Toxic Effects of Ammonia to Hemifusus tuba Juveniles at Different ph and Salinity

Chinese Journal of Zoology 2010 45 3 102 ~ 109 ph 12 3 12* 12 1 524025 2 524025 3 524025 28. 5 ph Hemifusus tuba 11. 3 ± 0. 11 mm n = 30 1 16 19 23 28 96 h 96hLC 50 36. 5 43. 7 52. 6 58. 8 mg / L SC 3. 7 4. 4 5. 3 5. 9 mg / L 2 ph ph 7. 6 8. 0 8. 4 8. 8 96hLC 50 58. 3 54. 5 50. 6 20. 2 mg / L SC 5. 8 5. 5 5. 1 2. 0 mg / L ph 8. 8 96hLC 50 ph 7. 6 2. 9 ph S968. 31 A 0250-3263 2010 03-102-08 Toxic Effects of Ammonia to Hemifusus tuba Juveniles at Different ph and Salinity LUO Jie 1 2 DU Tao 3 LIU Chu-Wu 1 2 * CHEN Jia-Hui 1 2 1 Fishery College of Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang 524025 2 Key Labolatory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institute Zhanjiang 524025 3Technology Park of Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang 524025 China Abstract In this paper under water temperatures 28. 5 the toxic effects of ammonia to Hemifusus tuba juveniles shells high 11. 3 ± 0. 11 mm n = 30 were studied at different ph and salinity with ecological method. The result showed that salinity has significantly effect on the toxicity of ammonia. The toxicity of ammonia in water became stronger when the salinity was lower. When salinity was 16 19 23 and 28 respectively the 96hLC 50 of total ammonia to H. tuba juveniles were 36. 5 43. 7 52. 6 and 58. 8 mg / L respectively and equivalent the safe concentration SC of total ammonia to the juveniles were 3. 7 4. 4 5. 3 and 5. 9 mg / L respectively. The toxicity of ammonia in water became stronger in higher ph than in lower. The 96hLC 50 and the SC of total ammonia to H. tuba juveniles were 58. 3 54. 5 50. 6 20. 2 mg / L and 5. 8 5. 5 5. 1 and 2. 0 mg / L respectively. The 96hLC 50 of total ammonia to H. tuba juveniles fell rapidly when ph was 8. 8 and toxicity of ammonia in water became 2. 9 times higher than in ph 7. 6. Key words Hemifusus tuba Juveniles Salinity ph Ammonia Toxicity No. 2005B33201011 * E-mail liucw@ gdou. edu. cn E-mail luoj@ gdou. edu. cn 2009-11-19 2010-02-04

3 ph 103 1. 1. 2 NH 4 Cl 53. 49 10 g / L 2 000 ml 1 000 W 500 W CT-6659 ph YK-31SA NH 3 NH + 4 1. 2 ph 1 Hemifusus tuba 16 16 19 23 28 4 ph 7. 6 8. 0 8. 4 8. 8 4 ph 10 m 2 NH 4 Cl 4. 8 11. 3 18. 8 23. 6 47. 5 63. 5 85 100 150 mg / L 9 3 3-5 NH 4 Cl Babylonia areolata 2 000 ml 1 200 ml 0. 5 mm 20 28. 5 ph 6 1. 2. 2 7-15 24 h ph 100% 1 1. 1 1. 1. 1 1. 2. 3 SPSS 13. 0 11. 3 ± 0. 11 mm n = 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 30 LC 50 95% 16 2 d SC 17 = 0. 1 96hLC 50 28. 5 ~ 29. 2 23 ph 8. 2 0. 3 ~ 0. 5 mm 1. 2. 1 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h

104 Chinese Journal of Zoology 45 18 ρ NH3 = ρ T / 10 pka - ph + 1 ρ NH3 ρ T pka NH 4 -N pka = 0. 090 18 + 2 729. 92 / T T T = 273 + t t 50 min 28. 5 130 min ph 1 1 ph ρ T ρ NH3 Table 1 The relation with total ammonia and un-ion ammonia at difference ph ρ T ρ NH3 ph 7. 6 ph 8. 0 ph 8. 4 ph 8. 8 4. 8 0. 13 0. 32 0. 73 1. 50 11. 3 0. 31 0. 76 1. 73 3. 52 18. 8 0. 52 1. 26 2. 87 5. 85 23. 6 0. 65 1. 58 3. 60 7. 35 47. 5 1. 32 3. 18 7. 25 14. 80 63. 5 1. 76 4. 25 9. 69 19. 78 85. 0 2. 36 5. 69 12. 98 26. 48 100. 0 2. 77 6. 69 15. 27 31. 15 150. 0 4. 16 10. 03 22. 90 46. 73 200 min 2. 2 28. 5 ph 8. 2 2 ph 11. 3 mg / L 16 19 48 h 72 h 23 28 100 mg / L 16 19 96 h 2 3 16 2 19 23 28 96 h 96hLC 50 36. 5 43. 7 52. 6 58. 8 mg / 2. 1 L SC = 0. 1 96hLC 50 16 19 23 28 3. 7 4. 4 5. 3 5. 9 mg / L Table 2 2 The result of toxicity experiment of ammonia to Hemifusus tuba juveniles at difference salinities The mortality rate % ρ T Salinity 16 Salinity 19 Salinity 23 Salinity 28 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 0 Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11. 3 0 1. 7 1. 7 3. 3 0 0 1. 7 1. 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18. 8 6. 7 10. 0 16. 7 23. 3 0 3. 3 10. 0 10. 0 1. 7 1. 7 6. 7 6. 7 0 3. 3 3. 3 3. 3 23. 6 18. 3 23. 3 31. 7 43. 3 11. 7 11. 7 26. 7 36. 7 8. 3 8. 3 15. 0 25. 0 6. 7 10. 0 13. 3 21. 7 47. 5 38. 3 43. 3 51. 7 61. 7 28. 3 41. 7 45. 0 53. 3 18. 3 33. 3 41. 7 46. 7 18. 3 26. 7 36. 7 41. 7 63. 5 41. 7 51. 7 55. 0 71. 7 36. 7 43. 3 51. 7 66. 7 31. 7 38. 3 48. 3 61. 7 31. 7 33. 3 48. 3 56. 7 85. 0 56. 7 61. 7 78. 3 86. 7 51. 7 56. 7 68. 3 83. 3 48. 3 53. 3 68. 3 78. 3 43. 3 51. 7 58. 3 63. 3 100. 0 61. 7 86. 7 98. 3 100. 0 56. 7 86. 7 93. 5 100. 0 53. 3 66. 7 78. 3 83. 3 51. 7 63. 3 80. 0 81. 7 150. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 95. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 96. 7 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

3 ph 105 Table 3 3 LC 50 95% The median lethal concentrations LC 50 and their 95% confidence interval of total ammonia to Hemifusus tuba juveniles at difference salinities Salinity 16 19 23 28 Time h LC 50 95% Confidence interval 24 76. 3 71. 2 ~ 80. 4 48 61. 2 58. 6 ~ 65. 3 72 44. 3 41. 6 ~ 48. 3 96 36. 5 33. 2 ~ 41. 2 24 82. 3 75. 4 ~ 88. 7 48 77. 6 72. 6 ~ 83. 4 72 61. 5 56. 3 ~ 66. 4 96 43. 7 37. 2 ~ 47. 3 24 87. 4 83. 4 ~ 92. 7 48 79. 4 75. 4 ~ 84. 2 72 66. 2 60. 8 ~ 70. 8 96 52. 6 48. 3 ~ 55. 8 24 98. 4 92. 3 ~ 101. 4 48 83. 5 76. 5 ~ 90. 7 72 68. 3 63. 2 ~ 74. 1 96 58. 8 52. 4 ~ 66. 4 Safe concentration 3. 7 4. 4 5. 3 5. 9 2. 3 ph 24 h 100% 4 4 28. 5 ph 23 LC 50 95% ph 5 ph 7. 6 8. 0 8. 4 8. 8 ph 58. 3 54. 5 50. 6 20. 2 mg / L SC = 0. 1 96hLC 50 ph 11. 3 mg / L ph 96 h 7. 6 8. 0 8. 4 8. 8 5. 8 5. 5 100 mg / L ph 8. 8 96 h 100% 150 mg / L 5. 1 2. 0 mg / L ph 8. 8 ph 7. 6 2. 9 Table 4 4 ph The result of toxicity experiment of ammonia to Hemifusus tuba juveniles at different ph The mortality rate % ρ T ph 7. 6 ph 8. 0 ph 8. 4 ph 8. 8 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 0 Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11. 3 0 0 0 1. 7 0 0 1. 7 1. 7 0 0 3. 3 5. 0 0 0 3. 3 6. 7 18. 8 0 11. 7 16. 7 16. 7 11. 7 15. 0 18. 3 18. 3 11. 7 16. 7 18. 3 23. 3 10 18. 3 28. 3 28. 3 23. 6 10 13. 3 25. 0 25. 0 16. 7 23. 3 25. 0 36. 7 21. 7 26. 7 31. 7 41. 7 31. 7 36. 7 41. 7 51. 7 47. 5 23. 3 26. 7 33. 3 38. 3 26. 7 26. 7 36. 7 43. 3 33. 3 38. 3 40. 0 48. 3 38. 3 43. 3 56. 7 63. 3 63. 5 23. 3 36. 7 45. 0 53. 3 38. 3 43. 3 48. 3 58. 3 43. 3 46. 7 51. 7 66. 7 48. 3 58. 3 66. 7 78. 3 85. 0 41. 7 50. 0 55. 0 66. 7 43. 3 51. 3 66. 7 78. 3 51. 7 61. 7 75. 0 83. 3 56. 7 78. 3 88. 3 95. 0 100. 0 51. 7 68. 3 75. 0 88. 3 55. 0 76. 7 76. 7 85. 0 63. 3 76. 7 81. 7 91. 7 86. 7 93. 3 98. 3 100 150. 0 96. 7 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

106 Chinese Journal of Zoology 45 Table 5 5 ph LC 50 95% The median lethal concentrations LC 50 and their 95% confidence interval of total ammonia to Hemifusus tuba juveniles at difference ph ph 7. 6 8. 0 8. 4 8. 8 Time h LC 50 95% Confidence interval 24 94. 6 87. 3 ~ 98. 1 48 85. 1 80. 4 ~ 92. 5 72 71. 5 67. 3 ~ 76. 3 96 58. 3 55. 1 ~ 93. 4 24 91. 4 86. 7 ~ 96. 4 48 81. 3 77. 3 ~ 87. 5 72 68. 2 65. 4 ~ 76. 1 96 54. 5 49. 7 ~ 60. 1 24 82. 4 77. 2 ~ 85. 3 48 74. 3 70. 1 ~ 81. 3 72 58. 6 53. 6 ~ 63. 1 96 50. 6 47. 3 ~ 55. 2 24 60. 4 56. 4 ~ 64. 7 48 55. 8 51. 3 ~ 60. 1 72 42. 3 38. 5 ~ 44. 6 96 20. 2 18. 4 ~ 22. 7 Safe concentration 5. 8 5. 5 5. 1 2. 0 3 3. 1 20 21 22 23 Ruditapes philippinarum 24 19 Chlamys farreri 0. 02 mg / L 25 0. 02 ~ 0. 2 mg / L 3. 2 ph ph 0. 05 ~ 0. 15 mg / L 0. 3 mg / L 0. 5 mg / L Armstrong 4 ph

3 ph 107 ph Chen 26 28 ph 15 29 NH 3 ~ 30 ph NH 3 30 4. 8 mg / L ph 100% 11. 3 mg / L ph 16 19 96 h 3. 3% 0 150 mg / L 96 h 100% 11 Argopecteni rradians ph > 7. 99 NH 3 ph 7 ~ 8 LC 50 ph 60% 35% ph NH 3 -N ph 7. 7 ~ 8. 2 NH + 4 ph NH 3 NH 3 H 2 O ph 8. 0 ~ 8. 4 96hLC 50 54. 5 ~ 50. 6 mg / L NH + 4 NH 3 ph ph 7. 6 8. 0 8. 4 1. 7% 23 28 96 h ph 8. 8 2. 0 mg / L ph 7. 6 2. 9 6 17 Estellarca olivacea 14 11 Scapharca subcrenata 15 Coelom actra antiquata 7 ph 17 H 2 S ph 10 NH 3 27 6 96hLC 50 Table 6 Compareision of 96hLC 50 of total ammonia to several kinds of shellfish Species Shell hight mm ph 96hLC 50 Temperature Babylonia areolata 17 30 d 8. 5 100. 2 29 ~ 30 Argopecteni rradians 11 6 ~ 8 7. 99 11. 85 23 ~ 25 Estellarca olivacea 14 1. 579 ± 0. 131 8. 3 ± 0. 2 50 25 ± 0. 5 Scapharca subcrenata 15 1. 579 ± 0. 131 8. 15 ± 0. 18 20. 36 28 ± 0. 5 Coelom actra antiquata 7 6. 10 ± 0. 44 7. 90 ~ 8. 34 14. 220 25. 8 ~ 29. 2 Hemifusus tuba 11. 3 ± 0. 11 8. 0 ~ 8. 4 54. 5 ~ 50. 6 28. 5

108 Chinese Journal of Zoology 45 3. 3 15-21. 10 ph 8. 0 ~ 8. 4 96 h 5. 5 ~ 5. 1 mg / L 12 1990 13. 15 2008 27 3 281-285. ph 16 ph ph 1971 5 245-266. 31-33 1995 203-245. 3. 22.. 1995. 2008 27 1 24-26. 4 1-3. 4.. 2001 4 23 Young-Lai W W Charmantier-Daures M Charmantier G. 25. Effect of ammonia on survival and growth in different life 5.. stages of the lobster Homarus americanus. Mar Biol 2007 34 2 84-85. 6 Meade J W. Allowable ammonia for fish culture. Prog Fish-Culture 1985 47 3 135-145. 7. 25.. 2006 25 1 42-46... 1997 1 17-19. 11. ph. 1999 14 3 13-18... 1 64-65... 2003 18 1 1-6. 14. ph 2009 28 1 73-76.. ph... 1989 114-122. 17 Sprague J B. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. III. Sublethal effects and safe concentrations. Water Res 18 Emerson K Russo R C Lund R E et al. Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations effect of ph and temperature. J Fisheries Res Board Can 1975 32 2379-2383. 19 GB11607-89. 1990 3. 20 Armstrong D A. Interaction of ionized and un-ionized 1.. ammonia on short-term survival and growth of prawn 1991 2 95-98. 2.. larvae. Biol Bull 1978 154 15-31. 21.. 1999 30 3 267-271. 1991 110 293-300. 24.. 2007 31 1 23-27.. 2005 26 1 23-27. 8. ph 26 Chen J C Nan F H. Changes of oxygen consumption and. 2005 ammonia-n excretion by Penaeus chinensis Osbeck at 25 6 36-40. different temperature and salinity levels. Journal of 9. Crustacean Biology 1993 4 706-712.. 1989 12 1 27.

3 ph 109. 2006 1 20-22. 28. 31... 1999 6 4 55-58. 1997 12 1 8-14. 29 Meade J W. Allowable ammonia for fish culture. Prog Fish Cult 1985 47 3 135-141. 30 Thurston R V Russo R C Vinogradov G A. Ammonia toxicity to fishes. Effect of ph on the toxicity of the unionized ammonia specie. Environ Sci Tech 1981 15 7 837-840. 32.. 2007 24 2 15-19. 33.. 2002 31 1 18-20. ernesti 1 2 1 100101 2 361000 Falco peregrinus 16 1 calidus japonensis peregrinator peregrinus 2-4 2010 2 25 22 47 34 N 100 57 11 E 1 349 m ernesti 4 ernesti 5-7 peregrinator 6-8 9 peregrinator 2009 21 Psittinus cyanurus 10 Garrulax gularis 11 Anthreptes malacensis 12 ernesti 1 Dickinson E C. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 3rd ed.. 2003 97. 2.. 2000 23. 3.. 2000 203 Pl. 55. 4.. 2005 45. 5 Ferguson-Lees J David Christie. Raptors of the World. London Christopher Helm 2005 310-313. 6 Robson Craig. Birds of South-East Asia. London New Holland 2005 142 Pl. 67. 7 Smythies B E. The Birds of Burma 3rd ed. England Nimrod Press Ltd. 1986 68-69. 8 King B F Dickinson E C. A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia. London Collins 1975 98-99. 9.. 1995 226-227. London Christopher Helm 10. Psittinus cyanurus. 2005 26 3 321. 11.. 2007 28 4 446-447. 12.. 2010 31 1 108-109.