knowledge shared information definiteness anaphoric given old Prince +32/ +

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1 + sharedness shared knowledge shared information topicalization left-dislocation definiteness anaphoric given old Prince +32/ + discourse marker pragmatic marker,

2 you know -, + A B A A B

3 , A B +33*, B A - A B A B. A B

4 A / A B A B A B /**

5 1 A B 1 +/ +33/ +330,**-.

6 2 3 +, +* A B ++ A B A

7 +* ++ +, A B /** +- A B 1 +/ B /** 1 +/ A A B A /** 1 +/

8 - you know definiteness you know Schourup +32/ you know you know Onodera,**, Müller,**/ you know -* +.1 Müller +* +. Lexical/content search False start/repair

9 Approximation Explanation Quotative you know Imagine the scene See the implication Reference to shared knowledge Appeal to understanding Appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right Various +23 +/ On the certainty side, you know may be used to introduce what s/he regards as incontestable mutual knowledge or conjoint knowledge Holmes +320 : 2. Even though Östman +32+ found that the use of you know does not necessarily mean that the hearer knows, and even though Biber et al +333 : +*11 claim that you know sometimes imparts new information, it can also be the case that the information introduced by you know is indeed known to the hearer cf. Jucker and Smith +332 : +3-. This information may either be knowledge specifically between speaker and hearer cf. Stubbe and Holmes +33/ : 03, or general knowledge cf. Schiffrin +321 :,

10 you know you know you know +0 + you know, you know. you know,**/ -

11 Clark and Shaefer +323 Traum +33. common ground grounding grounding act,*/ you know pragmatic marker discourse marker you know

12 +1 +, you know +2 A B +3

13 ,* you know you know you know /

14 pragmatic meaning / + shared knowledge Lewis +303 common knowledge Schiffer +31, mutual knowledge, Discourse Marker Pragmatic Marker Schourup +32/ Discourse Particle Frazer +322 Connective Müller,**/ : -. -,**1.

15 shared knowledge shared information /,**1 +0,./ /3 +33/, / +33* +33* - 2/ ++/ +332,/0,03,** ,1 +33/ +* / ,/1, , / Biber, Douglas, Edward Finegan, Stig Johansson, Susan Conrad and Geoffrey Leech

16 +333 Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London : Longman. Clark, Herbert H. and Edward F. Schaefer +323 Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science +-,,/3,3.. Frazer, Bruce +322 Types of English discourse markers. Acta Linguistica Hungarica -2, Holmes, Janet +320 Functions of you know in women s and men s speech. Language in Society +/ +, +,,. Jucker, A. H. and S. W. Smith +332 And people just you know like wow : Discourse markers as negotiating strategies. In A. H. Jucker and Y. Ziv eds. Discourse Markers : Descriptions and Theory. Amsterdam / Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, +1+,*+. Lewis, David K Convention : A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. Müller, Simone,**/ Discourse Markers in Native and Non-native English Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company. Onodera, O. Noriko,**, Japanese Discourse Markers : Synchronic and Diachronic Discourse Analysis Pragmatics and Beyond New Series. Amsterdam/Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company. Ostman, Jan-Ola +32+ You Know : A Discourse-Functional Approach. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. Prince, Ellen +32/ Fancy syntax and shared knowledge, Journal of Pragmatics 3, 0/ 2+. Schourup, Lawrence. +32/ +32,. Common Discourse Particles in English Conversation. New York : Garland. Schiffer, Stephen R. +31, Meaning. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Stubbe, Maria and Janet Holmes +33/ You know, eh and other exasperating expressions : An analysis of social and stylistic variation in the use of pragmatic devices in a sample of New Zealand English. Language and Communication +/ +, Traum, David R A Computational Theory of Grounding in Natural Language Conversation. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester.