( _._ μ) resίimony OF JOHN ZIGHDIS ΟΝ AMERICAN POLICY TOWARD GREECE HEARING COMMITTEE ΟΝ FOREIGN ΛFFAIRS SUJ3COλ!~Π'rlΈE ΟΝ EUROPE HOUSE OF REPRESENTΛTIVES NTh'E'lΎ-T I ΠRD COXGRESS
I ',Ι.tΊ. t"j~i)j.t:y,i!iinσla.. τ...... ι. ι:ι; ιι.ιι,υ.ιιι.το~.ιndlaιιa <:ι:ιs ϊatro:'i, ι,na rl~an l a Jιύ\'A.TAY I.OR.:"ιorlbCarollna OGDt::'iR. Rt: I D.~f,..\Όr OO~AI.D \\'. RIEG Ι.t:, Ja., )1\~b!caa ~f~~~t~~ ~;;ifξ: ι ι:τt:ιιπ.u.ι κι:;ι.ι:-."gιιι:υst::οι.:-.-~-.j.. ~r.. CLII'I'O n 1'. 1\~CΟ<ι:ττ. 1\"νkooo fttu St~J/ Cο ΙΙιι~ l ARL~'~ )1.,\τv. ~τ.r.a, 8tν/f AulιtσNI
CONTENTS ZΙιιlιιllιo. JoΙιnO.. tonnι-rgn.φk;\ l lnlsιerof l ι ιd ust ry n ndl en d l ng meo ιbe r o!!l ι t:co.ιιιer ι; ιιlou(l.llιenli) l 'arτy
TESTIJIOii'Y OF JOHN ZIGHDIS ΟΝ AJIERI CAN l'oι!cy TO\\'ARD GHEECE
" enηιstrιnιιoιjnι-eιlιιιttlιisshbcoιηιnitteesession\\ illηotiη!ιιctoo lιe\ ιlnιtlιίsιιιοιηeιιtιιιι<lfοrt\ιιιιι-erιsοιιt\ιesubcοιιιιηittοοsιaιιd Μljοιιτηeι!. ["'lιel'eιφorι,nt 10::14 a.ιη.tlιcsιιbconυnitteeaιljourne<l,to ι 'f!coi\, eηeat2ρ.ω.ιlι<'s.'ιιι1c<iιι;ι.] STATEMENT OF.JOHN G. ZIGHDIS, FORMER GREEK MINIS'rER OF INDUSTRY AND LEADING MEMBER OF ΤΕΕ CENTER UNION ~ (LIBERAL) PARTY
~~E:~M~ι::"~::rt:~ ~~i.:~i~~~ί~: 1:;~lι~ i5"~~~~~ ~~ε~~~:~~ ~~~~Vf.;1:1:;~4:IR:~!!.~!B;;;~r~::;;,;;:;f:;~:.;; ::i~; volved ιιs registercd tlιrouglι ιhcir elected reprcsentatives..to paraplιra 96 the famoιιs dictum, freedom an<l democracy aro too ιmportant t.oboleftonlytothecxecutίvebranclιesofj!overnment. ~Ef!~~~~t~~~~;r~~~:l~;~~~~;~;;i~~~f~iEn!~~ of the " ill of the Grooks until gcnuine and free elections are he.ld onoomoreinmycountry. bil~~%ify t~:c:ξ;h~h~~~~h ~~~\?c~li:~:rnh~l~~e ~~~~~ ~~t~~~nε~~:~i~:~~~1: iξ;~~i~~:?kb~~!eh~~hih: 8 Tho preanιble to tlιe Δtlantio Treaty specifies that parties to it "Qredeιermlned to.ιafeguardιhefreedom.oommonheγιu.geand clrtlluιton of ~~!~r ~~~ foanded on the prlnclple of democnιcy, ίndlvldnal llbert,τ and ιhe 0 Article2speciιlcs thntt!ιesignntorics undertakea]soto ~i[ ~f~l:~i~~~!:[*:~\~.~~:l~~~~:i;~~;~:r2.f::::;~,:~~~~; Let ιne ιιlsο ndd tl1nt ί11ο Truιnιιn doctri~c,!or wlιicl ι tlιc Greek PCOJ)Io nro,(t"rntcf111, committcd tlι_c Unitcd Stιι~cs to support frecdoιn JovιngρcoplengninstnrmedtotRlιtarianιninorιtics. th~ ~~H~~~~~~~... ~:,.~~a~~:~jj ~~~1 to teιtltr Ια 11172 but wιι ιleιιled Νrm!ιι!οιι br
;~ il~tj~~~~~f~~~!~o~~:ϊ~~ί:~~~?~!;~~.~:jr:u~~~c: ~ r~~;ή-~~:~~~~,! ~,.;s~~~-~3~~~:i:ri~?.~ :ιd ~~:r;~y~~h~~~~~.. 1 {fιhc~~ ~~~~~~~ :ι;:~[ιι~ι;~~r~η: ιneιιt nnd the indigηntion of the Greek peopfe nbout the couι>, slιe n<ι, anced the foιjo,, ίng tlιoory: The people who 8t'ized po~ e r are a.ιιmaη group ot purltan ollk!fora wbo. ot :uιιι;: ι:~ ~ι: :~~:~':\~:~:~~e;':;~e= 'iκι~~~ιι:n:'::::::. ι:ν~~ 8 ~~:~~:σ:!::ιι~e:, ~~~~k,;,~~~~~~~~~~.~cl:o"~:~h u:~eι:'s;rtor~~~i~el~~~:~~~ sbouldotrerlttotbeml ιιorde r toryourcountrytopr<>gn!ψi,juιιtllkel>ak!htιιn. ' Ve wero indeed lcft s~hless. Tl ι e Embassy and tl ιe U.S. Govcnι- ~~to~n~~ι:ιiι~ 1~c~1;f~ ~~~~~~~~c~i~a~ 0 f:~~n~~~~hciu'f:i7>~ suclι coιnfort nnd clniι voynnce nbout thc future9 "NΔβ8ERLSM' 1 FORSEEX Tlιe visits ~ι Mcssι-s. Agne", Stιιιιs, Lnird, aιι~ Rogcι-s as 'vell us cψ~ιιtle~ndmιrιιlsaιιd gencrnlssouglιttonceo'!lplιsh justtlιnt. τιιese ;~~~t~r:j~'i~i~~b~fιe~gί~k 6 e~~~s::ric 0 ~f~:cιι:i~:ctιj~ξ~;~~~~~~~~: /
~:;::~ :~!c~:~:i t~~:~:~~";~~ξ~:~l~t~~a~:'~t~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~ J>eriod. 1-~urtlιermore, Ιeι n1e add tlιaι ιhe nηnual gro~th nιte of tlιe grosb ΙΙΙΙtioιHιliιΙcoιηe,iιιcoιιstιιηιι>_riccs,uιJ<Ieι tlιedιctatorslιiι>lιnsηe, er ~;~:~ί;~~~~ 0 ~~~~~ 1 ~e~~~~f~n~~~~ι:~~ιfo~-~~dmc'h~~f,~:~ Tlιιιst lι eso ca lled eoono ιnic ιniracleoftlιedictatorship basbeenex posι:d'asnonιoreιlιnnapιιreιnyth. ~~ 1 ~~~!~~~~~\;,!d~~:~~if~~-l!~~~~:~ ::};:~~-~~~~~~~~: 8!\~Ξ~~~~:~b~~~:~~~fl~J~~{iυ~~~~~~~ ~~~te~ιhi~h ι~:~1;ιι~~f~
ii!;~~;~; C\'C!Ί ~R\'C tlιo s l iglιtesteffcct 011 Uιe d.ictatorslιiρ nnd its desιre to re DlRIIIIIIJ)(:H\'t!Γ Jtisηo\\ σncler, tlιι:>η,tlιnttlιebelιnviorofoιιrnllies.andesρecinlly ύιe Uιιitcd Stntes,)ιns creιιted_justifinble in thc nιίιιds of thc Grrek 8 ~:!~:~~~~~j~'~~~~~~~~ ~~~~c~ 1 Ψι 1 ιr fuc~~~?i~ 8 ~~ii:hi~dιh: '{~~~;~~~~~-~~~ 1 ~f tlιe Atlιιιιtic A!linncc tlιat Gι-eek territo ιύ hns bcen transformecl ιnto lι\'rstc~nreιιtrntio n cnnφforitsρeople. I tpιωιsmetosnytihιtt}h')ι'csιιltoftlιissitnationhnsbee.ntlιc<'rosion of thc \1'111'111 f riendsl ιi p nι ι cl tlιe trnditi~hι:ι l ties bctιi"(!(!il οuτ L\\'0 ~~7ι~.~Re~r;_c~ιd~f' n~o~eiι~~;~v:ndr ;~~~~tt~::l~~~~~~~j :,:~~~:1:1 ~ a pity ιf tlιo'grcek peoρle ιrrcι ocably oonclucled tlιat tlιere is no otih rίnteforthf'mexαφttobeaslnve\ι'ithintiιefo!doftileatlιιntic ~~~('~fc' j~i~~s~ ~~:~]fi.bs:~~~ r~~~~~:tbί~~ng ΙVit]ι ('\'('f)'tiι~ιιg ejse )'OIIf An<l no\1 \\'lιιιt do \1'6 ask of οιιr allies nnd espec.ιnlly of }'OU Λιηericnιιs 1 r:t~~~~:~~~ι;~~:r;~~~~::f~~~~\~~ ~;n~:~λ\i~i~ί:~~~ ~~~:~~.~~:.~:~!:~:;:~~ r:::~~;:~~:~υ%~~\::~:\'λ~λέ!g~~~!!:~ξ~;
~οτ ΧΛΚl~Ο 8ι"ECIF ΙC PROP06λL8 ~~~~~~~k~~~~ ~~:!~l~~~i~1;?,~~~:~~~1~~ί~;})~~f::~::.::.:~;~~ ~~~~~{[~~~,:~~k~~~~~g~~t~1;r:~~~:~~!.~~~~tr[~; lf~i~~~~~1 II\Π'.\1ΌJISHII'.\ 'JRAGEDY ~~!fu~~~~~~ff~~1ξi~~;,~;~~~~~~[~~~~) tlι~ dicιntorslιip, ηftιψ tltc cοιφ of Xon>:ιnber 25, Ηlί3.. ιs ιηtcrιιnlly ;~~-:d ιι~rιι:'::~{;, :ιnd it Ιιιιs to fιιce. nι.st problcms y, Jnch cnnnot be n;~-~~~ ~ 1 ~cd 'bfi:~,~~~ic ι~:~ιι~'ιιr:: ::~~ ~':::ιi{i~~~~i;~~~o~~r -}h~ 1 '~: ~;.~~~~f~'rn~ί~;i~ι~~~~~-~:i~r~'~ιi~~~:~'i'csιι~~~~~~ξ,~~:~.~~~ι!;.~ιs beroωe tlιe I.. nstbιιt ιιotlcnst'ι' itijinίtsr:ιηksforcesihn edcycloι)c(l" l ιίclι IIH c:ιtι'n tlιe J:>CΙ'Ιnιιηcιιt nttnc!hncnt of Greece to tlιe "restcrn \\'or ld Nδν. istlιetiιnctorp.<ioιιblcoureίfoι tsnndι idgrecccoftlιcdίctα torslιiρonceιιιι <l (orιιij. \Y~,~~k~~~~~~ li~~~~: ~~;tιlι 1 ~ ~~~~~~ 1 :r ~!~~ije~d\~ ~~::ii~:~:. ~~~~ι:~
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:Ur.Rosε~-rΙΙAL. 'Vhatdoyoumeanbythatt Mr. Ζιοιι.J?UΙ. Tlιey ν. ant to tako Groooo out of the West.ern 'Yorld ~~:r~~~~!j~~ it1~:~~~t~~*ξf!~~~.;:~li1o ~.~u,~r.: ~ ~ ~~?;Π~tcl~~~J:fi.sr~~~~~;:,::::.~~:~~~~~~,J~!: ~tr~u~=~;j..ia Ι.. 'Vlιere do )'OU t~iηk thnt tlιat would take Grooce if they gιιined control of tlιe destιny of tlιe armed forces and the Greckst ΑΝ" UXALJXI'!) STAτuS ~~~ff:f~~~~ presentpolιιicalimpasse1 ~}~: ~~~~~~~~;~j\~~ 0 ~~~ ~~~~n~bout! :\Ir. Ζισιιuιs. Ι~ tlιe ~reιιt mnjority of thc Greek officers are con ~ inecd tlιat the dιctatorship in Greece has lost the backin μ: of Wash ~i~~~ ~:~~c!,. :~~:::ιl;i;n;~:;:n ::e~ιa:f ι:::~=~ ηndertlιecommιιndofwashίnρ:tont λfr. Ζισποτs. Tlιc Britis]ι Government without spending a penny nndjustmnkin&rngcstnrntlιcotherday,madethegrtntestinve.stmeηt ofιzood" i llingre ece.ί'l ι crcnre l.ooo,'ι'ays. )(r. ROSF.NTHAJ... "'bn~dιdthey dof :\[ι. Zωι!I)JS. Tlιry SHnply mndc it clenr thc:v considcr a νisit of rι~~~~l:~:~~~:,,~:')~~~:~,~1~~!~;~~t ~~H.~i~~;;j~1Ξ~~;;17.~ fi~dtlιcgι M>k))Nψle.
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13 WΙ.L\T snouw τπ:ε τπητεο S'ΙΆ'ΓΕ8 Jlowe, er,ab~sicpoiι ιtis stilluncleartomeandletmefirstnotethιι.t ~;~~:~~~~~;~i~~\~~~~~j~~~~~~:;ξ::~ 8shιp." ~Ίιιιt is protty strong language, partιc ιιlarl:y if )"OU su~gest th~t llιe Unιt~ States slιould ιιι soιne wny redouble ι ts ~ffo~s to get rιd rι~f~~~~~ ~~, ~if~;~~/~~ilι:,~>i~ ;~,.:~Idl :~:~:~i;'~ι~e~~ii~~ sιι~ί;fι~~ sd~~~~~:f.must 6 renew ourbclief ίn the Greek people! We ηιιτιι~ ~'?ίh:'~~~~~~;~~n 1 ~~;~~: :6'σiaι~a~xl:cc~:fo~u~ιι~ 0 ~Ι~~~~~fd 1 ~f ~:ι G~:~η~~~ ~~:~~~ i:~;~~~:;i; ~~ 'Π~:ιr~fet~f~ι~e 1 f~ :!i~;~~~~~~ni don'ttlιinkιtdoes~nygoodto\\'rιngou;hrιndsrιndsny~ecoιιldhιιve doιιeitdiffcrcntlyι nl 967. 1Ye rιrenotιn1967. 1Vearo ιn 1074. tlι~v;::s:~:~~~ν~vr~ι~~~~obc'c;:~ C:.~d~ftt gi~kg~: r~~~f:r u:: οο
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lιaζι 1 ~ι ίd;\~~~ 1 ίι~η 0 ~~~~~ ~;;~~f, ~~~i~ιfo ~:~.. 1 ~ ;,:' t~ζe 1 ~~~:.~~,~~~;:d :::~~~~;;~\ ~~~~~~χ~fι~ 11 ιίι~\~~~~ίis~~i~η~~:::;;,ι~j):~ί:~ ~~~~οfl:ι\ ~~~: ;~~~i~\.~~:::i~~~:~~~~~~)~~~~~~~~~:\cι~ 1 ~ι~~jι~~il~e~~ ~~~~ 51!ιι:dι ; ~r ιtι~ni~ \\ oιιlιlιιotlιesitιιlotoboιnbιlιe.\croι>oiis,vitlιnιιclear\\ enι>oιιsif strιllf'~icι-eιιsoιιs" ιιι Nιn tediι.ίlιeιιιlιe" lιoleo(gι-ceceι"oseιouιnaιι i,ηlιοι rοι ωιιliιιιlίgιιιιιίοιι.
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Ί1Ιiscnmpniwιisnot,IΙO\\'ι"Ι'f'Γ,tormctoundertιιke.Asyoukno,vl ~1J~7~~~;:~i1r~ii~ ~ ;l1&ξ;~j~;i~:l~~ξ~~ ιo:\\\''w:tstiιι"lnιej"'ι-esidcnt.j olιnson. 1Yhcni\\ entooektogn'e("ι>t1ιe?~:a~;:sslιutnηcliιnιsιιotnllo\\ edtolenι ethecountη forpracticnlly ~i~~~~t~~~~. ofl)n11otst!jel't'\\'ι11 betnnksιιn<lmnchιnegιιnslodet<'rιηi!ιctiιegoyerιhnc'ntorιlιis;.:reιιtι!('mocr;ιcy'''iιiclιlen<lstiιe."'orminitsstrιιgμ-je forfι'n'dom,<ic>cencyιιncltlιcι)rotcctionoftltehιgiιcstlιuntnnvnlues. [Applιιuse.] 11\ ι.ηοοι:~ηrλι.. ΊΊιnnk}'Οιιvl'rymηciΙ. ~i~~~ ~;~~~::~i1~~~\1i~~hj~~:~~~~~i~~~ thnt,, ould be suι>erfiιωιιs. ('\\?JJe ι-cιφoη,ιιt3:24ι> -ΙH.,tlιesιιbcomιnitteεndjourned.] ο