( BE BCF) BF. BF DCFF CBBFDCF C DEC F E FEADCF CBB CEF FE C C C CEF FF. BF C FBCEA CCE BFCFC C () DF (Virtual Channel Identifier, VCI), C B CEA BFF BCC C DECF F. CF VCI F ECEA CBCB, C ECEA EA BEC C DEC, BF VCI BCD DEC F FBCEA CCEC EC BCDEF. B DCF FBCEA CCEC E C BC DEC BFB FA E, BFCF, C C B BCA BFF C BE DCF VCI. E DCF FBCEA CCEC DE BFC C C CFF DCF VCI EA BCDBF ( E 24 F), C CB EF F F C F F. B CEF CFF B BC A DCF, CEF CBBFDCFF, C C BC F EA F C FF, BF BD C B CBC. CC BCFDCF BCF C DE AFA DCB C F DC EF CB: 1) E A FD-DC A BCDBC CEF CFF; 2) C E (FC) E AD DC AF EF E FBCFF DCE CC, C C FFFCB FBCEA CCEC DCE CC DCFC E 24 F, B C CBC DE BBFBFCEA-BCBE F ECEA F C EA EF F DCFC 6 F E C. EADCF (PVC) E F, FB, EA C CEF FF, F BFF CB E C DCBC BFBC CEF CFF. AB FAB EF AF EF CCF BFFA E BF. B PVC EFC E CCEC, EADCEA EF B A F BFF EADCEF. B, EEFC C PVC BCF E CCE F CBCF FEA BCEA BCE B F, C B B EC FEADCF PVC E, CBC E EFFF. F BFF C C CEF CFF CDC D, C DE F D, B 267

268 4. ABC DEF BCC C BA (), C C B (CCEA) B OSI-EF. BFF BCF C C FBCEA CCE BCBF C BFB BCC F, BCE C BF DE (AB EADCE) A, B, C, D, E, F DC A A 3- BB CB 1, 2 F 3. VCI=41 1 VCI=44 2 VCI=23 1 VCI= VCI=36 4 VCI= D E F E CEF FF F DECF DE- FF EC FCEA C DCB C CEF FF (Call Request), B BF CB DEC CDCF F B FBCEA FF VCI. B F ECEA DCF E C BC (DEC F CBC) F FBC FD C C B. BD F B CFA C EA EF FBCEA FF. A DE, CCEFCF FBCEA FF DE B, BFBCE C Call Request C CEF FF, B CDC CB CDCF = F B FBCEA FF VCI=41. C Call Request CBCE B 1 CBC 1 F, CB CDCF FEADCF CEF CBBFDCFF (BF.4.19,C) BE BC BC 1, C B BECA C. FF CEF CBBFDCFF C Call Request BC 1 CBCE B 3. B CB DC C B FBCEA FF VCI=41 C DCF, B FBC FD C B E BC 3. C BFB DCF VCI=56. CEFF BCD B VCI E BCD B CBC (C F ) DE BCEFDCA E BF BCF C. B CEF CBBFDCFF E C BC BFB CEFC CFF. CEF CFF BC 1 CB C, CEA C, BFF C B B VCI=41 E BCCA C B 3, BF B FBCEA

269 4. ABC DEF CCEC E A FD C 56 (BF.4.19,). B EC DCFA CEF CFF BC 3: C, FF VCI=56 BCCA C B 1, B FBCEA CCEC C VCI=41. CF BCD, BF EFF C BC CBCEFF DE- FF EC C B VCI, B BCEE F DE. C) ) VCI B VCI VCI B VCI BD 1 B 2 C 3 D 3 E 4 F VCI B VCI VCI B VCI CEF F DCB Call Request E CB 2, C B CBBFDCFF BFB CEF CFF. E, C C Call Request ECE F DEC-CDCF, EF BFB E C BF, B BC DE BFBC FBCEA CCE. EF CC BF FFFFB DE BC C CF, B BCCA F BFBC FBCEA F, BF DCF VCI FDA BF BC CC BC CB FF CEFCF CF BC FBCEA FF. C C BC EF CBC DE, C F DCE EA B FBCEA CCEC, C CFF B F BFDF CF C, B CC DCBC C CEF FF. DC FBCEA CCE FD F BF CF FF. CF BCD, BCC C C FBCEA CCEC BCEFD C CC: C CBBFDCFF CC DCBC C C FBCEA FF FF CB CDCF, B B BFB CEF CFF; C CFF C C CFF BC FBCEA CCEC FEADCF CEF CFF. 269

270 4. ABC DEF EADCF FBCEA CCE CDC F BF BC BD A EB C, F E BCB, C C C CEF FF F C BF C F F BCC BC.25 CCB.25 «B BCF C F CCBCB BCF C E BFCE, BCCF C BF BCF C EADCF», BF 1976 F E 1984, CFEF BCD F F E CEB, CBCB E BFCE, F A F E F BCF BCFC ECEA. F, B BFDF FF BCFF.25, CDC A.25 FEF A B D. C F FD CDCF, CCB FC B B F.25, C EA BE EADCEAF FB A. F.25 E B EF F F F, B B BCC C C EFF ECCB BEC CEF FF F BBF F C B CCEA F. DCFF.25 BE CCB.75. F.25 CBCBFD EFF F. A.25 F FD CB, CDC E E (), BCE BCDEF BCFF C F F EF CCECF (BF.4.20), B A C FBF, C F CCEF. A E EF BCF BF EAF FDB C CECF-FB BFCE C, BCC 270

271 4. ABC DEF F F CBCE ABC E BCF, F BC BCDBF C, F FEAD FCEA BC PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler E-CE E), B BD FFC CDC (C CB C). A BF FEF CEF. CCB BE DAB E EF FEADCF C CCEA F B BE F, BCEF CF C F FBCEF FF. BA BCFC C BC EA EF EF F BE IP FA BCDB F. FF FF CCB. E: BC FE, E CFB BFCE, C; BCDBC C F C C CFB BFCE; BCEF BBCF CEF FF F BCDFF F.25; BCC FE BCF CFB BFCEC F B. BFCE F CB F.25. B BFCFC B, B E CB C.25 A E CCEC. AB F ECEA F EC F.25 B BD CCB.25 FEF CBBFDCB (BF.4.20) B BE C CE BCF.25 CCB.25 FC 3 B BE: FDFF; CCEA;. C BF.4.21 CDCC EA DCFF DE (, CBBFDCB, ) F B CFF C (). DE LAP-B DE LAP-B LAP-B C CE BE BE X.21 FBCEA FB BCF (DTE) F CCBCB 271

272 4. ABC DEF BCF C (DCE) E FB BFC BC EADCF, C C BE X.21bis E, EBF BCF BFF V. EF FEAD BE LAP-B, EF BEC HDLC. BE FC CECFBC BF BC, DCC BCBCF DE, CF FFF. BE LAP-B CCEFC FF F DECF (AB, CBBFDCB FEF BFCF-BCDBFCF C) F CB F, C C B DCF CBCF. B.25/3 ( CCB CDC EA ) BCEFD FEADCF BCDEF F C F E FF C E, F F CA F EF F CCF F F BCEF C. C BF.4.22 CDCC ECEAA BFBCF CBC CCEA B LAP-B, BCC DECF F. DEC C E F B (4-7) CC C (C) B C.25, B DC BC C 2- CCEA BA, C ECC E C CBC LAP-B. CB LAP-B EC C DCE, BCF CB () F E «BCEF ()», F F (2 FEF 4 CC), BCF BEA (). C BCEF CBC FEAD 8-FC ECEAA , CDCC EC (). CDCF F BCF CDC E BCCBFC , FCF BEC HDLC. C 3 CC CE C C X.25 CE C CB LAP-B BCEF FCE BFF E CEF FBCEA FF DE-BCFEA EC DE-ECE C Call Request (BF.4.23) BEC X.25. E, BCE B B CC DCEC CC, FEAD FC CB BEC.25. BFDC Q BE E C CC: Q=1 BCEC FBCF, Q=0 C. BFDC D BCDC E CC DE CDCF. 272

273 4. ABC DEF F E Modulo DCC EA BCFF C: 10 EA 128, C 01 EA 8. E LGN (Logical Group Number) BF DCF FEB A, F FBCEA CCE F F FCEA BFDC, CBFB: FBCEA CCE; FB E FBCEA CCE F.. E LCN (Logical Channel Number) BF F EF, CDCC DE-FF (E FB FBCEA CCE) FEF CFFBCB F (E FBCEA CCE). CFCEA EF FBCEA CCE, BF BD F B, BC 2 8 = Q D Modulo LGN LCN Type Lengh DA Lengh DA Destination address (DA) Source address (SA) Facilities length (FL) Facilities User Data 4.23 E (Type), EF 8 F, CDC E: BCEF C FEF C C. E BCEF C E CDC F CC, C E C C BC EFEA F BFCEA FCF. EF C E BE F C E (DA F SA), B BCECC EF E. B DA FEAD E CBBFDCFF CC Call Request, C SA E BCF DE CDCF BF CEFF FF EF CC Call Accepted «CB BF», B F CBC CF. BC FA BFDEA BC. E Facilities length (F F F) F Facilities (F) E ECCF EFEA E, B BCE A C. CBFB, EADCEA A EF «ECCF CBCB BCEF» FEADCA CCB DCF CBCB BEC, CF C BCDB C, CFCEA BCDB E C CC F.. E User Data (F AD) FA BCDEF CFCEA DCF EF: C. BFEA E EFC 128 C. C Call Request CBBFDFB DEC F C CFF CEF CBBFDCFF, BECC BF FBCEA CCE. CCEA DCF BC FBCEA CCEC DCC EADCEA C E LCN. E CEF FBCEA CCEC DE FC CCF C (Data), B B 273

274 4. ABC DEF BF CC CF, C C Call Request, C CB E F E E. CB ().25 B F E CBBFDCB, EA BFC BB C CBB FBCF F, C EF, BB FC FCEA CBB, C C E BBCDCF BC CB CCEA BE. B B, BCF CBCF ECEA, B B BC FF CB C B, CB.25 E B EFEA F, C F: BFFC CB LAP-B F BB BEA ; BF CBFF FF FEF B CBC BCFD B BC; BFB -BF B B; BE B FBCEA CCEC B, FDEC FD CBC C.25, C DC BFB CB E CEA BFF CC. CEFF F F EEFC BCFEA BFDFEAA CB.25, BC CE EA C. BE.25 EF BCDBCC F CEEAD EF C AE D F B EB, CCEFCA BFBF BCFC EA FBCEA CCE, B CDC DCB C CEF FF E E C Frame Relay BBCF CEFF Frame Relay Frame Relay F, B BCF F.25 BCD E E BCF EAFB BCFC ECEA EC, C CCE DF BFEFC C CCEC ECEA, CBFB BF FEADCFF E-FF CE. CBF BC F EFF Frame Relay. 1. CE EF CA F BAB A Frame Relay FC B A ( 2 F/) F EAF DCBF CB. B EF Frame Relay CB, DECC F FF C BE BF B. 2. E AD ECFB E F B BF BCF C FBCEA CCE BF F EACF BCFC C A, EFCC EF Frame Relay CCB Frame Relay BE FAD EF (PVC) F FB (SVC).

275 4. ABC DEF 4. EF Frame Relay FEAD E BCF C F FBCEA FF, CCEF, BC BF.25. C EADCEAF C (BF CE FBCEA FFF) Frame Relay BC BEC EA CE EF B, B C.25 E CEF FF C BC BE 3- B. 5. BCF EF.25 Frame Relay A EFA DA BF BC C, C C F ECC CB CCEA B, C C B, C BE CCEA B LAP-F Frame Relay, F BE HDLC, F A (core) (control). BF CB BC D BBCDCF F BE, C F CBC ECEA. C F Frame Relay ECC AC BFDFEAA, C C CB CBC BC BBCDCF, C A BC FCFF BF CBCF C C EADCEAF CB, C BFF F.25. EAFBF BCF BC F Frame Relay C B F D EAF DCB. 7. EF Frame Relay, BFFBCC C FEADCF CCE DF CC, BCBFC EF F EE EAD E. F FF DECC C DE, B E CBFCA F BBFBCA FF FEADCF BE BCB FEF E F B. FF EF Frame Relay EFDC EF ECEA, CF C Ethernet, Token Ring F FDDI, B EA A EA EA, CF DCFC F B BC. A EFF Frame Relay EA A E F (QoS) E E. CC EF EFEC FB BCBBCF BC BEFF EF Frame Relay CBCFBC FC EF CBCB CC BCB EFCF, F BF FFF ECEA. E BF CEFF FF FEAD, C.25 F DCECC E. E C FBCEA FF BE DCF CBCB, EFF C C EFCF (BF.4.24): CIR (Committed Information Rate) AFA AA, B A BCCA C EADCE; 275

276 4. ABC DEF B (Committed Burst Size) AFA BDA, A CFCEA EF C, B A BCCA EADCE DC FBCE BF ; Be (Excess Burst Size) CB BDA, A CFCEA EF C, B A CA BCA B CE DCF DC FBCE BF. (QoS) CIR (Committed Information Rate) ECCC BA BCF C B (Committed Burst Size) ECCC EFFC EACFF Be (Excess Burst Size) EFEAC EFFC EACFF 4.24 CBCF CE BCF CB EF Frame Relay C, CE E. CBCB, B C F A DCEC ECF BF CEFF FBCEA FF, E F E AD. E FBCEA CCE ECF E CA BCC C EADCF ECF F. BF CEFF FB FBCEA CCEC ECF C EFCF DCEC CCFF A BEC Q.931/933 B CBCB CIR, F Be BC C DCBC C CEF FF. C C BA BCF C FDBFA EA C C- FBCE BF, C C BEA FBCEC, C B BB EF ECF, FBC B, DCF B BE EF BCD: T = Bc / CIR (BF.4.25). EADCEA FF ECF E BCCA A C B BA, BC CIR (BC B 1 = CIR* t C BF.4.25). EF CBC ECF F BC C B BA R (BC B 2 = R * t C BF.4.25), A CBCFB C CBC. BF, B, C BC C BC CB F FCEA BFDC DE (Discard Eligibility), BC 0 (CB 1 F 2 ). EF BC C BFE, EF CB C BFDC DE, BC 1 (CB 3 ). CB, CF BFDC, EC CEF, C F CE FD F EA EC, EF CB 276

277 4. ABC DEF BB. EF BBD, CB BFDC DE=1 CE CBC. B Bc+Be K 4 (B) Bc K 2 (DE=0) K 3 (DE=1) B2=R*t K 1 (DE=0) CIR R B 1 =CIR*t T=Bc/CIR C F F EC, C C, BC EADCE A DC BF, BC (+). EF B B, CB C BFDC DE, C E CE FD F (CB 4 ). E BE ECF CBCBC CC EFCF CB F Frame Relay E C CDC CEBF «B BC» (Leaky Bucket). EBF FEAD E FF EADCE C. C DCF FC AC C EFF FEF BCC 0, EF DCF FC A,. CB, C B EFFEF DCF FC BC, BC A DCF BFDCC DE=0. CB, B EFFEF DCF FC, A (+), C BC A, BFDC DE=1. C, CB, B EFFEF DCF FC (+), BCC CB. EADCEA EFA ECF CBCB CC EFCF, C EA B. CBFB, FEADCF CBCB CIR F FC E C EFCF, C C CB FC BCC CB BCD. CB EA C BFDC DE=1 CB, B BC B DC B. EF F DFC BBDF, CB C CCEC C DEC, C EF EADCEA CBC ECF A. CFD DCCDC B B F F CFCEA EACFF E CFD BCEF CF CB t

278 4. ABC DEF Frame Relay. ECF E DCECA CF BCD, C BF B FBCEA CCE BFEC D B CB. BF DCCD CCE DC C CFFBCB, C BF CEFF FB FBCEA CCE BBC F CB. BF BCFEA D C DCEAC A B BBDCF CEF CB BFDC DE=1 F CB, BFF B (+). B, EFF Frame Relay BE F EFEA (DCEA) CFD BCEF CBCF. CFD F EADCE BBDC CBC F. BF DCFF FB FBCEA CCEC CBCB CC EFCF BC A A BEC Q.931. BE CCEFC FBCEA FF A EAF E C BEF BC Frame Relay EF Frame Relay F.25 BCE FF F F BCBCF, C BFDFEF C CB, B BCCA C BEC.25, C F BEC Frame Relay. EF Frame Relay BBFBFCEA CF C BCCBFCA C CCE EFF Ethernet ECEA. EFF: BCE B CD BCB EF, CE CB D CBCF DE CDCF CBC ; EF CB B, BBFFC FCF FEF E F CEF. C FC E C Frame Relay C E EF F E C B C BE, BCE C BE Frame Relay. EF CCE C, CB BA F FCCA B, C BA CEF C BECF BCB B E BFEC. EF CB FCC F B C, EDC BC A F Frame Relay CA F BCD, C BFF Ethernet BF E FF CEA F. F Frame Relay E BFA BF CEFFF C CFBCEA CCEC E-FF CE CC. CCE C A F C F CB, BF EFF F BFE B FCF C. B CE BCF CB Frame Relay F BCFEA EAC BA BCF C 2 F/ BCFFC F BFF E BCF EC F BCFF EC D BC F. 278

279 4. ABC DEF E BCF EC Frame Relay FEAD BFBFDCF BCFC, DCECC BFFF CBC, BF DCB EC,. CFBCEA CB Frame Relay CF CB EFC B BA EDC B (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) - EF D, FEADC CEAF C FFBC BCDBC, CDC BE (cells), BCDCC E BCF F CFAD E E, F F C, FC BF C B A E C FD F F CBCFB B C BFFF DCBC C. EF ATM FEADCA C E BF B ECEA, C F CFBCE, FF BCFF ECEA F. BCDBCCCECA C CEABCFC DB STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode), B EF EF TDM. EC C EFF TDM DCEC DF BBCBEA B A F CCEC CCECF (BF ECF), B BCE EADCE E BCF C. EF B E FEAD EADCE F CCE, BB A BC B EADCE, BFF B B F CCEC F, C EF, FF BCEA BF BCF C. EFF F BFDC BA EC, C F FFFCF C BF B E B EC, C FFFCB FBCEA FF. BCF B AB BCDFA C C EAF ECC: (stream), BCEF BCB C (BF.4.26,C) F BA (CBR Constant Bit Rate); EAFBF (burst), BCEF BCB BCD C (BF.4.26,) B F BA (VBR Variable Bit Rate). BCF (CBR) EAFBF BCF (VBR)

280 4. ABC DEF BCF CBCB E CF F F C, E B CBCBFF CC EFCF E DCBC BCF C. EAFBF BCF BFB BFEFF, DCF, CBFB, BC CE F BF BC EADCE BF «DCB-». EAFBF BCF FE DCBC, FE B F FCF BCC C. EF BCDBCCCECA C EF, C EFCA F BCFC FF F BCFF DC FEADCF: FF FBCEA CCE; BCBFEA DCCDC CBCB CC EFCF; BFBFDCFF BCFC. CCB BE C B EF, B BCDBCC F E BCFC BD AEE B FEF B F BA F FF CEFF D, BCEFDC EFF, F BC E FC BCFC AB FEF EAFF CCF FFBC EF 53 CC, CDCF CF (cell). E C F DCFC 48 C, C DCE 5 C. CDB FBCE F FD BFBF EF: B, BCDB F E A C CE, BCFA B DCBF DEC F; B B, BCDB F E A C EF, FFFDFBCA BF B F, EE CECF BCCF C BC DCEC F. BFC B CBCF ECEA B BCB E AF EF E FBCFF EFF BF CCB E BBFBFCEA-BCBE FEFEA BF BCC FF DEB FAD EF EF BC FBCEA FF 24 F, E C E EFCF EA EFC FBCEA FF C B CBC F. A F ECF BB BBFBFCEA F (BF.4.27,C) CFF A, B,..., G F FFFCEAF CCECF CBCF, B BA FA BFF CBCF. CCB BE 2 FC FBC (BF.4.27,): EADCEA A (User-Network Interface, UNI); A A (Network-Network Interface, NNI). FFCF UNI BE: BB CC, 280

281 4. ABC DEF CBCF CF, BCE FBCF, BF BEC, CEF FBCEA CCEC, BCEF BCF. C) UNI UNI CB NNI NNI CB NNI CB UNI UNI D E F G ) B UNI (User-Network Interface) NNI (Network-Network Interface) 4.27 CF C BFF C C DF (Virtual Channel Identifier, VCI), B CDCC FF BF CEFF F FC BF BCDB FF. FBCEA CCE A A (PVC) F EA (SVC). E BF CFF EAF FEAD F F (Virtual Path), B F FBCEA CCE, FF F F CBB F F DECF FEF CA CBBC CBCF F. C DF BD (Virtual Path Identifier, VPI) E CB CA ECEA CBC F BCE F BF E B EFC BCDEF FBCEA CCE. CF BCD, CBCF EFF BCEFDCC C B: C B CB DE (C C CEF FBCEA CCEC); C B B FBCEA CCE (BF BC C BFBC FBCEA CCE). CCB F F FFCFF C BCEFDCF FDF B F C C EFF SDH/SONET, BFFC FBCBF B. BCFDCF Forum BEFEC E FBCBFF B SDH, C EA BF -3 (155 F/) FEADCF E-F CE FEF BCFBC 281

282 4. ABC DEF F CB CBFF 5 F -12 (622 F/) FEADCF EA E-F CE. F BF FDFF FB, EF SDH/SONET: FB 1/1 F /, FEAD ECEA ; FB ECEA BA 100 F/ (FDDI) F 25 F/. E BF DCCF F BCDB BCFC F EFF BCEFDC BFF CEC EB F E F, C EFF Frame Relay C CE D BE CDC C BF.4.28, C BCBEF BE DEC F CBC C BF B (AAL1-5) B BA C CA B BFF BFF FFC E BFC CA BA CFF F BCEFBCF (CBBFDCF, EAFEFBCF, BCEF, BCC BFBF) BA ECCF BCF BA, DCFF FDF B 4.28 BE FF B FB EF ISO/OSI F EC: BA CCCFF, BA ; FDFF BA. B F BF BE EFF F BF EF OSI. (B Adaptation Layer, AAL) BCE CB BE, B BBCD EF C BE BF B F F BCC. FF F B C E F BCB B EF OSI, CBFB F BE TCP FEF UDP. BE AAL BF BC EADCEA BCFC BCC EA 282

283 4. ABC DEF DEC F (. BF.4.29), C F BCB BE EAFC EF. 4-7 L 1-5 FDFF FDFF FDFF 4-7 L 1-5 FDFF AB CF AB CF B DCFC BE BFB, BE IP TCP/IP FEF BE LAP-F BE EFF Frame Relay. BE DCFC BC BD CB BF CE F CB FBCEA FFF, A C CFF CEF CFF B. BE E CF B FBCEA FF, B EFF BCDF C CF E F (Virtual Path Identifier, VPI) F E F EF (Virtual Channel Identifier, VCI). B DCCF BE E B F BE DC EF BCF-BCC B EADCE F, CBFB -CBFE, BCCF -CBFE BF BBD F, C C BCEF E F BFDFEAF F AC D-F 4.29 BE BCC CF E BCC, BCE C BF E (Generic Flow Control) FEAD EA UNI BF DCFFF DEC F B CBC F E BCEF BCF F BBCF BBDF. E NNI E BE, C F FEAD E BCFBF E FFFCBC FBCEA F (VPI). E (VitualPath Identifier, VPI) F (Vitual Channel Identifier, VCI) DCFC 8 F 16 F. F E DCC DF AC, BCDE C CB (VPI) F EC (VCI) CF. E (Payload Type Identifier, PTI) F FD 3- F F DCC F ED CBDF, BF EADCEAF C FEF BCEC FBCF (CBFB, E CEF FBCEA FF). B, F F E FEAD E CDCF BBDF F. 283

284 4. ABC DEF CE F (5 C) F C BCEF (GFC) (VPI) E F EF (VCI) E (VPI) F EF (VCI) E F ED F EF (VCI) CBDF (PTI) BCEF FCF DCE (HEC) C CC F E BE (Cell Loss Priority, CLP) CB C F, B CBC ECF CBCBC CC EFCF, CEFA F BF BBDC F: F CLP=0 E BFBFF, C F CLP=1 FDBFBFF F A CE BF BBDC. E (Header Error Control, ) BF BEA, FE F CFE F FF C AACC D BFEEBFB BFF BC CB C BFB -F, BCE C BF.4.27,C). E B EF, DE,, BCE CB, B E F EADCEF (C) F. DCC, DECF,, F CBCF 1, 2 F 3 C BC F. EF, B CEF FF, BFBC FBCEA FF, CDC C BF.4.31 F BC CEFC CFF E CBC 1, BCEC C BF C F FD CEF, BFBC 5 FBCEA FF (CCE) CCF F: D, B E, B F, C F F C G. CBF B BF BD 1 F CC, DCE B EF B 1 CBC C FFFCB FBCEA F F FBCEA CCEC CFA DCF VPI=10 F VI=101 (BF.4.31). FF

285 4. ABC DEF DCFA B B CEF CFF, FC C 1- B C VPI=10 F VI=101 EC A CBCEC 4- B CBC, BF DCE F FFFCB FBCEA F F FBCEA CCEC E A DC C DCF VPI=40 F VI=103 (BF.4.33). CEF, C, FC C 2- B VPI=20 F VI=104 CBCEC 4- B CBC, BF DCE FFFCB FBCEA F F FBCEA CCEC DC C DCF VPI=40 F VI= D E F G D AD B VPI VCI B VPI VCI C). B 1: CE VPI=10 VI=101 C ). B 4: VPI=40 VI=103 C CE

286 4. ABC DEF BF BC BEFF C EFCF (QoS) - DCC EFF CBCBCF BCFC FBCEA FF: FC BA BCF (Peak Cell Rate, PCR); B BA BCF (Sustained Cell Rate, SCR); FFCEAC BA BCF (Minimum Cell Rate, MCR); CFCEAC EFFC EACF (Maximum Burst Size, MBS); E B (Cell Loss Ratio, CLR); DCBC (Cell Transfer Delay, CTD); CBFCF DCB (Cell Delay Variation, CDV). DCFFF BCF, BE C BCF C, - BCDEFC 5 EC BCFC, BCDEFCF: BA BCF; FEAA DCBC; CEF FF; A CBCB QoS, CBCB E C ECC. CE.4.2 BCEC ECFFCF EC BCFC FF CDCF BFDCCF F BF BFB BCFC C ECC. A BCE F BEC (AAL1-AAL5) B CCCFF (AAL), B FC BCEFDCF DCC BCF. F 4.2 A B C D X C BC FEA FEA - CEF D C- QoS E, PCR, CTD,CDV B- FBC. E, PCR, SCR, MBS, CTD, CDV A B C PCR,SC R,MBS EF BCF - AB BE AAL AAL1 AAL2 AAL5 AAL3/4 BE- EA- DCE BCE ECFFCFF BB EFEA EC BCFC, EFCF EC A, B, C F D, CBCB B A BE EADCE. 286

287 4. ABC DEF BEF CEFF D BF EFF ECEA FCF EFF Ethernet. C, FC BC CFBCEA F B BC QoS BCD F BCFC, EBCD FEADCA EF Gigabit Ethernet. EF CDCA BFEA C, C FA DCC C EFCF (FBFF, BCEF EFDF BC F..). BBFBFCEA-BCBE BF C, A Frame Relay BCE EAFF CF BCFC, F C, FA FDF BA DCB, F E BCF FBCFF BCEA BF CDACEA E Internet ECEAC A Internet BCEFDCC C C BE TCP/IP, FCF BC C BCDBF ECEAF F BBFBFCEAF F, C C FCFF FCF F BCF CAC AC C DCC A Internet EF F Internet F C BE TCP/IP BCEC BF BCDBCC F CC DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency BCEF BF FECF FFBC B ) F, EF CDCF ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork). CDBCC F EC BC B FECEA FF F B CBFCF FBFC: CEFBF -E F FBFC CC C F CC CEFBF CC-CBCB. BFCEAC A FD B DE EC DCC 1969 C, C 1972 C F CFCEA E 30 DE EF BCDBCC EF F BE TCP/IP E BCEF CF FB, C 1 CB 1983 C A ARPANET EA BEC C BE TCP/IP CFCEA C (National Science Foundation, NSF) CCE BCDBC FBF F, EF CDCF NSFNet, BC FEC BCD EA B A, ARPANET. BF BFDE FF NSFNet F ARPANET, DC B DCBFEA CDCF INTRNET (B) EC BCDBCCC FC F (Domain Name System, DNS), C 1989 FECA F FB CF (World Wide Web,WWW) F EF BCDBCC BE BCF FBC HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) F D BCDF FBC HTML (HyperText Markup Language). 287

288 4. ABC DEF ECCB F F BC F BF FF CCB B FFE EAF F F CCE 21 C CE EB B E C CF. C B EFA B BD FF DF, BCF-CCE, CEA EFF, E, DA, FCEA F-E EFFF FEF EBBC. BFCF BCDBC F BC BC E EFF (BF.4.34): Internet Activities Board (IAB) BCEA BC, ECF C FC: FFEB IRTF (Internet Research Task Force); CEFAB IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), EF F CCEFDC, BCDBCF F BFF CCB F Internet, EFF CDCF RFC (Request For Comments); Network Information Center (NIC) BC, DC BCBBCF F FBCFF, BC BFBCFF F EF EADCE Internet F DC BF BC CFFBCF DCC, CF C BCBEF CB F. Internet IAB (Internet Activities Board) - FAB IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) FECEAF F IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) CEFAB E CCEFD, BCDBCC F BFF CCB NIC (Network Information Center) BCBBC- F F FBCFF, BFBCF F EF EADCE E TCP/IP 4.34 () TCP/IP FB E FC A CB BCEFDCF CCB RFC. F B TCP/IP B OSI-EF F FEAD C C B BE C TCP/IP BCE CE.4.3. EA C BE TCP/IP BF 4 B. C B B (Network interface ) CF CCBC DCFF BBC F, BCEFD BC C FEF F B. BC BCF C

289 4. ABC DEF A BCEFDCC BCDEFF CF: B DC E DE FCF BB F X.25 FEF Frame Relay. BE TCP/IP BFC CCB BE FDF F CCEA B BCDEF EF: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, PPP F BF. F 4.3 OSI- TCP/IP A Application (BC) 4 3. Transport (AB) 3 2. Internet (A) Network interface (A A) FTP, TFTP, BGP, HTTP,DHCP, SNMP, DNS, SIP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP,Telnet, PPTP TCP, UDP, RTP IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP, RIP, OSPF SLIP, HDLC, PPP Ethernet, Wi-Fi, WiMax, Token ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame relay, ATM F, CBCC C CB C B B (Internet ) BCEFD DCCC CBBFDCFF FEADCF BEC IP. BC CC DCCC BEC IP BF CCBC-BBC B BCF C F BCEF ECF B F FFFBC F CCBC DCFF FBC E CF C, FC ECB BFF BFEF, BCCF TCP/IP. C BA B (Transport BCB) BC DCCF C CF C F BCF F BC F EF. C B B (Application BFEC) C BFEC DCCF, DCBCFCF BF BCB B. F F C BE TCP/IP E: DCFFA B BCF C; CBCFBCC CC C. BCF (C) BCC C BCD B F B EFEF EF CFCF: A (message) E C, B BFB BFEC BA, BCC BFEF BCB B FF BFEF BCDB F CF; AF (segment) E C, B BFB BE TCP C BCB B; CF (datagram) E C, B BFB BE UDP C BCB B; 289

290 4. ABC DEF B (packet) E C, CDC C IP- CBC, B BFB BE IP C B; C (frame) CCBC DCFF EF C, E BDEAC CF IP-CBC BC, BFE E C FDF B BCF C F BCC C F B TCP/IP-EF, CDC «FB». CBF BC BFE CE.4.3 BE C TCP/IP, B FD B (IP, UDP, TCP, HDLC, PPP) E B BCCBFC EF CBCBCC CE FE FTP (File Transfer Protocol BE BCF CE), BCDC E BCF CE F F C CE C, BCEFD EF FF: EF BBC FTP; BB BF CCE; DCBDC CE BBC FEF C BB. FTP FFB B BCB BEC TCP F FEAD B 20/TCP E BCF C F B 21/ TCP E BCF C. BE FTP BB DF CFFCFF F BCF CEC BBC C, EF BCC CEC EC BBCC C- BFF. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol B BE BCF CE) BCDC EC BCD E BCCEA DCBDF DF BCF CF. TFTP FEAD BCB BE UDP F B 69/UDP. EFF FTP, BE TFTP BF D CFFCFF, DC FEABCF IP-CB. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol BE BCF EDC) BE FCF CBBFDCFF B, BCDC E C FBCF CBBC CF FCF. FFB B BEC BCB B TCP F FEAD B 179/TCP. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol BE BCF FBC) BCDC E BCF C (FDCCEA F FB ) C EF-BB EFF. HTTP C B FEAD FB CF E EF FBCFF -C. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol BE FCF FBCFF DEC) BCDC E CCF BCBEF ABCF IP-CB F FBCF CBCB, F E BC F TCP/IP. BE BCEFD C CDC DHCP-BB EF-BB EFF CF IP-CBC F FBCF CBCB C FF DCB ABC. BE DHCP FEAD BCB BE UDP F B 67/UDP F 68/UDP. 290

291 4. ABC DEF SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol BE B BCEF F) BCDC E BCEF F BE DC F BCF F BFEFF F BCF C C BCE FBCF. BE SNMP B F FEAD BCB BE UDP F B 161/UDP F 162/UDP. DNS (Domain Name System FC F) BCE AB BCBE FBCBF F E EF FBCFF C, C E EF IP-CBC FEA FF C (ABC FEF BC). CBEC CDC C DNS BFC A FBCBFF DNS-BB, DCFF F BE. BE DNS B F FEAD BCB BE TCP F UDP F,, B 53/TCP F 53/UDP. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) BE CEF CC, BCDC E CEF F DCBF EADCEA FB-CC, EC EAFF BF (F- F CFBFF, EC-FB). SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) B BE BCF, BCDC E BCF EB TCP/IP. POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3) BE EF, BF 3, FEAD EF CB BE SMTP E EF F EB BBC. BE POP3 FEAD BCB BE TCP F B 110/TCP. EABCF BE E BC F BBC E BE IMAP. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) BE C EB BC, C F POP3, EF E BC FF FACF, C FC B EFEA F, BCE EADCE BCFEF EB F C BB C, C F FAC C C AB. POP3 FEAD BCB BE TCP F B 143/TCP. E BCF F FEAD BE SMTP. TELNET (TELetype NETwork) FBCEA BFCE, BCDC E BCEFDCFF FBC F FEADCF BCB BEC TCP (CCB B 23/TCP). PPTP (Point-to-point tunneling protocol) EA BE FC C-C, DEF AB CCEFCA DCF FF BB DC DCF FCEA E DCF F. PPTP FCEFB CB PPP IP-C E BCF BD B F FEADCA E BCFDCFF E ECEAF F. FEAD TCP-FF E EFCF E. 291

292 4. ABC DEF CE CBC TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) BE BCEF BC C CEF FF, BCEFDF CF DECF C B ECF BCEFF C. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) CBC BE BCF C F DCFF FF CBC (datagram). RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) BCDC E BCF BCFC BCEA BF. CE RTP-CC BF C, F E CEF EC FEF FFDBCF BF DE, F FBCF FBCFF (JPEG, MPEG F..) C C B F B CC. F CBCB DE BF FFCEA DCBC BEFA B F FBCF C CC, C C FBEFBCA B C. C FEC BEC BCB B, C BCFE, FEAD BE UDP CE ABC IP (Internet Protocol) - BE C TCP/IP, BCEFDF BC C IP-F DEC DE. BE IP: C) CBCFB: C C, EA C, BCF BC C C; ) BCDEFC EFF (B), BCF C. F DCCF BC BE TCP F UDP, BCEFDF BCDEF BF CF C. EFF IP BE BCB B BCDEFC BFEF F BC C BFEF BFEF. C B C BE IP BFF 4 (IPv4) BFF BE BFF 6 (IPv6). ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) BE BCEF F, FEAD E BCF F FC F FEFEA FCF, DFF BF BC C, C C EF B BF FF. ICMP-F BFB BF CFF F DCE IP CC, BF FF CBBC CBC, C C FEAD CBBFDCBCF E EF DCF CEF CBBFDCFF BCFE F E BCEF BA BCF F BCFE. ICMP-F FCEFB IP C. ICMP E E CA IP, BF EC BE IP B C CF F. E F E BE TCP. 292

293 4. ABC DEF IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) BE BCEF BCF BC, BCDC E BCEF B (multicast) BC C IP- BFF 4 (IPv4). IGMP FEAD CBBFDCBCF F IP-DECF E BCFDCFF B B, C C E BF F F EC-FB, FC F FEADCF BB. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol BE BCDBF CB) BCDC E BEF FDF CBC BC (MAC- CBC) IP-CB. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol BE BC BEF CBC) BCDC E BEF IP-CBC BC FDF CB (MAC-CB). RIP (Routing Information Protool) BE CBBFDCFF FC DVA, BCEFDF CEBF C FBCF F BCF F EB BCEF FBCEA C. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) BE CBBFDCFF FC LSA, BCEFDF CEBF C FBCF FF CCE, BFF FBCF F CCE FF CBBFDCBCF. BE OSPF BCDBCC E BFF F B F FEAD BF EAF (NetWare, SNA, XNS, DECNet) CE E («BC FCB») SLIP (Serial Line IP) B CCB CCEA B E E EFF, BCDBCC FCEA E C BE TCP/IP, B ECCB B FEADCA C E FB, C F E E CCE. SLIP BFC EA BE B IP. HDLC (High-level Data Link Control Procedure) B BE BCEF CCE CCB ISO E E EFF, BCEF BE LAP (Link Access Protocol). HDLC F F-BFFBC BEC. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) BE FF, BFF C BE SLIP F B C BCC CB BE C HDLC EF E. E CCB BE BC F C, C BE HDLC, BCE BE C C Internet BBC F Internet A BCEC C AB, CDC A, E B F FBF, BCE A FDFF, CDC BCA, F CBBFDCBCF (BF.4.35). 293

294 4. ABC DEF C CA ECEA F, BCCF BCEF B CCBC DCFF BE (Ethernet, Token Ring), FEF FCF F BFDEA FDF BFB ( FB FEF E EFFF, F X.25, Frame Relay, FDDI, ATM F B.). BF FF BEC IP E F CBBFDCB, CDC CF BE C TCP/IP E BE IP, B FC: E C,.. BCC F C A B, EFFBC, DCBC, CE CBF BC; B E C F, A C C BCE BCCC DCFF BF E C, BF ECEA FF BCFE C BCBBCA BCDEF F, A B F C BA; EF C E C E, B CC BFF EFA FCFF, C BE CF FCF FDFF B E CF AC IP-A BE TCP/IP FEAD BF FC CB (BF.4.36): (), FEAD E CBCFF DE BEC F, CBFB: -CBC, EF A