Advances in determination of lead in sea water, (, 264003) :X132 ;X502 :A :100023096 (2009) 0620105207 ( Pb),,, [1 ], ( EPA) ( ),, 1, 0. 03 13 g/ L [2 ], 1998 2006 0. 09 11. 7 g/ L [3 7] 1, 0. 02 20. 5 g/ L [3 19 ],,, [20 ], Geotraces (An Interna2 tional St udy of the Marine Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Element s and Their Isotopes),, ( 0. 45 m ),,, [21 ] [22 ] 70 %,, 50 %, 9 % [23 ] [ 4 ] 3. 59 6. 09 g/ L, 1. 49 2. 95 g/ L, Hardy [ 24 ] (Chesapeake Bay) 0. 21 1. 00 g/ L, 4. 73 23. 7 g/ L,,,,, Snchez2Mar n [25 ] :,,, :2008210210 ; :2008212230 : 863 (2007AA09Z103) ; ( 40776058) ; ( KZCX22YW2410) ; (2006 GG2205033) : (19802),,,, E2mai : qmsu @yic. ac. cn ;,,,,E2mail : wqin @yic. ac. cn 105
1 ( g/ L) 1. 1 0. 4 [3 ] ( ) 3. 59 6. 09 [4 ] ( ) 0. 8 11. 7 [5 ] 2 ETV2ICP2MS ( g/ L) 0. 8 10-3 [26 ] RTP 0. 1 [27 ] FI2ICP2MS 1. 0 10-3 [28 ] ( ) 0. 09 3. 26 [6 ] ( ) 0. 1 1. 11 [7 ] ( ) 0. 38 1. 19 [8 ], 3. 500 20. 500 [9 ] J uru,, 2. 000 2. 800 [10 ], 0. 020 0. 040 [11 ], 0. 024 0. 880 [12 ] 0. 020 0. 071 0. 021 0. 062 [13 ] [14 ] 0. 068 0. 075 0. 029 0. 064 0. 033 0. 091 Houston ship channel, 0. 215 1. 257, [15 ] < 0. 002 0. 057 [16 ] 0. 006 0. 126 [17 ],, 1. 840 2. 570 [18 ], 0. 009 0. 062 [19 ] FI2FAAS 5 10 23 [29 ] DP2ASV 0. 053 [30 ] ICP2A ES 0. 07 [31 ] ETV2AAS 0. 012 [32 ] ASV 0. 02 [33 ] ASV 0. 5 [34 ] : ETV. ; R TP. ; FI. ; DP. ; ICP2MS. ; FAAS. ; ASV. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 (AAS) AAS,,,, 3 AAS 3 ( g/ L) 543 FAAS 0. 39 [36 ] 55. 6 FAAS 1. 1 [37 ] SPE 330 FAAS 0. 8 [38 ] SPE 30 FAAS 6. 1 [39 ] 2,, 2,, [35 ] 106 / 2009 / 33 / 6 SPE 60 100 GFAAS 0. 051 [40 ] 250 FAAS 16 [41 ] 20 GFAAS 1 [42 ] 450 FAAS 0. 5 [43 ] : FAAS. ; GFAAS. ;SPE. AAS,, ;AAS GC
H PL C [29 ] 2. 1. 2 (A ES) A ES ; ( ICP), A ES Karami [ 44 ] ICP2A ES 5. 5 ng/ L Abbasse [ 45 ] 82 C18,, A ES ;,A ES, 2. 1. 3 (A FS) A FS, ( H G), [46 ], K3 [ Fe (CN) 6 ]2KB H42 HCl, H G2A FS, 0. 63 g/ L [47 ],, H G2A FS, 0. 48 g/ L H G2A FS 2. 2 2. 2. 1 [48 ],,,2007 ( GB 1737822007), Rajesh [49 ],,, 3. 5 g/ L ;,, [50 ], 0. 1 g/ L [ 51 ], (CTMAB), ( SF), 580 nm, 1. 03 ng/ L,, 2. 2. 2, [52 54 ] [55 ] Pb ( ) Fe ( )2ED TA Fe ( ), Fe ( )2 2,, 20 g/ L Riva [27 ] Pb ( ) 82 272,, 0. 1 g/ L,,, [54 ] 2. 3 (MS) ICP2MS ICP2 MS, ICP2 MS,, [56 ] Huang [57 ] 2 82 52,, 0. 204 g/ L Dimitrova2Koleva [58 ], 4. 5 ng/ L Centineo [59 ], GC2MS, ng/ L [ 60 ] 2, 0. 03 g/ L ICP2MS, 107
, 0. 053 g/ L (0. 25 nmol/ L ), Garc a [64 ] DPASV, 90 % Scoullos [ 65 ] DPASV,ICP2MS ICP2MS, 2. 4 2. 4. 2 ( ISE), [ 68 ] ISE p H F - Na +,,,,, g/ L,, Na + K + 2. 4. 1 (ASV) Ca 2 + Mg 2 + ASV,, (log Ki, j < - 8),,, Carap uc,a [61 ], ASV, [69 73 ] Sokalski [70 ] ED TA, Pb 2 + 0. 112 g/ L (5. 4 10-10 mol/ L ) Prego,, [62 ] (DPASV) (0 200 m) Mello [63 ] DPASV 10-6 mol/ L 10-10 mol/ L (0. 021 g/ L), Cu 2 +, Pb 2 + Zn 2 +, P ntener [71 ],, 10-4 mol/ L Na + 0. 021 g/ L (0. 10 nmol/ L), Yantasee [ 34 ], Pb 2 + 1. 7 10-9 mol/ L Ceresa (DMSA), Pb 2 + DMSA [72 ], Pb 2 +,, 3 10-9 mol/ L,,,, 0. 5 g/ L ASV, Cobelo2 p H, :, ; p H, Biscombe [66 ] ASV, 0. 829 g/ L (4 nmol/ L) ASV [ 34, 67 ] ASV,ASV 108 / 2009 / 33 / 6 ( solid contact ) [ 74 ],,,, [75 ], 3 AAS A ES A FS ICP2MS ;
,, : [1 ] Mushak P. Lead remediation and changes in human lead exposure : some physiological and biokinetic dimensions [J ]. Sci Total Environ, 2003, 303 (1,2) : 35250. [2 ] Bowen H J M. Environmental Chemistry of the Ele2 ments [ M ]. London : Academic Press, 1979. 22. [ 3 ] Wang C Y, Wang X L. Spatial distribution of dissolved Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu and As in the Bohai Sea. [J ]. J Envi2 ron Sci, 2007, 19 : 1 06121 066. [4 ],,,. [J ]., 2006, 27 (1) : 1262131. [5 ]. [J ].,2001,20 (4) : 54257. [6 ],,. [ J ]., 2001, 20 (2) : 59262. [7 ],,. [J ]., 2005, 4 : 38244. [8 ] Wan L, Wang N B, Li Q B, et al. Distribution of dis2 solved metals in seawater of Jinzhou bay, China [ J ]. ET &C., 2008, 27 (1) :43248. [9 ] Fytianos K, Vasilikiotis G S. Concentration of heavy metals in seawater and sediments f rom the Northern Aegean Sea, Greece [J ]. Chemosphere, 1983, 12 : 83291. [10 ] Fowler S W, Huynh2Ngoc L, Fukai R. Dissolved and particulate trace metals in coastal waters of the Gulf and Western Arabian Sea [ J ]. Deep2sea Res PT I, 1984, 31 : 7192729. [11 ] Harper D J. The distribution of dissolved cadmium, lead, copper in the Brisrtol Channel and the outer Severn estuary [J ]. Mar Chem, 1991, 33 : 1312143. [12 ] Law R J, Waldock M J, Allchin C R, et al. Contami2 nants in seawater around England and Wales : Results from monitoring surveys [J ]. Mar Pollut Bull, 1994, 28 : 6682675. [13 ] Kraepiel A M L, Chiffoleau J F, Martin J M, et al. Geochemistry of trace metals in the Gironde estuary [J ]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1997, 61 : 1 42121 436. [ 14 ] Lee K W, Kang H S, Lee S H. Trace elements in the Korean coastal environment [ J ]. Sci Total Environ, 1998, 214 : 11219. [15 ] Saleh M A, Wilson B L. Analysis of metal pollutants in the Houston ship channel by inductively coupled plasma/ mass spectrometry [J ]. Ecotox Environ Safe, 1999, 44 : 1132117. [16 ] Munksgaard N C, Parry D L. Trace metals, arsenic and lead isotopes in dissolved and particulate phases of North Australian coastal and estuarine seawater [ J ]. Mar Chem, 2001, 75 : 1652184. [ 17 ] Tank r S P C, Muller F L, Burton J D, et al. Trace metal distributions in shelf waters of the northwestern Black Sea [J ]. Cont Shelf Res, 2001, 21 : 1 50121 532. [18 ] El2Moselhy K M., Gabal M N. Trace metals in wa2 ter, sediments and marine organisms from the north2 ern part of the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea [J ]. J Mar Syst, 2004, 46 : 39246. [ 19 ] Cuong D T, Karuppiah S, Obbard J P. Distribution of heavy metals in the dissolved and suspended phase of the sea2surface microlayer, seawater column and in sediment s of Singaporeπs coastal environment [J ]. En2 viron Monit Assess, 2008, 138 : 2552272. [20 ],,. [ M ]. :, 1999. 1442152. [21 ]. [ M ]. :, 1993. 265. [22 ],,,. [J ]., 1980, 10 (1) : 79289. [23 ]. [J ]. ( ), 1994, 33(4) : 5212524. [ 24 ] Hardy J T, Crecelius E A, Antrim L D, et al. Aquat2 ic surface microlayer contamination in Chesapeake Bay [J ]. Mar Chem, 1990, 28 : 332351. [25 ] Snchez2Mar n P, Lorenzo J I, Blust R, et al. Humic acids increase dissolved lead bioavailability for marine invertebrates [J ]. Environ Sci Technol, 2007, 41 (16) : 5 67925 684. [26 ] Rosland E, L und W J. Direct determination of trace metals in sea2water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [ J ]. J Anal At Spectrom, 1998, 13 (11) : 1 23921 244. [27 ] Riva B S V, Costa2Fern ndez J M, Pereiro R, et al. Flow2through room temperature phosphorescence op2 tosensing for the determination of lead in sea water [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 1999, 395 : 129. [28 ] Willie S N, Lam J W H, Yang L, et al. On2line re2 moval of Ca, Na and Mg from iminodiacetate resin for the determination of trace elements in seawater and fish otoliths by flow injection ICP2MS [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2001, 447 (1) : 1432152. [29 ] Yebra M C, Rodr guez L, Puig L, et al. Application of a field flow preconcentration system with a minico2 lumn packed with amberlite XAD24/ 12( 22pyridylazo) 2 109
22naphthol and a flow injection2flame atomic absorp2 tion spectrometric system for lead determination in sea water [J ]. Microchim Acta, 2002, 140 : 2192225. [30 ] Mello L C., Claudino A, Rizzatti I, et al. Analysis of Trace Metals Cu 2 +, Pb 2 + and Zn 2 + in coastal marine water samples from Florian polis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil [J ]. Braz Chem Soc, 2005, 16 ( 3A ) : 3082315. [ 31 ] Sabarudin A, Lenghor N, Liping Y, et al. Automated online preconcentration system for the determination of trace amount s of lead using Pb2Selective resin and inductively coupled plasma2atomic emission spectrome2 try [J ]. Spectrosc Lett, 2006, 39 (6) :6692682. [32 ] Vereda A E, Siles C M T, Garcia T A, et al. Lead ultra2trace on2line preconcentration and determination using selective solid phase extraction and electrother2 mal atomic absorption spectrometry : applications in seawaters and biological samples [J ]. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2006, 385 (7) : 1 17821 185. [ 33 ] Sarradin P M, Lannuzel D, Waeles M, et al. Dis2 solved and particulate metals ( Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in two habitats from an active hydrothermal field on the EPR at 13 N [J ]. Sci Total Environ, 2008, 392 : 1192129. [34 ] Yantasee W, Hongsirikarn K, Warner C L, et al. Di2 rect detection of Pb in urine and Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in natural waters using electrochemical sensors immo2 bilized with DMSA functionalized magnetic nanoparti2 cles [J ]. Analyst, 2008, 133 : 3482355. [35 ],, 4 : [ M ]. :, 2008. 15217. [36 ] Carasek E, Tonjes J W, Scharf M. A new method of microvolume back2extraction procedure for enrichment of Pb and Cd and determination by flame atomic ab2 sorption spectrometry [ J ]. Talanta, 2002, 56 ( 1 ) : 1852191. [37 ] Chen J R, Teo K C. Determination of cadmium, cop2 per, lead and zinc in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2001, 450 (122) : 2152222. [38 ] Zachariadis G A, Anthemidis A N, Bettas P G, et al. Determination of lead by on2line solid phase extraction using a PTFE micro2column and flame atomic absorption spectrometry [J ]. Talanta, 2002, 57 (5) : 9192927. [39 ] Matoso E, Kubota L T, Cadore S. Use of silica gel chemically modified with zirconium phosphate for pre2 concentration and determination of lead and copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry [ J ]. Talanta, 2003, 60 (6) : 1 10521 111. [40 ] Kiptoo J K, Ngila J C, Silavwe N D. Solid2phase ex2 110 traction of Zn ( ), Cu ( ), Ni ( ) and Pb ( ) on / 2009 / 33 / 6 poly ( vinyl chloride ) modified with 32ferrocenyl232 hydroxydithioacrylic acid, and their subsequent deter2 mination by electrothermal atomic absorption spec2 trometry [J ]. Microchim Acta, 2008, 160 : 2112218. [41 ] Doner G, Ege A. Determination of copper, cadmium and lead in seawater and mineral water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation with alu2 minum hydroxide [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2005, 547 : 14217. [ 42 ] Saitoh T, Satoh F, Hiraide M. Concentration of heavy metal ions in water using thermoresponsive che2 lating polymer [J ]. Talanta, 2003, 61 : 8112817. [43 ] Naseri M T, Hemmatkhah P, Hosseini M R M, et al. Combination of dispersive liquid2liquid microex2 traction with flame atomic absorption spectrometry using microsample introduction for determination of lead in water samples [ J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2008, 610 : 1352141. [44 ] Karami H, Mousavi M F, Yamini Y, et al. On2line preconcentration and simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions by inductively coupled plasma2atomic emission spectrometry [ J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2004, 509 (1) : 89294. [ 45 ] Abbasse G, Ouddane B, Fischer J C. Determination of total and labile f raction of metals in seawater using solid phase extraction and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ( ICP2A ES) [J ]. J Anal At Spectrom, 2002, 17 : 1 35421 358. [46 ]. 2 [J ].,1997,16 (2) : 70280. [47 ],,,. 2 [J ]., 2005, 22 (6) : 1 24521 248. [48 ],, [ M ]. :,2003. 27. [49 ] Rajesh N, Manikandan S. Spectrophotometric deter2 mination of lead after preconcentration of it s diphenyl2 thiocarbazone complex on an Amberlite XAD21180 column [J ]. Spectrochim Acta A, 2008, 70 (4) : 7542 757. [50 ],,,. 2 2 [J ]., 2006, 34 (10) : 1 47121 474. [51 ]. 2 [ D ]. :, 2006, 1182119. [52 ] Zhang Z J, Qin W, Liu S N. Chemiluminscence flow system for the monitoring of chromium ( ) in water [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 1995, 318 (1) : 71276. [53 ] Qin W, Zhang Z J, Zhang C J. Chemiluminescence Flow System for Vanadium ( V ) with Immobilized
Reagents [J ]. Analyst, 1997, 122 (7) : 6852688. [ 54 ] Qin W, Zhang Z J, Liu H J. Chemiluminescence flow2 through sensor for copper based on an anodic stripping voltammetric flow cell and an ion2exchange column with immobilized reagents [J ]. Anal Chem, 1998, 70 : 3 57923 584. [55 ],,,. [J ]., 1998, 26 (2) : 2192221. [56 ] Plantz M R, Fritz J S, Smith F G, et al. Separation of trace metal complexes for analysis of samples of high salt content by inductively coupled plasma mass spec2 trometry [J ]. Anal Chem, 1989, 61 (2) : 1492153. [57 ] Huang Z Y, Chen F R, Wang X R, et al. Trace lead measurement and on2line removal of matrix interfer2 ence in seawater by isotope dilution coupled with flow injection and ICP2MS [ J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2004, 508 : 2392245. [58 ] Dimitrova2Koleva B, Benkhedda K, Ivanova E, et al. Determination of trace element s in natural waters by inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spec2 trometry after flow injection preconcentration in a knotted reactor [J ]. Talanta, 2007, 71 (1) : 44250. [59 ] Centineo G, Gonz lez E B, Sanz2Medel A. Multiele2 mental speciation analysis of organometallic com2 pounds of mercury, lead and tin in natural water sam2 ples by headspace2solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography2mass spectrometry [ J ]. J Chromatogr A, 2004, 1034 : 1912197. [60 ],,,. 2 [J ]. ( ), 2001, 40 (5) : 1 06221 066. [61 ] Carapuca H M, Monterroso S C C, Rocha L S, et al. Simultaneous determination of copper and lead in sea2 water using optimised thin2mercury film electrodes in situ plated in thiocyanate media [J ]. Talanta, 2004, 64 : 5662569. [62 ] Prego R, Cobelo2Garcia A. Cadmium, copper and lead contamination of the seawater column on the Prestige shipwreck (N E Atlantic Ocean) [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2004, 524 : 23226. [63 ] Mello L C, Claudino A, Rizzatti I, et al. Analysis of trace metals Cu 2 +, Pb 2 + and Zn 2 + in coastal marine water samples from Florian polis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil [J ]. J Braz Chem Soc, 2005, 16 ( 3) : 3082315. [64 ] Cobelo2Garc a A, Prego R. Chemical speciation of dis2 solved copper, lead and zinc in a ria coastal system : the role of resuspended sediments [J ]. Anal Chim Ac2 ta, 2004, 524 : 1092114. [65 ] Scoullos M J, Pavlidou A S. Determination of the la2 bility of lead, cadmium and zinc in a polluted mediter2 ranean brackish2marine interface system [ J ]. Air Soil Poll, 2003, 147 : 2032227. Water [66 ] Biscombe A, Nimmo M, Gledhill M, et al. An auto2 mated monitor to determine trace metal particle/ dis2 solved interactions in natural waters [ J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2004, 521 : 69276. [67 ] Betelu S, Parat C, Petrucciani N, et al. Semicontinu2 ous monitoring of cadmium and lead with a screen2 printed sensor modified by a membrane [J ]. Electroa2 nalysis, 2007, 19 (223) : 3992402. [68 ] De Macro R, Clarke G, Pejcic B. Ion2selective elec2 trode potentionmetry in environmental analysis [J ]. E2 lectroanalysis, 2007, 19 (19220) : 1 98722 001. [69 ] Qin W, Zwickl T, Pretsch. E. Improved detection limit s and unbiased selectivity coefficients obtained by using ion2exchange resins in the inner reference solu2 tion of ion2selective polymeric membrane electrodes [J ]. Anal Chem 2000, 72 : 3 23623 240. [ 70 ] Sokalski T, Bakker E, Pretsch E, et al. Lowering the detection limit of solvent polymeric ion2selective mem2 brane electrodes. 2. Influence of composition of sam2 ple and internal electrolyte solution [ J ]. 1999, 71 : 1 21021 214. Anal Chem [ 71 ] P ntener M, Baier E, Pretsch E, et al. Improving the lower detection limit of potentiometric sensors by co2 valently binding the ionophore to a polymer backbone [J ]. Anal Chim Acta, 2004, 503 : 1872194. [ 72 ] Ceresa A, Bakker E, Pretsch E, et al. Potentiometric polymeric membrane electrodes for measurement of environmental samples at trace levels : new require2 ment s for selectivities and measuring protocols, and comparison with ICP2MS [J ]. Anal Chem, 2001, 73 : 3432351. [ 73 ] Malon A, Vigassy T, Bakker E, et al. Potentiometry at trace levels in confined samples : ion2selective elec2 trodes with subfemtomole detection limit s [ J ]. Chem Soc, 2006, 128 (25) : 8 15428 155. Am [74 ] Bobacka J, Ivaska A, Lewenstam A. Potentiometric ion sensors [J ]. Chem Rev, 2008, 108 : 3292351. [75 ] Lindner E, Buck R P. Microfabricated potentiometric electrodes and their in vivo applications [ J ]. Chem, 2000, 72 (9) : 336A2345A. Anal ( : ) 111