Physical and Chemical Data*

Transcript

1 Section 2 Physical and Chemical Data* Peter E. Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., (physical and chemical data) School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University. George H. Thomson, AIChE Design Institute for Physical Property Data. (Tables 2-6, 2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, 2-221) D.G. Friend, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO. (Tables 2-333, 2-334, Figs. 2-25, 2-26) Thomas E. Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties) Evan Buck, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central Technology, Union Carbide Corporation. (Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties) GENERAL REFERENCES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Tables 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Physical Properties of Organic Compounds VAPOR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Units Conversions Additional References Tables 2-3 Vapor Pressure of Water Ice from 15 to 0 C Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 16 to 0 C Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 0 to 100 C Vapor Pressure of Inorganic and Organic Liquids a Alphabetical Index to Substances in Tables 2-6, 2-30, 2-164, 2-193, 2-196, 2-198, and Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds, up to 1 atm Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds, up to 1 atm VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLUTIONS Units Conversions Tables and Figures 2-9 Partial Pressures of Water over Aqueous Solutions of HCl Partial Pressures of HCl over Aqueous Solutions of HCl Vapor Pressures of H 3 PO 4 Aqueous: Partial Pressure of H 2 O Vapor (Fig. 2-1) Vapor Pressures of H 3 PO 4 Aqueous: Weight of H 2 O in Saturated Air (Fig. 2-2) Partial Pressures of H 2 O and SO 2 over Aqueous Solutions of Sulfur Dioxide Water Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions Sulfur Trioxide Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions Sulfuric Acid Partial Pressure, bar, over Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Total Pressure, bar, of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions Partial Pressures of HNO 3 and H 2 O over Aqueous Solutions of HNO Partial Pressures of H 2 O and HBr over Aqueous Solutions of HBr at 20 to 55 C Partial Pressures of HI over Aqueous Solutions of HI at 25 C Vapor Pressures of the System: Water-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of CH 3 COOH Partial Pressures of H 2 O over Aqueous Solutions of HN Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions (Fig. 2-3) Mole Percentages of H 2 O over Aqueous Solutions of NH Partial Pressures of NH 3 over Aqueous Solutions of NH * The contributions of J.K. Fink, Argonne National Laboratory; U. Grigull, Tech. Universität, Munich, Germany; and H. Sato, Keio University, Japan, are acknowledged. 2-1

2 2-2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA 2-24 Total Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Solutions of NH Partial Pressures of H 2 O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate Partial Pressures of H 2 O and CH 3 OH over Aqueous Solutions of Methyl Alcohol Partial Pressures of H 2 O over Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Hydroxide WATER-VAPOR CONTENT OF GASES Chart for Gases at High Pressures Water Content of Air (Fig. 2-4) DENSITIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Units Conversions Tables 2-28 Density (kg/m 3 ) of Water from 0 to 100 C Density (kg/m 3 ) of Mercury from 0 to 350 C Densities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS INORGANIC SOLUTIONS Units and Units Conversions Additional References Tables 2-31 Aluminum Sulfate [A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ] Ammonia (NH 3 ) Ammonium Acetate (CH 3 COONH 4 ) Ammonium Bichromate [(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 ] Ammonium Chloride (NH 4 Cl) Ammonium Chromate [(NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 ] Ammonium Nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) Ammonium Sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] Arsenic Acid (H 3 A 3 O 4 ) Barium Chloride (BaCl 2 ) Cadmium Nitrate [Cd(NO 3 ) 2 ] Calcium Chloride (CaCl 2 ) Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ] Calcium Hypochlorite (CaOCl 2 ) Calcium Nitrate [Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ] Chromic Acid (CrO 3 ) Chromium Chloride (CrCl 3 ) Copper Nitrate [Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ] Copper Sulfate (CuSO 4 ) Cuprous Chloride (Cu 2 Cl 2 ) Ferric Chloride (FeCl 3 ) Ferric Sulfate [Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ] Ferric Nitrate [Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ] Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO 4 ) Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) Hydrofluosilic Acid (H 2 SiF 6 ) Magnesium Chloride (MgCl 2 ) Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO 4 ) Nickel Chloride (NiCl 2 ) Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ] Nickel Sulfate (NiSO 4 ) Nitric Acid (HNO 3 ) Perchloric Acid (HClO 4 ) Phosphoric Acid (H 3 PO 4 ) Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO 3 ) Potassium Bromide (KBr) Potassium Carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) Potassium Chromate (K 2 CrO 4 ) Potassium Chlorate (KClO 3 ) Potassium Chloride (KCl) Potassium Chrome Alum [K 2 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 4 ] Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Potassium Nitrate (KNO 3 ) Potassium Dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) Potassium Sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ) Potassium Sulfite (K 2 SO 3 ) Sodium Acetate (NaC 2 H 3 O 2 ) Sodium Arsenate (Na 3 AsO 4 ) Sodium Bichromate (Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) Sodium Bromide (NaBr) Sodium Formate (HCOONa) Sodium Carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) Sodium Chlorate (NaClO 3 ) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Sodium Chromate (Na 2 CrO 4 ) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Sodium Nitrate (NaNO 3 ) Sodium Nitrite (NaNO 2 ) Sodium Silicates Sodium Sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) Sodium Sulfide (Na 2 S) Sodium Sulfite (Na 2 SO 3 ) Sodium Thiosulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O) Stannic Chloride (SnCl 4 ) Stannous Chloride (SnCl 2 ) Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4 ) Zinc Bromide (ZnBr 2 ) Zinc Chloride (ZnCl 2 ) Zinc Nitrate [Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ] Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS Units and Units Conversions Tables Formic Acid (HCOOH) Acetic Acid (CH 3 COOH) Oxalic Acid (H 2 C 2 O 4 ) Methyl Alcohol (CH 3 OH) Ethyl Alcohol (C 2 H 5 OH) Densities of Mixtures of C 2 H 5 OH and H 2 O at 20 C Specific Gravity (60 /60 F [(15.56 /15.56 C)]) of Mixtures by Volume of C 2 H 5 OH and H 2 O n-propyl Alcohol (C 3 H 7 OH) Isopropyl Alcohol (C 3 H 7 OH) Glycerol Hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds DENSITIES OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Tables Approximate Specific Gravities and Densities of Miscellaneous Solids and Liquids Density (kg/m 3 ) of Selected Elements as a Function of Temperature SOLUBILITIES Units Conversions Tables Solubilities of Inorganic Compounds in Water at Various Temperatures Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) Air Ammonia (NH 3 ) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Low Pressures Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) Chlorine (Cl 2 ) Chlorine Dioxide (ClO 2 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) Helium (He) Hydrogen (H 2 ) Temperature Hydrogen (H 2 ) Pressure Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrogen (N 2 ) Temperature Nitrogen (N 2 ) Pressure Oxygen (O 2 ) Temperature Oxygen (O 2 ) Pressure Ozone (O 3 ) Propylene (C 3 H 6 ) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) THERMAL EXPANSION Units Conversions Additional References Thermal Expansion of Gases Tables Linear Expansion of the Solid Elements

3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Substances Cubical Expansion of Liquids Cubical Expansion of Solids JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT Units Conversions Tables Additional References Available for the Joule-Thomson Coefficient Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus in Reduced Coordinates (T r = T/T c ; P r = P/P c ) Joule-Thomson Data for Air Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Air Joule-Thomson Data for Argon Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Argon Joule-Thomson Data for Carbon Dioxide Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Carbon Dioxide Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Deuterium Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Ethane Joule-Thomson Data for Helium Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Normal Hydrogen Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Methane Joule-Thomson Data for Nitrogen Approximate Inversion-Curve Locus for Propane CRITICAL CONSTANTS Additional References Table Critical Constants and Acentric Factors of Inorganic and Organic Compounds COMPRESSIBILITIES Introduction Units Conversions Tables Compressibility Factors for Air Compressibility Factors for Argon Compressibility Factors for Carbon Dioxide Compressibility Factors for Carbon Monoxide Compressibility Factors for Ethanol Compressibility Factors for Ethylene Compressibility Factors for Normal Hydrogen Compressibility Factors for KLEA Compressibility Factors for KLEA Compressibility Factors for KLEA Compressibility Factors for Krypton Compressibility Factors for Methane (R50) Compressibility Factors for Methanol Compressibility Factors for Neon Compressibility Factors for Nitrogen Compressibility Factors for Oxygen Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant Compressibility Factors for Refrigerant 134a Compressibility Factors for Water Substance (fps units) Compressibility Factors of Water Substance (SI units) Compressibility Factors for Xenon Compressibilities of Liquids Compressibilities of Solids LATENT HEATS Units Conversions Tables Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Heats of Fusion of Miscellaneous Materials Heats of Fusion of Organic Compounds Heats of Vaporization of Inorganic and Organic Compounds SPECIFIC HEATS OF PURE COMPOUNDS Units Conversions Additional References Tables Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Specific Heat [kj/(kg K)] of Selected Elements Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Liquids Specific Heats of Organic Solids Heat Capacities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds in the Ideal Gas State C p /C v : Ratios of Specific Heats of Gases at 1-atm Pressure Specific Heat Ratio, C p /C v, for Air SPECIFIC HEATS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Units Conversions Additional References Tables Acetic Acid (at 38 C) Ammonia Aniline (at 20 C) Copper Sulfate Ethyl Alcohol Glycerol Hydrochloric Acid Methyl Alcohol Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Potassium Chloride Potassium Hydroxide (at 19 C) Normal Propyl Alcohol Sodium Carbonate Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide (at 20 C) Sulfuric Acid Zinc Sulfate SPECIFIC HEATS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Tables Specific Heats of Miscellaneous Liquids and Solids a Oils (Animal, Vegetable, Mineral Oils) HEATS AND FREE ENERGIES OF FORMATION Units Conversions Table Heats and Free Energies of Formation of Inorganic Compounds HEATS OF COMBUSTION Table Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Net Enthalpies of Combustion of Inorganic and Organic Compounds at K Ideal Gas Sensible Enthalpies, h T h 298 (kj/kgmol), of Combustion Products Ideal Gas Entropies, s, kj/kgmol K, of Combustion Products HEATS OF SOLUTION Tables Heats of Solution of Inorganic Compounds in Water Heats of Solution of Organic Compounds in Water (at Infinite Dilution and Approximately Room Temperature) THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES Explanation of Tables Units Conversions Additional References Tables Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Acetone Saturated Acetylene Saturated Air Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Air Enthalpy and Psi Functions for Ideal-Gas Air Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Air (Fig. 2-5) Air Saturated Ammonia Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Ammonia (Fig. 2-6) Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ammonia (Fig. 2-7) Saturated Argon (R740) Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Argon Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Data for the Argon-Nitrogen- Oxygen System Thermodynamic Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere Saturated Benzene Saturated Bromine Saturated Normal Butane (R600) Superheated Normal Butane

4 2-4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Saturated Carbon Dioxide Superheated Carbon Dioxide Saturated Carbon Monoxide Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Monoxide (Fig. 2-8) Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Carbon Tetrachloride Saturated Carbon Tetrafluoride (R14) Saturated Cesium Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Chlorine Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Chlorine (Fig. 2-9) Saturated Chloroform (R20) Saturated Decane Saturated Normal Deuterium Saturated Deuterium Oxide Deuterium Oxide Gas at 1-kg/cm 3 Pressure Saturated Diphenyl Saturated Ethane (R170) Superheated Ethane Saturated Ethanol Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol (Fig. 2-10) Saturated Ethylene (Ethene R1150) Compressed Ethylene Saturated Fluorine Fluorine Gas at Atmospheric Pressure Flutec Halon Saturated Helium Saturated Helium Superheated Helium Helium 4 Gas at Atmospheric Pressure Saturated n-heptane Hexane Saturated Hydrazine Saturated n-hydrogen Compressed n-hydrogen Saturated para-hydrogen Saturated Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Sulfide Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Hydrogen Chloride at 1 atm (Fig. 2-11) Saturated Isobutane (R600a) Saturated Krypton Compressed Krypton Saturated Lithium Lithium Bromide Water Solutions Saturated Mercury Saturated Methane Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Mercury (Fig. 2-12) Superheated Methane Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Methanol Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Methanol Saturated Methyl Chloride Saturated Neon Compressed Neon Saturated Nitrogen (R728) Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Nitrogen (Fig. 2-13) Thermophysical Properties of Nitrogen (R728) at Atmospheric Pressure Saturated Nitrogen Tetroxide Saturated Nitrous Oxide Mollier Diagram for Nitrous Oxide (Fig. 2-14) Nonane Octane Saturated Oxygen (R732) Temperature-Entropy Chart for Oxygen (Fig. 2-15) Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Oxygen-Nitrogen Mixture at 1 atm (Fig. 2-16) Pentane Saturated Potassium Mollier Diagram for Potassium (Fig. 2-17) Saturated Propane (R290) Saturated Propylene (Propene, R1270) Compressed Propylene (Propene, R1270) Saturated Refrigerant Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 11 (Fig. 2-18) Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 12 (Fig. 2-19) Saturated Refrigerant 13B Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 22 (Fig. 2-20) Thermophysical Properties of Compressed R Saturated Refrigerant Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Difluoromethane (R32) Specific Heat at Constant Pressure, Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity, and Prandtl of R32 Gas Saturated SUVA MP SUVA MP 39 at Atmospheric Pressure Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 32 (Fig. 2-21) Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 60 (Fig. 2-22) Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 61 (Fig. 2-23) Saturated SUVA HP SUVA HP 62 at Atmospheric Pressure Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated KLEA Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for KLEA 66 (Fig. 2-24) Saturated SUVA MP SUVA MP 66 at Atmospheric Pressure Saturated SUVA HP SUVA HP 80 at Atmospheric Pressure Saturated SUVA HP SUVA HP 81 at Atmospheric Pressure Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 123 (Fig. 2-25) Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerant Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerant 134a Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 125 (Fig. 2-26) Thermophysical Properties of Compressed Gaseous Refrigerant 134a Refrigerant 141b Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Refrigerant 134a (Fig. 2-27) Refrigerant 142b Saturated Refrigerant R143a Saturated Refrigerant R152a Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Refrigerant C Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Saturated Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant Saturated Rubidium Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Seawater Saturated Sodium Mollier Diagram for Sodium (Fig. 2-28) Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide at 1 atm (Fig. 2-29) Saturated Sulfur Dioxide Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF 6 ) Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Aqueous Sulfuric Acid at 1 atm (Fig. 2-30) Enthalpy Log-Pressure Diagram for Sulfur Hexafluoride (Fig. 2-31) Saturated SUVA AC Saturated Toluene Saturated Solid/Vapor Water Saturated Water Substance Temperature (fps units) Saturated Water Substance Temperature (SI units) Saturated Liquid Water Miscellaneous Properties Thermodynamic Properties of Compressed Steam Density, Specific Heats at Constant Pressure and at Constant Volume and Velocity of Sound for Compressed Water, bar, C Specific Heat and Other Thermophysical Properties of Water Substance

5 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA Thermodynamic Properties of Water Substance along the Melting Line Saturated Xenon Compressed Xenon Surface Tension (N/m) of Saturated Liquid Refrigerants Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Gaseous Refrigerants at Atmospheric Pressure Velocity of Sound (m/s) in Saturated Liquid Refrigerants TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Introduction Units Conversions Additional References Tables Transport Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure Viscosities of Gases: Coordinates for Use with Fig Nomograph for Determining (a) Absolute Viscosity of a Gas as a Function of Temperature Near Ambient Pressure and (b) Relative Viscosity of a Gas Compared with Air (Fig. 2-32) Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig Nomograph for Viscosities of Liquids at 1 atm (Fig. 2-33) Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions Nomograph for Thermal Conductivity of Organic Liquids (Fig. 2-34) Thermal Conductivity Nomograph Coordinates Prandtl Number of Air Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) Diffusivities in Liquids (25 C) Thermal Conductivities of Some Building and Insulating Materials Thermal-Conductivity-Temperature Table for Metals Thermal Conductivity of Chromium Alloys Thermal Conductivity of Some Alloys at High Temperature Thermal Conductivities of Some Materials for Refrigeration and Building Insulation Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Moderate Temperatures (Nusselt) Thermal Conductivities of Insulating Materials at Low Temperatures (Gröber) Thermal Diffusivity (m 2 /s) of Selected Elements Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solid Substances PREDICTION AND CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction Units Nomenclature References Pure Component Constants Critical Temperature Critical Pressure Example 1 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of 2-Butanol Using the Ambrose Method Example 2 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of 2-Butanol, Which Has an Experimental Normal Boiling Point of K Critical Volume Example 3 Estimate the Critical Volume of 2-Butanol Critical Compressibility Factor Normal Freezing Temperature (Melting Point) Normal Boiling Temperature Example 4 Estimate the Normal Boiling Point of 2-Butanol Acentric Factor Miscellaneous Characterizing Constants Vapor Pressure Correlation Methods Prediction Methods Example 5 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of 1-Butene at 98 C Example 6 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Tetralin at 150 C Example 7 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Thiophene at 500 K Example 8 Estimate the Vapor Pressure of Acetaldehyde at 0 C Ideal Gas Thermal Properties Heat Capacity, Cp o Example 9 Using Eq to Estimate the Ideal Gas Heat Capacity of Acetone (C 3 H 6 O) at 600 K Enthalpy of Formation Example 10 H f 298 of 2-Butanol Gibbs Energy of Formation Example 11 G f 298 of Phenol Entropy of Formation Enthalpy of Vaporization and Fusion Enthalpy of Vaporization Example 12 Estimate H v of Propionaldehyde at 350 K Example 13 Estimate H v of Ethyl Acetate Example 14 Estimate H v of Ethyl Acetate at 450 K Enthalpy of Fusion Solid and Liquid Heat Capacity Solid Heat Capacity Example 15 Estimate Solid Heat Capacity of Dinenzothiophene Liquid Heat Capacity Example 16 Estimate Liquid Heat Capacity of 2-Butanol Example 17 Estimate Liquid Heat Capacity of 1,4 Pentadiene Density Correlation Methods Vapor Density Prediction Example 18 Estimate the Molar Volume of Isobutane at 155 C and 1.0 MPa Pressure Example 19 Estimate the Molar Volume of Isobutane at 155 C and 8.6 MPa Pressure Liquid Density Prediction Example 20 Estimate the Density of Saturated Liquid Propane at 0 C Example 21 Estimate the Liquid Density of n-nonane at C and MPa Pressure Solid Density Prediction Viscosity Correlation Methods Vapor Viscosity Example 22 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Propane at kpa and 80 C Example 23 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of a Mixture of Propane and Methane Example 24 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Isopropyl Alcohol at 251 C and Atmospheric Pressure Example 25 Estimate the Vapor Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide at 350 K and a Total Pressure of 20 MPa Liquid Viscosity Example 26 Estimate the Liquid Viscosity of cis-1,4- dimethylcyclohexane at 0 C Vapor and Liquid Thermal Conductivity Gases Example 27 Estimate Thermal Conductivity for n-hexane Example 28 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide at 370 K and Low Pressure Example 29 Estimate the Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Dioxide at 370 K and 10 MPa Pressure Example 30 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of a Mixture Liquids Example 31 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-octane at K Example 32 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-octane at K Example 33 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-butanol Example 34 Estimate the Thermal Conductivity of n-propionaldehyde Example 35 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of n-butanol Example 36 Estimate Thermal Conductivity of a Mixture Diffusivity Gas Diffusivity Example 37 Estimate the Diffusivity of Benzene Vapor Diffusing into Air at 30 C and 96.5 kpa Total Pressure Example 38 Estimate the Diffusivity of Hydrogen (1) in Nitrogen (2) at 60 C and MPa Example 39 Estimate the Infinite Dilution Diffusivity of Propane (1) in Chlorobenzene (2) at 25 C Liquid Diffusivity Surface Tension Example 40 Estimate Surface Tension for Mercaptan Example 41 Estimate Surface Tension for Isobutytic Acid Example 42 Estimate Surface Tension of a Mixture Example 43 Estimate Surface Tension of a Water-Methanol Mixture Flammability Properties

6 GENERAL REFERENCES Considerations of reader interest, space availability, the system or systems of units employed, copyright considerations, etc., have all influenced the revision of material in previous editions for the present edition. Reference is made at numerous places to various specialized works and also, when appropriate, to more general works. A listing of general works may be useful to readers in need of further information. ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, IP and SI editions, ASHRAE, Atlanta, various dates; Beaton, C.F. and G.F. Hewitt, Physical Property Data for the Design Engineer, Hemisphere, New York, 1989 (394 pp.); Benedek, P. and F. Olti, Computer-Aided Chemical Thermodynamics of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1985 (731 pp.); Daubert, T.E. and R.P. Danner, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals, 4 vols., Hemisphere, New York, 1989 (2030 pp.); suppl. 1, 1991 (456 pp.); suppl. 2, 1992 (736 pp.); Gmehling, J., Azeotropic Data, 2 vols., VCH Weinheim, Germany, 1994 (1900 pp.); Kaye, S.M., Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U.S. Army R&D command, Dover, NJ, 1980; King, M.B., Phase Equilibrium in Mixtures, Pergamon, Oxford, 1969; Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl et al., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1982 (929 pp.); Ohse, R.W., Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Sci. Pubs., Oxford, England, 1985 (1020 pp.); Reid, R.C., J.M. Prausnitz et al., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987 (742 pp.); Sterbacek, Z., B. Biskup et al., Calculation of Properties Using Corresponding States Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Compilations of critical data include Ambrose, D., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties, N.P.L. Teddington, Middx. rept. Chem 107, 1980 (62 pp.); Brule, M.R., L.L Lee et. al., Chem. Eng., 86, 25 (Nov. 19, 1979) ; Kudchaker, A.P., G.H. Alani et al., Chem. Revs., 68 (1968) ; Matthews, J.F., Chem. Revs., 72 (1972) ; Reid, R.C., J.M. Prausnitz et al., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987 (741 pp.); Ohse, R.W. and H. von Tippelskirch, High Temp. High Press., 9 (1977) ; Young, D.A., Phase Diagrams of the Elements, UCRL Rept , 1975 (64 pp.); republished in expanded form by the University of California Press, Rothman, D. et al., Max Planck Inst. f. Stromungsforschung, Ber 6, 1978 (77 pp.). PUBLICATIONS ON THERMOCHEMISTRY Pedley, J.B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, 1, Thermodyn. Res. Ctr., Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (976 pp., 3000 cpds.); Frenkel, M., G.J. Kabo et al., Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds in the Gas State, 2 vols., Thermodyn. Res. Ctr., Texas A&M Univ., 1994 (1825 pp., 2000 cpds.); Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 2 vols., 2d ed., VCH Weinheim, Germany 1993 (1834 pp., 2400 substances); and Gurvich, L.V., I.V. Veyts et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 3 vols., 4th ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1989, 1990, and 1993 (2520 pp.). See also Lide, D.R. and G.W.A. Milne, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 7 vols., 3d ed., Chemical Rubber, Miami, 1993 (7000 pp.); Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner et al., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation, extant 1995, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA, 1995; Database 11, N.I.S.T. Gaithersburg, MD. U.S. Bureau of Mines publications include Bulletins 584, 1960 (232 pp.); 592, 1961 (149 pp.); 595, 1961 (68 pp.); 654, 1970 (26 pp.) Chase, M.W., C.A. Davies et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3d ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 suppl 1., 1986 (1896 pp.). 2-6

7 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES TABLE 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds* Abbreviations Used in the Table a., acid A., specific gravity with reference to air = 1 abs., absolute ac., acetic acid act., acetone al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or KOH) am., amyl (C 5 H 11 ) amor., amorphous anh., anhydrous aq., aqueous or water aq. reg., aqua regia atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of mercury pressure bk., black brn., brown bz., benzene c., cold cb., cubic cc, cubic centimeter chl., chloroform col., colorless or white conc., concentrated cr., crystals or crystalline d., decomposes D., specific gravity with reference to hydrogen = 1 d. 50, decomposes at 50 C; 50 d., melts at 50 C with decomposition delq., deliquescent dil., dilute dk., dark eff., effloresces or efflorescent et., ethyl ether expl., explodes gel., gelatinous gly., glycerol (glycerin) gn., green h., hot hex., hexagonal hyg., hygroscopic i., insoluble ign., ignites lq., liquid lt., light m. al., methyl alcohol mn., monoclinic nd., needles NH 3, liquid ammonia NH 4 OH, ammonium hydroxide solution oct., octahedral or., orange pd., powder pl., plates pr., prisms or prismatic pyr., pyridine rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic) s., soluble satd., saturated sl., slightly soln., solution subl., sublimes sulf., sulfides tart. a., tartaric acid tet., tetragonal tr., transition tri., triclinic trig., trigonal v., very vac., in vacuo vl., violet volt., volatile or volatilizes wh., white yel., yellow, soluble in all proportions <, less than >, greater than 42, about or near 42 3H 2 O, 100, loses 3 moles of water per formula weight at 100 C Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights of 1941 and are computed to the nearest hundredth. Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for the sodium D-line (λ =589.3 mµ). Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15 to 20 C) unless otherwise indicated by the small figures which follow the value: thus, indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance at 18 C referred to water at 4 C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1. Melting point is recorded in a certain case as 82 d. and in some other case as d. 82, the distinction being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82 C, while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82 C. Where a value such as 2H 2 O, 82 is given it indicates loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82 C. Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated; thus, mm. indicates the boiling point is 82 C when the pressure is 15 mm. Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility is often expressed in some manner as 5 10 cc which indicates that at 10 C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in 100 g. of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H 2 SO 4, HNO 3, HCl, etc., represent dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility. REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources: Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, Abegg, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, Friend, Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill, New York, Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New York. Annual Tables of Physical Constants and Numerical Data, National Research Council, Princeton, N.J., Comey and Hahn, A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, Seidell, Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostrand, New York, Formula Color, crystalline form Specific Melting Boiling Solubility in 100 parts Name Formula weight and refractive index gravity point, C point, C Cold water Hot water Other reagents Aluminum Al silv., cb i. i. s. HCl, H 2 SO 4, alk. acetate, normal Al(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) wh. pd. d. 200 s. d. acetate, basic Al(OH)(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) wh., amor. d. i. s.a.; i. NH 4 salts bromide AlBr trig s. s.al., act., CS 2 bromide AlBr 3 6H 2 O col., delq. cr. d. 100 s. s. s. al., CS 2 carbide Al 4 C yel., hex., d. >2200 d. to CH 4 s. a.; i. act. chloride AlCl wh., delq., hex atm mm ; s. d. s. et., chl., CCl 4 ; i. bz. subl. 178 chloride AlCl 3 6H 2 O col., delq., trig., v. s. 50 al.; s. et. fluoride (fluellite) AlF 3 H 2 O col., rhb., d. sl. s. fluoride Al 2 F 6 7H 2 O wh., cr. pd. 4H 2 O, 120 6H 2 O, 250 i. sl. s. hydroxide Al(OH) wh., mn H 2 O, i. s. a., alk.; i. a. nitrate Al(NO 3 ) 3 9H 2 O rhb., delq. 73 d. 134 v. s. v. s. d. s. al., CS 2 nitride Al 2 N yel., hex atm. d. >1400 d. slowly s. alk. d. oxide Al 2 O col., hex., to 2032 i. i. v. sl. s. a., alk. oxide (corundum) Al 2 O wh., trig., to i. i. v. sl. s. a., alk. phosphate AlPO col., hex i. i. s. a., alk.; i. ac. *By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., Handbook Publishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio. Abridged from table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange, Handbook of Chemistry. 2-7