Eyelashes divert flows to protect eye: Supplementary Information

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1 Eyelashes divert flows to protect eye: Supplementary Information Guillermo J. Amador 1,WenbinMao 1,PeterDeMercurio 1,CarmenMontero 1, Joel Clewis 1, Alexander Alexeev 1, David L. Hu 1,2, Schools of Mechanical Engineering 1 and Biology 2 Georgia Institute of Technology Corresponding author: hu@me.gatech.edu January 16, 2015 Velocity Field Verification Fig.S1 shows the velocity fields for coarse and fine grids for comparison. The fine grid is 1.5 times more dense. Animal Eyelashes Table 1 shows tabulated data for eye and eyelash dimensions of 22 mammal species. This data was gathered at the American Museum of Natural History and Brodericks Head Taxidermy shop. Walking speeds were obtained from literature [1 8]. Table 2 shows tabulated data for our extensive investigation to determine which families of mammals have species with eyelashes. 1

2 References [1] Wroot, A. J. Feeding ecology of the European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus. (Royal Holloway, University of London, 1984). [2] Seipel, S. & Seipel, T. Giant Anteaters (Lerner Publications, 2008). [3] O Neill, M. C. Gait-specific metabolic costs and preferred speeds in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), with implications for the scaling of locomotor costs. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149, (2012). [4] Parchman, A. J., Reilly, S. M. & Biknevicius, A. R. Whole-body mechanics and gaits in the gray short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica: integrating patterns of locomotion in a semi-erect mammal. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, (2003). [5] San Diego Zoo. Giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca (2011). URL sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/giant_panda/panda.htm. [6] Sockol, M. D., Raichlen, D. A. & Pontzer, H. Chimpanzee locomotor energetics and the origin of human bipedalism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, (2007). [7] Dumont, B., Dutronc, A. & Petit, M. How readily will sheep walk for a preferred forage? Journal of Animal Science 76, (1998). [8] Yousef, M., Webster, M. & Yousef, O. Energy costs of walking in camels, Camelus dromedarius. Physiological Zoology (1989). 2

3 (a) U inf (b) U inf "#$%&'(!)'*+,#-.!/#'*01!2&+%30!-4'!'.'*214'1!2-!5'!6!789:!;!6!9<8:!=>?!6!9<7<!@2A!B+2&1'!$&#0<!@CA! Figure S1: Velocity fields around the eyelashes at Re = 250, φ = 0.5, L/W = 0.2. (a) Coarse grid. (b) Fine grid. Here, U inf = ar is the free stream radial velocity.! 3

4 Table 1: Tabulated eyelash data for mammals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

5 Table 1: Tabulated eyelash data for mammals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

6 Table 2: Tabulated data for presence of eyelashes for mammals. Proper Name Common Name Has Photo (Family) (Example) eyelashes/fur Abrocomidae Chinchilla rats or chinchillones Yes, there's fur j Aplodontiidae Mountain beaver Yes, there's fur Castoridae North American Yes, there's fur beaver Nycteridae Hollow-faced bats Yes, there's fur Phyllostomidae Leaf-nosed bats Yes, there's fur Prinonodontidae Banded linsang Yes, there's fur Solenodontidae Cuban solenodon Yes, there's fur 47_solenodon.j Thryonomyidae Cane rats Yes, there's fur Dasyproctidae Acouchis Yes, there's fur Callitrichidae Caviidae Marmosets and tamarins Domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the capybara Yes, there's fur Yes, there's fur TAMARIN: MARMOSET: des/_mg_3583.j Pig_35.j Chinchillidae Chinchillas Yes, there's fur Cricetidae Voles Yes, there's fur Ctenodactylidae Gundis or comb rats Yes, there's fur _ j Ctenomyidae Tuco-tuco Yes, there's fur g Cyclopedidae Silky anteater Yes, there's fur Cynocephalidae Colugos Yes, there's fur Daubentoniidae Aye-aye (Lemur) Yes, there's fur Dinomyidae Pacarana Yes, there's fur Dipodidae Jumping mice Yes, there's fur Habitats/Species%20Guide%20Index/Images/housemouse.j Echimyidae Neotropical spiny rats Yes, there's fur lomys_gymnurus2.j Emballonuridae Ghost bat Yes, there's fur j 6

7 Eupleridae Fossa Yes, there's fur j Felidae Tiger Yes, there's fur Furipteridae Smokey Bat Yes, there's fur ssets/myimages/1ds14052%20whiskered%20bat,%20butcom be%20bank,%20blagdon%20lake.jpg Galagidae Bushbabies Yes, there's fur Geomyidae Pocket gophers Yes, there's fur Gliridae Dormouse Yes, there's fur Heteromyidae Kangaroo rats Yes, there's fur / %20Ord's%20Kangaroo%20Rat.j Hystricidae Old World porcupine Yes, there's fur 636d8791fbfc212cda649d5f.j Indriidae Four Toothed Lemur Yes, there's fur Lorisidae Loris Yes, there's fur _Loris_Female.j Megalonychidae Two toed sloths Yes, there's fur d_sloth.jpg Mormoopidae Ghost Faced bat Yes, there's fur Muridae True mice Yes, there's fur Baby-yellow-necked-mice-white-background.j Mustelidae Weasel Yes, there's fur Myocastoridae Coypu Yes, there's fur AAAAABnk/QktLGs8wWtY/s1600/Myocastor_Coypus_Nutri a_biberratte.j Nandiniidae African palm civet Yes, there's fur s/ _22e3e68b8d_658w.j Ochotonidae Pika Yes, there's fur Octodontidae Degu Yes, there's fur AAAAAAWI/sF5w2QeKkX4/s1600/daily+degu201.j Otariidae Eared seal Yes, there's fur Pedetidae Springhare Yes, there's fur AE j Petromuridae Dassie rat Yes, there's fur content/uploads/2012/05/hyrax-rock-erongo-mountains- Namibia-AR-37.j Phocidae True seal Yes, there's fur Platacanthomyidae Chinese pygmy dormice Yes, there's fur _3765.j Procaviidae Lyrax Yes, there's fur 7

8 Pteropodidae Fruit bat Yes, there's fur Rhinolophidae Horseshoe bats Yes, there's fur dd6etcbfzuo/tqrr234utpi/aaaaaaaaad4/ad7fpxjpf_g/ s1600/horseshoe+bat-1.j Spalacidae Lesser bamboo Rat Yes, there's fur Tupaiidae Treeshrew Yes, there's fur Ursidae Polar Bear Yes, there's fur r_0319_-_ j Vespertilionidae Evening bat Yes, there's fur OgWQ/TlRRiOgahLI/AAAAAAAAAW0/ret6PKURzco/s1600 /CHOMEX.j Viverridae Palm Civet Yes, there's fur Procyonidae Raccoon Yes, there's fur Ailuridae Red Panda Yes, see right eye x900.j Hyaenidae Hyena Yes, See left Eye / spotted-hyena-kruger-park j Bovidae Bovid (Cows, etc.) Yes (Possible, they are also in the same ir / wild-asiatic-abok--class-mammalsorder-artiodactyla-family-bovid.j infraorder as the pronghorn (Pecora)) Cercopithecidae Baboons (Old world Monkeys) Yes Mephitidae Skunk Yes Agoutidae Paca (Cuniculous) Yes j Antilocapridae Pronghorn Yes n.j Calomyscidae Mouse-like hamster Yes j Camelidae Camels Yes Capromyidae Hutia Yes Didelphidae Opossum Yes see zoo pic Elephantidae Elephants Yes Equidae Horses Yes e_5196.j Giraffidae Giraffe Yes ffeeye j Herpestidae Mongoose Yes Eyes-485x728.j Hominidae Chimpanzee Yes mpanzee.j Leporidae Rabbit Yes Moschidae Musk deer Yes Nesomyidae Malagasy rats Yes Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros Yes 8

9 Suidae Pigs Yes Tayassuidae Peccary Yes _peccary_pecari_tajacu.j Tragulidae Mouse-deer yes Macropodidae Red kangaroo yes see zoo pictures Macroscelididae Elephant shrews Yes part of our data Cervidae White-tailed deer Yes Cheirogaleidae Lemur Yes Erethizontidae New World Yes porcupines Lemuridae Lemurid Yes mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.j Soricidae Shrew Yes o%20elephant%20shrew.j Tapiridae Tapir Yes Chrysochloridae Golden moles Non Functional Eyes covered with skin and fur Hylobatidae Gibbon No, have hairs on top but no bottom Anomaluridae Scaly-tailed No, fur isn't right squirrels around eye Bradypodidae Three-toed sloths No, fur isn't right around eye Myrmecophagidae Giant anteater No, fur isn't right around eye Tarsiidae Tarsiers Yes arsier.j Canidae Domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes Wolf: Small top lid lashes appear visible NFVoxpmueq0/T1_MRSm5KQI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/YT0es_O Rbag/s1600/081223Glacier-2.j irrel4.j Myzopodidae Madagascar Suckerfooted Bat No, fur isn't right around eye Natalidae Funnel-eared bats No, fur isn't right around eye Thyropteridae Peter's disk-winged No, does not bat Balaenidae Right whales No, does not Balaenopteridae Baleen whales No, does not eye.j nds_and_protected_areas_of_the_gulf_of_california/el_vizca ino_biosphere_reserve/el_vizcaino_biosphere_reserve- Baleen_whale-Cetacea-Eschrichtiidae-Eye-Gray_whale.j 9

10 Orycteropodidae Aardvark No, does not Phocoenidae Harbour porpoise No, does not Pontoporiidae La Plata dolphin No, does not Megadermatidae False Vampire Bats No, does not Molossidae Mastiff bat No, does not Mystacinidae New Zealand shorttailed bats No, does not Noctilionidae Bulldog bat No, does not OR8B7jIl6HmlaYLwbZOhBYxZmER71Lq- Z_BpCZhCGxVHLV-hSBFFD8c-aKyw5HGckR0- XnCVFqa0TTBVu8=s Ptilocercidae No, does not Pen-tailed treeshrew Rhinopomatidae Mouse-tailed bats No, does not Sciuridae Squirrel No, does not 2FnpfRh2vwk/ThE6G_JEtxI/AAAAAAAAApw/h_RfA4QvVI 8/s1600/squirrel-jp.j Talpidae Moles No eyes ropaea_mhnt.j Bathyergidae Mole rat No Cebidae Craseonycteridae capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys Kitti's hog-nosed bat No No Dasypodidae Armadillos No Delphinidae Oceanic dolphins No a5fac7e0b8755daf6.png Dugongidae Dugong No Erinaceidae Hedgehog No Hippopotamidae Hippopotamuses No Hyperoodontidae Beaked whale No No good evidence (Ziphiidae) Iniidae River dolphins No idth/amazon_river_dolphin_naturepl.com_tood_pusser_wwf_ca non.jpg? Lepilemuridae Lepilemur No r_edwardsi.j Manidae Pangolin No AAAAAAfA/L4MNqBa2VyE/s1600/25.j Monodontidae Beluga Whale No Inuk_ _m.j Odobenidae Walrus No _Kamogawa_Seaworld_-_1.j 10

11 Physeteridae Sperm whale No hale_enigma eye_upclose.j Platanistidae Ganges river dolphin No Trichechidae Manatee No g Tenrecidae Tenrec No Lipotidae Baiji (2006) Prorastomidae (Ancient Manatee) Protosirenidae Cetotheriidae (Possibly Ressurecting the family with the Pygmy Right Whale) Enaliarctidae Gomphotheriidae Hemicyonidae Hyopsodontidae Lambdotheriidae Nimravidae Pelocetidae Percrocutidae Stenoplesictidae (False Saber-tooth Cat) (Ancient Baleen Whales) (Hyenalike) (civet-like animals) 11

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