Περίληψη : Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Beginning of the 4th century BC - Athens. Κύρια Ιδιότητα Sculptor IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ

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1 Περίληψη : One of the most prominent personalities of Attic sculpture during the 4 th B.C. and one of the best known sculptors of the Mausoleion at Hallicarnassus. He was also the creator of Apollon Belvedere, the prime example of sculpture of Classical Antiquity, as well as many other works mainly in Athens and in Asia Minor. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Beginning of the 4th century BC - Athens Κύρια Ιδιότητα Sculptor 1. Origin and Works Leochares probably descended from Athens, where approximately ten statue bases with his signature were found, 1 and he worked from 370 to 320 BC. 2 Many of his works, which are mainly known from references in ancient written sources, are dated accurately and offer plenty of information regarding his career. 3 The early works of Leochares include the famous bronze statue of Zeus Brontaeus ( Thundering Zeus ) in Megalopolis, which was later transferred to Rome by Augustus (30 BC 14 AD), 4 and a statue of Apollo, which was presumably bought (circa 365/64 B.C.) by Plato on Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse, request. 5 The Athenian general Timotheos ( BC) ordered a statue of the philo-macedonian orator Isokrates, just before his exile in order to dedicated it to the Eleusis sanctuary Leochares at Halicarnassus Leochares produced the sculptural decoration of the west side of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 7 around BC. Various attempts have been made in order to attribute to him some of the monument's preserved sculptures. More attractive is B. Ashmole s suggestion which attributes to Leochares the slabs no of the Amazon frieze and the slab no of the chariot race frieze, now in the British Museum. 8 Leochares was along with Bryaxis one of the younger sculptors who worked in Halicarnassus, where he must have arrived around 355 BC. He stayed there for at least years and he must have made the ¼ of the Amazonomachy frieze, together with many assistants and apprendices. He must also have produced the race chariot frieze, which ran around the cella of the funeral monument. After Artemisia s death in 351 BC, he continued working at the Mausoleum, whereas due to financial reasons he needed more work comissions. Thus he must have made the acrolithic cult statue of Ares, around 350 BC, which was dedicated to the god s sanctuary on the Acropolis of Halicarnassus. However, this work is also attributed totimotheos. 9 The god was portrayed as a bearded man with the characteristics of a middle-aged Attic hero of the 4 th century BC, wearing a military garment. A marble head smaller than life size dated to 135 AD as well as a historical relief dated to the 1 st century AD might reflect a lost Leochares work. According to B. Ashmole, Leochares made around 340 BC the marble enthroned and mourning statue of Demeter for the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Cnidus. The statue, now in the British Museum (no. 1300), is one of the few preserved sculpture on-the-round of the 4th century BC. 3. Leochares in the service of the Macedonian Kings One of Leochares signatures is dated to 338/7 BC and is related to a votive offering at the Asklepieion of Athens. To the end of his career, and due to his reputation gained since the Mausoleion at Halicarnassus, Leochares worked for the Macedonian royal family. After the battle of Chaironeia in 338 BC he made the gold ivory statues of Philip II, Alexander and their family, which were displayed in the Philippeion at Olympia. 10 Alexander s portrait might have copied a young head of Alexander on the Athenian Acropolis. 11 Around 330 BC, Leochares along with the sculptor Sthennis from Olynthus, constructed a private family group consisting of 6 bronze Δημιουργήθηκε στις 21/12/2017 Σελίδα 1/6

2 statues on the Athenian Acropolis. 12 He might have co-operated with Lysippos at his last work, which was dedicated at Delphi after 320 BC; a now lost bronze group of Alexander and his general Craterus depicted in a lion hunt scene Works attested in written sources Ancient authors mention many other works of Leochares, which however can not be accurately dated. Pliny, for example, describes a bronze group depicting Ganymede s abduction by the eagle of Zeus. 14 This work might have been a dedication to a sanctuary at Troy. Among Leochares works are also mentioneda statue of Zeus Polieus on the Athenian Acropolis, 15 a group of Zeus and Demos in Piraeus, 16 as well as a bronze statue of Apollo wearing a diadem. 17 The most famous work of Leochares, however, was the bronze statue of Apollo standing at the pronaos of the temple of Apollo Patroos in the Athenian Agora. 18 This statue can be dated between BC. It constitutes the foretype for Apollo s figure at the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon altar, as well as the quintessential statue of classical antiquity, the so-called Apollo Belvedere at Vatican (Roman copy), as well as for later works: Perseus of Antonio Canova in Vatican. 19 The slim proportions of the body and the diagonal movement of the Apollo Belvedere are also repeated in the so called Artemis of Versailles, which has been attributed to Leochares, although this attribution has been disputed. 20 He also made a bronze statue of the pankratiast Autolykos. 21 The Lateran Sophocles type is also attributed to Leochares. 22 Leochares created mainly bronze male figures, gods and mortals, recognizable for their slimnessand their diagonal movement but also for being moderate and conservative. 1. For the bases with Leochares signature see Löwy, E., Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer (Chicago 1885/1976) αρ , 505. Πέππα-Δελμούζου, Ν., «Υπογραφές Καλλιτεχνών», ΣΤΗΛΗ, Τόμος εις μνήμην Νικολάου Κοντολέοντος (Αθήνα 1980) p Pliny NH 34.1 places wrongly Leochares edge at the 102 nd Olympics (372/1 368/67 BC). 3. Donnay, G., «La chronologie de Léocharès», REA 61 (1959) p For the ancient written testimonies refering to Leochares see Overbeck, J.A., Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildende Künste bei den Griechen (Leipzig Hildesheim 1868/1959) no Stuart-Jones, H., Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture, ed. A. N. Oikonomides (Chicago 1895/1966) σελ Jex-Blake, K. Sellers, E., The Elder Pliny s Chapters on the History of Art (Chicago 1896/1976) σελ. 70, 72. Pollitt, J.J., The Art of Greece, B.C. Sources and Documents (Cambridge 1995) p Gallet de Santerre, H. - H. Le Bonniec, Pline l ancien. Histoire Naturelle. Livre xxxiv (Paris 1983) p Jeppesen, K. Luttrell, A., The Mausoleion at Halikarnassos 2. The Written Sources (Jutland 1986). 4. Plin. NH and 79. Zeus Brontaios is probable depicted on roman coins and small bronzes copies. See Zanker, P., The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor 1988) p Plato Epistulae, Α The scholars of ancient greek philosophy dispute the authenticity of Plato s letter since such purchase was not possible before the Hellenistic period. 6. Plutarchus Moralia 838 D. This statue might be reflected in a roman copy of medium quality in Villa Albani. See Richter, G.M.A., The Portaits of the Greeks (London 1965) σελ Vitr. 7. Praef Plin. NH Ashmole, B., The Demeter of Cnidus, JHS 71 (1951) p See and B.F. Cook, The Mausoleum Frieze: Membra Disjectanda, BSA 71 (1976) p Other scholars attribute to Leochares the slabs no or of the Amazomachy frieze. 9. Vitruv Vermeule, C.C., From Halicarnassus to Alexandria in the Hellenistic Age. The Ares of Halicarnassus by Leochares, Allessandria e il Δημιουργήθηκε στις 21/12/2017 Σελίδα 2/6

3 mondo ellenistico-romano. Studi in onore di Achille Adriani 3 (Rome ) p Pausanias Bieber, Μ., Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art (Chicago 1964) p Richter, G.M.A., The Portaits of the Greeks (London 1965) p , 255. Graeve, V. von, Ein attisches Alexanderbildniss und seine Wirkung, MDA(A) 89 (1974) p Davis, J.K., Athenian Propertied Families (Oxford 1971), no Plutarchus Alex Plin. NH The work might be reflected in a relief from Messene now in Paris See Moreno, P, Lisippo 1 (Bari 1974) p , 33-37, Plin. NH See also Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos 34.3 (ed. Whittaker). This staute copies probable a roman statuette in Vatican, see Künzl, E., Frühhellenistische Gruppen (Cologne 1968) p Pausanias Pausanias Plin. NH Pausanias Hedrick, C.W., The Temple and Cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens, AJA 88 (1984) p Landwehr, C., Die antiken Gipsabgüsse aus Baiae (Berlin 1984) p , no Pfrommer, M., Leochares? Die hellenistische Schuhe der Artemis Versailles, MDAI(I) 34 (1984) p Autolycus was murdered by the thirty tyrants and his statue was erected at the Prytaneion of Athens. 22. This type is considered that reflects one of the statues of the great Athenian tragic poets erected by Lycurgus in the theatre of Dionysus at Athens ( BC). Βιβλιογραφία : Hornblower S., Mausolus, Oxford 1982 Stewart A., Greek Sculpture. An Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven London 1990 Κοκκορού-Αλευρά Γ., Η Τέχνη της Αρχαίας Ελλάδας. Σύντομη Ιστορία ( π.χ.), Αθήνα 1994 Todisco L., Scultura greca del iv secolo: Maestri e scuole di statuaria tra classicita ed ellenismo, Milan 1993 Ridgway B.S., Fourth Century Styles in Greek Sculpture, Madison 1997 Boardman J., Greek Sculpture. The Late Classical Period, London 1995 Robertson M., A History of Greek Art 1-2, Cambridge 1975 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 21/12/2017 Σελίδα 3/6

4 Luttrell A., Jeppesen K., The Maussoleion at Halikarnassos 2. The Written Sources, Jutland 1986 Picard C., Manuel d'archéologie Grecque. La Sculpture 4, Paris 1963 Politt J.J., The art of ancient Greece: sources and documents, Cambridge 1990 Richter G.M.A., The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks, 4, New Haven, London 1970 Waywell G.B., The Free-standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in the British Museum, London 1978 Ashmole B., "The Demeter of Knidos", JHS, 71, 1951, Borbein A.H., "Die griechische Statue des 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.", JdI, 88, 1973, Charbonneaux J., "Le Zeus de Léocharès", MonPiot, 53, 1963, 9-17 Deubner O.R., "Der Gott mit dem Bogen", JdI, 94, 1979, Donnay G., "La chronologie de Léocharès", REA, 61, 1959, Donnay G., "Un sculpteur grec méconnu, Léocharès", GBA, 53, 1959, 5-20 Haskell F., Penny N., Taste and the Antique, New Haven London 1981 Graeve V. von, "Ein attisches Alexanderbildniss und seine Wirkung", MDA(A), 89, 1974, Künzl E., Frühhelenistische Gruppen, Cologne 1968 Pfrommer M., "Leochares? Die hellenistischen Schuhe der Artemis Versailles", MDAI(I), 34, 1984, Toelle R., "Zum Apollo des Leochares", JdI, 81, 1966, Λεβέντης Ι., "Leochares", Turner, J. (επιμ.), The Dictionary of Art 19, 1996, Vermeule C.C., "From Halicarnassus to Alexandria in the Hellenistic Age. The Ares of Halicarnassus by Leochares", Allessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano. Studi in onore di Achille Adriani 3, Rome , Scheibler I., "Leochares in Halikarnassos. Zur Methode der Meisterforschung", E. Homann-Wedeking (επιμ.), Wandlungen. Studien zur antiken und neueren Kunst, Ernst Homann-Wedeking gewidmet, München 1975, Δικτυογραφία : Apollo Belvedere, the anatomy of a god Diane de Versailles Γλωσσάριo : Δημιουργήθηκε στις 21/12/2017 Σελίδα 4/6

5 acrolithic statue Statue made of a variety of materials. The head and the limbs were usually made of stone or marble and the rest of wood, ivory, bronze. cella Interior enclosed part - nucleus of a temple or other temple-shaped building. frieze (1. architecture), (2. painting) 1. The part of the entablature resting on the architrave and below the cornice. In the Doric order the frieze is decorated with two alternative motives, namely the triglyph and metope, while in the Ionic order the frieze is a decoratively carved band. 2. Decorative horizontal band that sweeps parts of a vessel or the highest part of the walls in a room. Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι Works Deities Zeus Brontaios in bronze, later in Capitolium at Rome (Plin. HN 34.79). Zeus Polieus on the Athenian Acropolis (Pausanias ). Zeus and Demos in Piraeus. (Pausanias 1.1.3). Apollo outside the temple of Apollo Patroos in the Athenian Agora (Pausanias 1.3.4). The eagle of Zeus abducting Ganymede in bronze (Plin. HN 34.79). Portaits Alexander and family in the Philippeion at Olympia in chryselephantine (Pausanias , ). Alexander and Krateros hunting lions in the royal Persian park at Sidon, at Delphi, in bronze (with Lysippos). (Fouilles de Delphes no. 137 Plin. HN ). The pankratiast Autolykos in bronze in the Prytaneion at Athens. (Plin. HN 34.79). Isokrates, dedicated at Eleusis by the general Timotheos, son of Konon (Plutarchus, Moralia 838 D). Lysippe, Pandaites, Myron, Pasikles, Timostrate and Aristomache in bronze dedicated on the Akropolis by Pandaites and Pasikles of Potamos (together with Sthenes) The priest Charmides, later in Rome. Apollo with diadem in bronze (Plin. HN 34.79). Uncertain subjects Dedication by a son of Amphilochos to Asklepios in the Athenian Asklepieion. Dedication by Archeneos and nine others in the Athenian Agora. Dedication by a priest in the Agora. Dedication by Hippiskos son of Aischylos on the Athenian Akropolis.. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 21/12/2017 Σελίδα 5/6

6 Dedication by a man from Oion on the Athenian Akropolis.. Dedication on the Athenian Akropolis. Dedication by Thrasylochos son of Kephisodoros at Oropos.. Architectural sculpture West side of the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos (Vitr. De Arch. 7 Praef Plin. HN ). Disputed and problematic works Apollo allegedly bought by Plato for Dionysios II of Syracuse (Plato, Epistulae Α). Ares at Halikarnassos, an akrolith (given by some to Timotheos) (Vitr., De Arch ). The slave «Lango» in bronze (probably by Lykiskos ). Δημιουργήθηκε στις 21/12/2017 Σελίδα 6/6