attja: «AVTlOTa8~lOTlKcl» ~etpa an6 puna(vouae~ ~lepyaa(e~ - VO~la~QTl Ktl anot(~l1otl TWV enlmwaewv an6 Ta aepla KaTclAoma Tl1 ~ Kau 0Tl~ lou AlYVlTTl OTTilV euputepl1 neplcpepela KO~clVl1~ - ntoae~af~a~ - <t>aw p lva~*. Mtpoe: A': EVVOIOAoY'K~ npoatyyla'l KOI anoaocp~vlal'l TOU «E~WTEPIKOU» K6aroue: Tile: napavwy~e: I'IA KTplI(J~e: EvtPVEIOe: ana Alvvtnl 1. «E~WT&PIKtC;)) OIKOYopi&c; Kal n&plpaaaovtiktc; emmwo⁣: PlpA loypaipik~ avaipopa Yla TIlY napaywy~ IlAeKTpIK~C; ytpy&lac; Av 9twpTiooUIl& ~vov «1 ~ e: OTO» 0lKOVOIJ1KO ne:piyupo. arov ono(o 11 ouvaaaaktikli OIKOVOIl{O 90 he:itoupyouoe: Tehe:IO. TOTe: 01 IJI1XOVIOIlO( TIle; oyopoe;. 130molJ&vOI no. vw arle; OVTWe; npoyijotikee; TllJte; TWV npo iovtwv. Sa d xav M oe:1 0" 0 TO npo~"rllloto TO onoio nopotllpouvtoi OTTlV npayllotikn OIKOVO~ (O. Be:l3oiwe;. 11 1300lKli npoonogeoll nou So 1511IJIOupyouoe IJla. ETOIO «I~E~» OIKO VOIJIK~ KOToaroOll. So rltov OV 01 Tlllte; TIle; ayopoc; 0- VTIKOTompl~ov novto TO auvo"iko KoarOe; TO onolo e ~ne:pltxetoi oe: 0"0 TO armio nopoywylie; KOI 6169e:0lle; e:voe; npoiovtoe;. 'OjJW<; OTI")V npa ~I1. txouije OVloopponio TWV Ill1XOVIO~WV TIle; lsioilopq>woi")e; TWV TlIJWV TIle; oyopoe;. e:ne:i15~ 0ll1J0 VTIKO KOOTOe; TIlC; i5lolsikooioc; nopoywylic; 15e:v ouljnepl "Olll3aVETOI OTIC; TEMKte; TllJtC; 610Se:0llC; e:voc; npoiovtoc; OTI")V oyopa. 'ETOI. TO Koaroc; auto IJe:TOq>t pe:tol oe: Tp{, TOUC;. 01 ono(oi 15e:v axet (~OVTO I ~e TO Te:"IKO nopayolle: vo npolov, oute: we; nopaywyo{, ama OUTE KOI we; KOTOvoMllTt e;. Auto a np613"i11l0 TIle; avlooppon(oe; 0TTl i5 lo~opq>woll TWVTlIJWV TWV i5loq>6pwv npoiovtwv OTI'}v oyopa. e(xe &. VToma9e:i on6 nom naa.lo. 'H1511 ono TIC; opxte; TOU 200u OIWVO (1910) a Alfred Marshall aro K"OOIKO epyo TOU Principle in Economics" ovoq>ep&tol arlc; t wolee; TOU "&~WT e:p IKOU» oq>t"oue; KOI Koarouc;. "&~WTe:PIKOU» ~e: f!o(we; nayto we; npoc; TO Ill1XOVIOIJO TIlC; oyopoc;. Mia, e n(olle;. OllIlOVTIK~ npwllji1 npootyyiol") aro 9t IJo OUTWV TWV «&~WT&PIKWV " OIKOVOIJIWV tylv&0"6 TOVPigou (1920) aro n"o(olo TIle; Sewp{oe; TWV"OIKOVOIlIKWV Tl") e; EUJ'lIlEp oe;'" (Wellfare Economics). 'EKTOT&. 11 o0130potllto TOU OIKOVOIlIKOU OUTOI) npol3"~' IlOTOe; TIle; ovloopponioe; TWV TIIJWV. KOI 11 aro~lokti cruv 15ean TOU Il& Tl")v uno13a91l10ll TWV n&pll3aaaovnkwv 01 KoauOTll ~6Twv. )(p&laottlke KOnOl&e; ~&Kae:TiEC; Ylo va npokaatoel TIl 15 ouoo npooom TWV OIKovolloM ywv. nap' Ot "l &VTUnWOlOKo q>olvolleva punovoll<: TOU n&pl I3OMOVTOC; 1Je: OllIlOVTIKEe; &mmwoelc; e(xov 0ll1l&lw8&1 KOLa TO nope:"s6v a& OpKETte; neplmwoeic;. 'ETol, lletono"&ilika, OUVe:IOq>OptC; 0TTl ~e:"tn, TWV "e *I.r.: H e:lotlyi1oll al!t1'j ~e:v nopouolao911ke: aro ~ 1~~e:pO. aaaa KOLOT&9I")Ke: aro npoktlko.
TeXVIKO I, ~ ' :IKO 163 ~UlTepIKWV» OIKOVOlltWv eyivav lleta~u omwv ana TOUe; Ellis Kal Fellner (1943), TOV Knight (1944), Kat TOV Scitofsky (1954), KOTO TTl ~ekaetia TOU '60 apxi~ouv va ~TlIloOleuoVTal 01 npwtee; llemtee; nou auvmouv Tte; «e~wtepikee;» OlKOvOlliee; Ile Ta 8ellOTa TOU nepl~omovtoe; (Coase 1960, Buchanan Kat Stubblibine 1962, Kneese et al. 1969, Cyriacy - Wantrup 1968), napomilaa, ellcpav i~etatll npw TTl auo'ttlllattk1') llemtll volllallattk1')e; anotillllo't']e; nepl ~amovt1kwv ~IlIlIWV nou npoepxovtat ana Tllv OTlloacpatplKl'] punavo't'] (Ridker 1967). H i5ekaetia TOU '70 xapakt11pi~etat ano TTlv ev~eaexe OTepll Kat auo'ttlllatlkotepll ell~o8uvo't'] OTa 8ellaTa TWV «e~wtepikwv» OIKOVOlllWV ae OXeO'T'] Ile TTlv eklletomeu O'T'] CPUOlKWV nopwv Kat TWV em~paaewv TOUe; OTO CPUOl KO nepl~omov (Meade 1973, Kapp 1974, Maler 1974, Seneca and Taussig 1974, Nijkamp 1977, Kat Dasgupta 1979), LTO O'T']llelO auto, 8a npenel va npoote8el Kat va 0'T']Ilelw8el we; 1~latTepWe; 0'T']1laVT1K1') 11 auvelacpopa noa AWV avamywv lleaetwv TOU O.O.LA LTTl ~ekaet(a TOU '80, 0 «noaukpltt)plakoe; npoypalllla TtaIlOe;» unelaepxetoi we; O'T']llaVTIKO epyaaeio, acp' evoe; Ilev, ~lepeuvllo't']e; TWV «e~wtepikwv» OlKOVOlllWV, we; a notemallotoe; TWV punatvouawv ~lepyaolwv OTO nepl ~~OV ana TTlv napaywyl') llaektplkl')e; evepyelae;, acp' etepou ~e, TTle; A1')l\Jlle; anocpoaewv Yla TTl xwp08ett)0't'] lleyoawv epywv napaywy1')e; llaektplk1')e; evepyelqe; (Nijkamp 1980, Mastenbroek 1983, Rietveld 1984, Johansson 1987, Voogt 1987, Lakshmanan 1989). TeAoe;, ana Tte; apxee; TTle; ~ekaetiae; TOU '90, exouv ~llllomeu8ei Ilia aelpa ano auykpltlkee; llemtee; oxetlkee; Ile TTlV avamu~lllle80i5wv Kat TeXV1KWV Yla TTl volllallattk1') anotlllllo't'] TWV nepl~amovt1kwv emmwaewv nou npo KaAOUV KaTa nep(mwo't'] 01 i51ocpopee; Ilopcpee; napaywy1')e; llaektplk1')e; evepyelae; (Hohmeyer 1988, Ottinger et al. 1990, Ferguson 1990, Pearce and Markandya 1991, Lockwood 1992), LTte; Ilepec:; Ilac:; nmov, 11 el~ikotepll auvi5eo't'] TWV nepl ~amovt1kwv npo~allilotwv Ile TTlv OIKovoIlIK1') TOUe; a notillllo't'], exel Toao nom npoo~euael ae enine~o em OTTlllovlK1')e; ell~a8uvo't']e; Kat TeXVIKWV lle80~oaoyiwv, W OTe OTa neplaaotepa navemo'tt']lllako l~puilota TOU e ~wtepikou ~1~OaKeTat wc:; autotemc:; avtikelllevo, uno TO ovolla TWV " OIKOVOlllKWV TOU nepl~aaaovtoc:;» (Environmental Economics), 2. H napaywy~ IlAtKTpIK~e; tvepytlae; ana AIYVITIl we; altlo avamu~lle; «t~wttpikwv» OIKOVO~IWV LTTlV enoxl') Ilac:;, Kat auykekp1lleva OTOV emllvlko xwpo, Ilia ana TIC:; 0'T']1laVT1KOTepee; ekcpovaele; TOU npo~mllatoc:; TTlC:; uno~081l10't']e; TOU nepl~omovtoe; npoepxetat ana TTlV napaywyl') llaektp1k1')c:; evepyelac:;, Kat eli51kotepa a no TT)V napaywyl') llaektp1k1')c:; evepyelae; Ile KaUOlllll u All TO A1YVlTT), Elvat YVWOTO Kat i5ei5ollevo OTI 11 ~lai51kaala TT)C:; e~opu ~ll~' Tile; lletacpopae;, TT)e; KOTepyaa(ac:; Kat Kupiwe; TTlC:; KauO'T']C:; TOU AlyviTT), Ka8we; enlo't']c:; TT)C:; ~IOXUO'T']C:; Kat ~lacmopae; TWV KOTaAolnwv TT)C:; KaUO'T']e; TOU, auvenayovtat Ilia omkallpll aelpa aauoli5wtwv emmwaewv, 01 ono(ee; ~ev neplopi~ovtat 1l0VOV O'TT']v amoiwo't'] TOU xapal<'ti] pa TOU TomKou atlloacpatplkou nepl~omovtoe;, ama e nektelvovtat (Kupiwe; Ile TIC:; lleyoalle; twllakae; amayec:; OTIe; xp1')aele; TOU ei5acpoue;, AOYW TWV anamotplwtewv uno e~opu~ll ektoaewv) Kat ae OAO TO TomK6, OlKOVOlll KO, KOlVWV1KO, ~'1lloypacplKO, akollll Kat noaltlot1ko cpaalla TTlC:; wputeplle; neploxl')c:; TWV uno eklletolliuo't'] Al YVlTlKWV K01TaallaTWV, LTTl auykekp1ilevll, OIlWC:;, nepimwo't'], TO nepl~amovt1 KO Kat TO K01VWV1KO-01KOVOIlIKO «~apoe;» TO onolo enwlli~etat 0 TomKoc:; nall8uall0c:; TWV AlYV1TOCPOpWV neplo XWV iliac:; xwpac:; (~IlAai51') Yla TOV emllv1ko xwpo auyke Kpilleva, acp' evoe;, 11 neploxl') Ko~aVllC:; - ntoaella'i'i5ac:; Kat acp' etepou, 11 neploxl') MeYaAOnOAllC:;) npoc:; XaplV TllC:; napaywy1')c:; llaektplk1')e; evepyelac:;, eivat (auilcpwva Ile Ta napanavw avacpepolleva) aacpaawc:; lleyaautepo a no ekelvo nou aumall~ovel Kat KOTaypacpel 0 Il11XaVIal-loe; TTlC:; ayopae;, nal onwc:; autoc:; ekcppa~etat ana TTl ~. E. H., wc:; napaywyou TOU TeA1Kou npo'iovtoc:;, i511aa~1') TT)e; llaektplk1')e; evepyelae;. El~IKoTepa, av 8eAal-le va IllA1')aoulle Ile OlKOVOIlIKOUe; 0 poue;, TO «eawteplko» KOOTOC:; napaywyl')e; nou anotllla 11 ~. E.H. Kat TO onoio auvunoaoyl~etat O'TTlV TeNK1') TtI-l1') TT)C:; KlAO~OTWpae; TOU llaektplkou peullotoe; (O'T']IlEPlv1l auvamakt1kt] a~ia), i5ev avtavakao TO «OVTWC:; npaylla TtKO KOOTOe;» nou cpepel 11 TomK1') KOlvwvia TWV Mo napanavw avacpepollevwv neploxwv, OTIC:; onotee; napoyo VTat ana TTlV eklletomwo't'] TOU AlYVITT) Ol lleyaautepee; noaottltec:; llaektpik1')c:; evepyelac:; TTlC:; xwpae;. Kat auto auil~aivel, Y10Ti OTO " OVTWC:; npayijot1ko» auto KOOTOC:;, 8a enpene va aullneplaall~avetoi Kat va auvunoaoyl~etat Kat TO emnp6a8eto «~apoe;» TO onolo enw ~l~etatll TomK1') KOlvwvla TWV Mo napanavw neploxwv, eva «~opoc:;» nou eivat auvenakoaou80 TWV ~ual-levwv nepl~amovt1kwv emmwaewv Kat K01VWVtKO-OlKOVOlltKWV ~lavt1~poaewv, 01 onoiec:; Kat anoteaouv auilcputa Kat auvacp1') cpatvolleva TllC:; eklletomwo't']e; TWV A1YV1TtKWV TOUC:; KOITOallaTwv npoc:; napaywyl') llaektptk1')c:; evepyelac:;. 3. «E~wTtpIKte;» OIKOVo~lte; Kal «t~wttpik6» Kooroe; Tile; napaywy~e; IlAtKTpIK~e; tvtpytlae; ana AIYVITIl To emnpoa8eto auto «~opoe;» (nou avacpepetat napanavw OTt enwlli~etat 11 TOmK1') KOlvwvia TWV AtYV1TOCPOpwv neptoxwv TT)C:; xwpac:;), i5ev eivat napa 11 «e~wteplk1') avt10lkovollla» (external diseconomy 1') externality) 1') aa A1WC:; TO "e~wteptko KOOTOe;» (external cost) OTO ono(o a vacpepotov 0 Marshall. neplamhepo npoa~toptot1koc:; 0'TTl auykekp1llevll ewola elvat 0 Meade (1973:67) nou i5ivel TOV oplallo iliac:; OIKO VOIlIK1')c:; OXeO'T']C:; 11 onoia opi~etat wc:; "e~wteplkt]», we; e ~1')e; : «E~WT&PIK~» OIKOVO~IK~ np6~1'), &IVal tva ou~p6v TO 0 noio tx&1 we; anotta&o~a tva 6cp&Aoe; ~ ljia ~I')~ia 0& K{mOla 6To~a, Ta onoia ZS&V ~&T&ixav Ka86Aou, If ~& T&ixav ~&pikwe;, OTI') ArftPl')lJlae; an6cpaol')e;, I') onofa 0 ZSlfVl')o& 6~&oa If tj.l~&oa OTO avacp&p6~&vo ou~p6v.
164 E(VOl cpavepo OTt 0 napan6vw OPIOIJO<; nou li(vei 0 Meade, /3p(OKeTOl ere anoauttl OUVapTllOll KOI OVTIOTOIxia lje TI<; lilepyao(e<; nou enakoaou80uv TTl<; ekijenla AEuOll<; TWV A1YVITIKWV KOITaOI-lCrrwv npo<; napaywy~ 'l AE KTPIKl'j<; evepyelac;_ Kal aura, YlaTr ol1we; ouvayetoi ana Ta napan6vw, 'l a no AlyviTTl napaywyy1 TIle; 'laektpikl'je; evepyelae;, eivol e va TunlK6 napalielylja ls'll-lloupy(ae; KOI av6mu~'l C; "ef;wtepikwv» OIKOVOIJIWV, 01 onoiee;, OTllv nepimworll-lae;, 1JTI0pouv vo ekcppoosouv Kal va ljetp'lsouv lje Tl'\v evvoia TOU..ef;wTepIKou" KOOTOUe;. EllSlKoTepa, av SeAalJe va avtllilamelaoulje TIlv evvoio AOYIKl'j lilacpopaljeta~u, aq>' evo<;, TOU..eowTepIKou» KO OTOU<; TTl<; napaywyi'1e; 'laektpikl'je; evtpyelae; ana Alyvi TTl, Kal oq>' ettpou, TOU..e~wTepIKou» KOOTOU<; TIl<;. TO ono(o li'lijioupyeital ano Tie; ouvakoaousee; emmwoele; OTO nepl/36mov (xp'lolijonolwvta<; we; npoocpopotep'l 1J0va~a ovaywvnc: Kal IJtTPIlOll<; TI<; lipaxij <; ava KIAO /3OTwpa ft lipx / kwl1). So IJnopouoalJe va noulje 6''[1: ccec7wttpi KO KoarOe;>' ~Jlae; kwh IlA KTp.Kqe; evtpy.ae; napa yo~ VIle; anes A.yvfrll tlvo' TO KoarOe; noun p' Aa~pave. TIlV anaaaotpiwc71l KO. ono~il~iwc71l Tile; Y'le;. TO KoarOe; Tile; ~O p U~Il e; KOI ~etacpopae; TOU A.yviTIl, K09ciJe; Ka. Ta Koarll Tile; KaTaOKeu~e;. A.Toupyiae; Ka. CJUVTqpllC71le; TWV at~ol')a&ktp'kcijv ar09~cijv. Ka9we; Ka. Tile; anokataarac71le; (KaTO tvo' ~tpoe;) TWV e~opuy~t vwv e5acpcijv. «E~WTepIKo KoarOe;>' ~.ae; kwh I1A KTp'K~e; evipy.oe; napayo~ e vlle; on6 A,yviTI') IVO': a) TO C7uvoA.KO KoarOe; TIle; npoai1q.t'le; TWV ~11~ 'WV aro rjep,p6aaov. onou au TO tlva. 5uvaro. Ka9we; nic71')e; Ka. P) TO KoarOe; ano KaTaaraOl')e;. enavo!popae; ~ avampocprle; TWV ~~IWV ekti nou TO ~ttpa npoarooiae; TOU nepipaaaovtoe; 5ev eiva, 5uvaTo va AIl!P90uv. 4. (c E~WTtPIKO" KOarO~ Kal CCKOIVWVIKO" KOarOe; Tile; na pavwv~e; '1AtKTpIK~e; tvtpvt1ae; an6 AlyviTIl To mo YVWOTO "t ~WTe piko " KOorO<; TIle; nopoywyl')e; 'l AEKTpIKl'je; vtpyeloc;, npokaaeitoi - onw<; npoavolptp 81lKe - ana TIe; <'lij(ec; nou npokaati 'l lilaxuoll KOI lilaanop6 TWV oepiwv KOTaAoinwv TIle; KOUOll<; TOU AlyviTTJ atootijoocpolpiko nepl/36mov (stljo nou OnOTeAt( KOl TO OVTlKeilJevo TIle; napouoo<; epyoo(o<;). 'OIJWC;, nop6m'lao, OllIJOVTIKOTOTO "t~wteplko» KOOTOe; npoepxetol, enrolle;, ano T!1v avoonltwol"j nou npokaae( 'l onamotp(woll KOI KOTomv 'l e~opu~'l AlyviTll ana Xl Alo~ee; OTptlJlJOTa Ylle;, KOI 'l we; ek TOUTOU ouvakoaouen amayr'] TOU npoijnapxovtoe; xaptrj yewpylkwv KaA Alepyelwv TrJe; neploxne; 'AM0 en(oll<; OllIJOVTIKOTOTa KOOTll nou 80 IJnopouoav elsw va ovoq>epsouv ematktika, eivql 01 emlipaoele; OT'lv TOnlKn ayopa epyao(oe; O..ltiaTponl') TOU 0YPOTIKOU na'l 8uoIJoU cre!3ioljllxovlka epya<oljevoue;, au~'loll l'ou Tpl Toyevoue; TOlJeo nopaywyrle;) Ko8we; KOI 01 KOlvwvlKeC; lilanaokte; nou ouvenoyovtal Ta nopanavw (omayl') no AITlOIJIKWV npotunwv KOl KaTavaAwTIKwV OUlJneplq>opwv). Av, ouven we;, A'lCPSei UnOIV'l OTl, ektoe; ana TO "e~w1'e - PIKO» KOOToc; TWV nepl/3amovtlkwv emmwoewv nou npo KaAOUVTOI ana T'lV nop aywy~ IlAeKTpIKrle; &VepYEIOe; lje KOUOII-I'l UA'l TO A1YV(TrJ, So npem:1 va ouvunoaoylosouv KOI ljio akoaou8ia ana KOlvwvlKte; Kal OIKOVOIJIKec; lilepyao(ee;, KaSwc; KOI Ton LKec; xwplkte; ljetal3om c;, TOTe 'l noponavw ovocpepoljevll evvoia TOU (e ~WTepI Ko u " KO OTOUe;. avo~lal-lopcpwvetol KOI enekte(vetal, onoi5lliolje VT) we; " KOIVWVIKO" KOOTOe;. 'ETOI, OUlJcpwvo lje TO nopan6vw:..kolvwviko" KoarOe; ~,ae; kwh I')AeKTpIKrle; evtpyeloe; napay6~ evi')e; ana AlyvITIl. elval TO KoarOe; nou avtavakao Ka, KaAume. auvoaik6 6Aee; TIe; 51')lJlouPYOUlJevee; TonlKte; apvi')tikte; KOlVWVI KO-OI KOVO ~I Kte; lsl pyaoi C; KOI ~ TopoAte;. onwe; KOf oate; T'e; neplpaaaovti KtC; aaaolwoelc;, 01 onolee; 51l~'OupyouVTa. we; ouva KoAou90 Tile; ~OpU~Ile; Kal Tile; xp~olle; TOU AlyvfTi') we; Kauol~ou npoe; napaywy~ IlAeKTpIKrie; evtpyeloe;. 5. IrJlJaoia Tile; anotiijilolle; TOU cct~wttpikou)' KoarOUe; Tile; napavwv~e; IlA t KTPIK~~ tvtpvt1ae; an6 AIVVlrll IKonOe; TTJe; napouoae; epyaoioe; elvol 'l VOIJIOIJOTlKl'j a notif.llloll TaU «e~wtepiko U " KOOTOUe; nou 6'llJloupYeL 'l xpnol"j TOUAlyviTl'\ we; KouoilJoU yla TrJv napaywy., 'lat KTpIKfle; evepyeiol:;. KOI e l ~IKoTE pa 'l lipoxijikrl onotiij'lon au ljepouc; E:Keivou TaU «e~wte pi KOU» KOOTOUC;, TO ono 0 6m,II0upyeiTOI anokaelctnk6 ano TllV npokatlol"j <'l ~IWV OTO CPUOlKO nepll36mov, A6yw TTJC; OTIJOOq>OlpIKrle; punavolle; nou OCPelAtTOI OTa ekneljnoljeva aeplo KOla,,"oma TIle; KOUOlle; TOU AIYVITT). o M yoe; Yla TOV onolo liivt:tui tl-lcpaol"j Kal ee;eto<etoi OTllV napouoa epyao(a TO «e~wteplko» KOOTO<; TrJe; napaywyl'lc; IlAtKTPIK.,C; evepyeloe; nou npoepxetoi 1J0vov ono TO AIYV(TTl. KOI 0Xl KOI ano TIC; 6M e; 1J0pcpt c; 'lae KTponopoywyne;, e(vol Il Ol"J IJOVTIKOTa'TT'l OU ljljeto){fj TOU AlyviTTJ 0Tll OUVOAlKrl nopoywyf] 'latktpikr1 C; E:Vepyeloc; TTlC; xwpae;. AC; 0llIJelw8ei OTI TO nooooto OUIJIJETOxr'! e; OU A1yviTll we; KUPIOU KauoilJou OTllV em'lvikrl napaywyn 'laektplkrle; evtpyeloc; ex l1ot08eponolll8e( orlljepo OTO 77% nep(nou, KOI 1J00IOTa npo/3mnetol ljemo VTIK6 vo ou~'l8ei. Enmpo08tTwc;, 'l ekljet6m uoll TOU AlyviTT) e(vol OUYKPlTlK6 'lilovll 1J0PCPl') IlAeKTpOnopoyw Yne; nou npokaaei KOIVWVIKO-OIKOVOIJIKee; KOI nepll3oa AoVTlKtC; emmwoele; TOOO nolklaec;, ool3opee; KOI ouve XI~O ljevee;, Ka8c.i.le; KOI TOOO ljeyoailc; KAllJaKac; "e~wtep l K6.) O IKOVO~IIKa cpolvolleva. I e avtllilaotoarllje TO AlYVITrJ, 01 m:pl/3am.ovtikte; emmwo&ie; nou npokaaouvtoi ana TTlv napoywyl') IlAeKTPI Kne; evepy&lac; ana uypo KOUOllJa. elvoi eaty~lljee; KOI n6vtwc; nom IJIKpOTep'le; KAilJaKOe;. Oe; ek TOUTOU, TO a VTiaTOIXO «ee;wtepiko» KOOTOC; nou lillljloupyouv (xwp(c; l3e/3o(we; va anotlljotoi enokpll3we;, amo npooewlc:ttl Ka), Ol"JIJEpO "~'l anoli!i5etoi OTOV KaTo nepim woll yel TOVIKO TWV OVTiOTOIXWV 8epIJ0'lAeKTpIKWV OTaSIJWV yewypoq>iko Xwpo, uno TTl 1J0pcprllilaq>opwv «ovtlat081j1 OTIKWV o<peawv» (orrwc; KOtaOKeul'1 ana TrJ A. E. H. lilo CPOPWV KOIVWcp e:awv epywv rl ~IKT UWV un0601jf]c;) n pay TOtfrOU, TO noooato OUlJlJeTOxr'! c:; TWV uypwv KauoilJwV 0Tll OUVOAlKr1 napaywyrl 'latktpikrlc; evepyeloc; erval onljepa apketaljlt<po (10% nepinou). evw, TEAOe;, 01 OVT(OTOIXOI ncrpeaa'iko( 8ep~10 'l A e KTpIKo( OTOSIJO( (16iwe;
TE)(VIKO XPOVIKO 165 Ol veol), XWP08ETOUVTOl, KOTO KOVOVO, OE Ton08EO(Ee; 0 noijokpuoljevee;, ylo 1J1KPl'] neplj3omovt1ki'] Emj3opUVOT]. Ano TIlv elm'l naeupo, 'l nopoywyl'] 'lmktplki']e; EvepYE1 oe; nou npoepxetol ana T'lV O~IOnOI'lOT] TOU U~OTlVOU ~UVOIJIKOU TIle; xwpoe;, EnIOT]e; ~EV npoocpepetol Y10 TIlV onot(ij'lot] TOU «E~WTEP1KOU» TIle; KomOUe; IJE TIe; we; 0 VW OVOCPEpOIJEVEe; IJE80~oue;, Y10 elmoue; OIJWe; Myoue;, KOl OUYKEKpllJeVO EnEl~1'] TO U~PO'lAEKTP1KO epyo (cppoy IJOTO KOI TE)(V'lTee; A(IJVEe;), novto npoypoijijoti~ovtol 0 Xl We; epyo OnOKAElmlKO 'lmktponopoywyl']e;, amo We; epyo nomonaou OKonoU. Oe; EK TOUTOU, TO «E~WTEP1KO» KomOe; TWV U~pO'lAEKTP1KWV EPYWV, ouv!']8we; OUVEKT1 IJOTOI KOI ouvunoaoy(~etol We; IJEpOe; 1J(0e; ~IOCPOpET1KI']e; IJE80~OAOYIOe; O~loMY'lOT]e;, EmlOOIJEV'le; moue; ~dktee; ovomu~iokou xopoktf]po, KOI OUYKEKpllJeVO we; IJIO E VOPIJOV1~0IJEV'l OUIJIJETOxf] T'le; ~.E.H. mo OVT(mOlXO KPOTIKO neplcpepeloko npoypoljljoto TE)(V1KI']e; uno~o 1J1']e; (Op~EUOT]e;, U~pEUOT]e;, OVTLnA'lIJIJUpIKI']e; npomoo(oe;, o~ionoi'lot]e; OPE1VWV neploxwv) TIle; neplcpepe10e; OTllV onolo XWP08ETOUVTOl. Ae; OT]IJE1W8d OTI TO nooomo OUIJIJEToxf]e; TWV U~pO'lMKTP1KWV epywv 0Tll ouvo A1KI'] nopoywyf] 'lmktplki'je; EvepYE10e;, dvol mlot]e; op KETO 1J1KPO (neplnou 12%), mel~1'] TO U~pO'lMKTP1KO epyo XP'lOlIJOnOlOUVTOl OnOKAElmlKO Y10 TIlV KOAUlV'l IJOvov TWV OlXIJWV ~'ltl'joewe; llaektplki']e; EvepYE10e;. TeAoe;, OE O,TI ocpopo TIe; OVOVEWOlIJEe; n'lyee; EvepYE10e; (YEw8EPIJ1KI'], 'la10ki'] KOI 0l0A1KI']), TO nooomo TIle; OUIJ IJEToxf]e; TOUe; m'l OUVOAlKI'] nopoywyl'j 'laektplki']e; E vepye10e; TIle; Xwpoe; dvol OXEMv 1J'l~01J1VO (A1YOTEPO 0 no 1 %), KOI nepov TOUTOU, TO «E~WTEplKO" KomOe; TIle; AE1TOUpYIOe; TOUe; ~EV npoocpepet01, EniOT]e;, Y10 onoti 1J'l0T], EnEl~1'j - Y10 npocpovele; Myoue; - KPIVETOI we; E ~OlPETlKO 1J1KpO.. 6. EVOWlJaTWOll (~ towttplkonoilloll) TOU «t~wttpikou» K6OTOUe; Tile; napaywy~e; IlAtKTpIK~e; tvtpytlae; an6 AI'{VITIl OTIlV TtAIK~ TIIJ~ Tile; KIAopaTwpae; EivOl npocpovee;, OTI 0 moxoe; OAWV TWV IJEXPl mlljepo OE ~le8v!'] KAIIJOKO - npoan08e1wv VOIJ101J0TlKf]e; onoti 1J'l0T]e; TOU «E~WTEP1KOU» KomOUe; TIle; nopoywyl']e; 'lm KTplKI']e; EvepYElOe;, KOTeTElvE OTllv EVOWlJelTWOT] TOU KOmoue; OUTOU OTllv TlIJI'] KOTOVOAWOT]e; TIle; TomKO nopo YOIJEV'le; KLAoj3OTwpoe;, KOI OTllV KOTomv TOUTOU ono~o OT] TOU 0lKOVOIJ1KOU OUTOU IJEye80ue; OTllV TomKI'] neplcpepe10, YlO TIlV OVTllJETwmOT] TWV neplj3amovtlkwv (KUpIWe;) npoj3a'lljeltwv. KOI OUTO Y10TI EivOl EUAOYO nwe; ljio A1YV1TOCPOpO nepl CPEPEIO IJE KaMe; neplj3omovt1kee; ouv8i']kee; EfvOl ono ~E~E1YlJevO mo EAKUOT1KI'] OE O,TI ocpopo TIe; EnEvMOEIe; KOI YEVIKOTEPO OTllV «KOT01K'l0lIJOTllTO» TIle;, ana IJIO cia A'l ovtfmol)(tl, amo unoj3osij10ijev'l. (EV~E1KTlKI'] dvol 'l ElJnElp(o ana A1YVITOcpOpEe; neploxee; TIle; npw'lv AVOTO A1KI']e; rep 1J0v(0e;, onou 'l IJOKPOXPOVIO neplj3amovt1ki'] TOUe; unoj3oslj10t] ~UOKOAElVE 0'l1J0VT1KOTOTO TO npo YPOIJIJO 1~IWT1Konoll']oEwv TIle; OllIJEplv!']e; YEPIJOV1KI']e; KUj3epV'lOT]e;). AnOAUTO OXETIKO IlE TIe; A1YV1TOcpOpEe; neploxee; dvol OU TO nou OTllV opoaoyfo TIle; Eupwno"iKI']e; 'EVWOT]e; MYETOI «npot11j'l010ki'] neplj3amovt1kf] ~locpopono('lot] TOU K01 VOTIKOU OUVTEMaTI'j EVIOXUOT]e;, IlE moxo TIlV npows'lot] neplj3amovt1ko OElCPOP1KWV mev~uoewv», TO onoio OE 0 nm EM'lV1KO ono~i~etol we; KOTO npotepolotllto EV( OXUOT] TWV EnEV~UOEWV nou OUVTEAOUV OTllV «OEICPOpO» OVOmu~'l. LI']IJEPO, OTllV EMo~o, 'l TEA1KI'] K080pl'] T11J1'j KOTOVOAW OT]e; TIle; KLAoj3OTwpoe;, ~IOIJOPCPWVETOl KUpIWe; ana TO «E OWTEP1KO» KOOTll TIle; nopoywyl']e; T'le;, OTO ono(o npomfsevtol KOI TO «EOWTEP1KO» KOOTlllJeTOcpOpoe; KOI ~10 VOIJI']e; TIle;, K08we; KOI elmo EOWTEPIKO M1TOUPY1KO e~o ~O TIle; ~.E.H. 'OIJWe;, EVW TO noponovw OVOCPEPOIJEVO «EOWTEPIKO" KO 0Tll dvol OE OPKETO j3osilo EMY~IIJO KOI npoo~lopl~o IJEVO, OVTISeTO, TO OUVOAIKO «E~WTEplKO" KOOTOe; TIle; nopoywyf]e; 'laektplki']e; EvepYE10e; ono AlYVITll (YlO TOUe; M youe; nou ovocpep8'lkov OTle; npo'lyouijevee; nopoypocpoue;) SEwpdTOl nwe; dvol l~loltepwe; MOKOAO vo ovo AuSd, vo O~lOAOY'lSd. KOI OUVOKOAOUSO vo onotlij'lsd VOlJlOIJOTlKO, AOYW TIle; onpoo~loplmfoe; TWV OUVlOTWowv nou ouijj3omouv 0Tll ~loijopcpwml TOU. no TO Myo OUTO, 'l K08e npoanoselo EVOWIlOTWOT]e; TOU ue~wteplkou» KomoUe; nopoywyl']e;. OTllV TlIJI'] KOTOVO AWOT]e; T'le; KLAoj3OTwpoe; 'laektplki'je; EvepYElOe;, npoqn08ttel KOI ouvenoyetol TIlv ovomu~'l KOI xp'lolljonof 'lot] onoautwe; nopo~ektwv EmOTllIJOVlKWV IJESO~WV KOI ~OK1IJWV OlKOVOIJOAOY1KWV TE)(VlKWV VOlJlOIJOTlKf]e; ono TilJ'lmle; TOU. npoe; TOUTO, So npenel E~W va OT]IlElWSEl, nwe; I']~'l 'l OXeT1KI'] j31j3a10ypocpio OTOV TOl-leo OUTO dvol OPKETO 0 ~IOAOy'l, etol wme 1-110 OUOTllI-IOT1Kf] KOI onoteawi-iot1 KI'] npoanoselo Y10 TIl OUVOA1KI'] VOlll0I-IOTlKI'] onotil-l'lot] TOU KomoUe; TWV neplj3amovt1kwv EmmwOEwv nou npo KaAd 'l xpl']ot] TOU A1YVITll, va I-InOpEI va ono~woel ono TEMol-iOTO OPKETO OKPlj31'], KOI Yl' OUTO EUPUTEPO ono ~EKTO. LTO OT]I-Ido OUTO, So npenel VO npootesd OTI 'l EWOlO TIle; EVOWI-I0TWOT]e; TOU "E~WTEplKOU» KOOTOUe; TWV neplj3amovtlkwv EmmWOEWV OTle; TEAlKee; Tll-lee; KOTOVOAW OT]e; TIle; 'laektplki'je; EvepYElOe;, exel I']~'l OPXI~El VO En'l PEO~El TIl ~'li-ioolovol-ilkf] KOl nopei-lj30t1ki'j noa1t1ki'] TWV KPOTWV - IJEAWV TIle; Eupwno'iKf]e; 'EVWOT]e;. (j3a. TIlV Emj30AI'j TOU AeY0I-IEVOU uneplj3amovtlkou I'] npoolvou" CPOpou mle; KOSE d~oue; EKnOl-inee; ~lo~el~iou TOU OVSPOKO YlO T'lV OVT1I-IETWmOT] TOU u<tlolv0l-levou TOU 8EPI-IOK'lnlou,,). n6vtwe;, IJE j300t] TIll-lexpl mlllepo El-inElpfo, 0 nmov M K11-I0e; TponOe; OUOTllI-I0TlKI']e; KOI SWl-IlKI'je; npooeyy10t]e; TIle; V0l-Il0I-I0TlKI']e; OnOTII-I'lOT]e; TWV EmmWOEWV mo 0 TI-IOOCPOlPlKO neplj3elmov, SO I']TOV ljeow TOU Emj3Ej3A'l I-IEVOU mo KpOTll - l-iea'l TIle; Eupwno'iKI']e; 'EvWOT]e;, SE 01-l0U TWV umeaetwv neplj3omovtlkwv EmmWOEWV». 'OI-IWe;, I-Iexpl TWPO, TOOO 0Tll VOIJOSEO(O TWV UnOAOLnWV Kpmwv -I-IEAWVTIle; Eupwno"iKf]e; 'EvwOT]e;, 'l ono(o npoo ~IOp(~El TO neplexoijevo TWV "MEmWV neplj3amovt1kwv EmmWOEWV", 000 KOI OTllV OVT(mOl)(Tl EM'lV1KI'] V0I-I0 SWIO (~'lao~1'j TO NOI-IO 1650/86, TIlv KOlv!'] YnoupYlKI'j A, nocpooll un' 0P1SI-I. 69269/90, KOSWe; KOI TIe; OVT(OTOlxEe; EPI-I'lvEUT1Kee; EYKUKA(OUe;), OU~EI-IIO I-Ivdo YIVETOl, amo OUTE KOI On01TelTOl KOS' Olov~l']noTE Tpono, '1 V0I-II0I-I0 TIKI'] onotfl-l'lot] TWV EKT1I-IWI-IEVWV KOI O~IOAOYOUI-IEVWV E
166 TtXVtK6 XPOVtKO ntmwoewv evoe; epyou. napo TQlJTa ofu..ltpo, t va tl5tattepwe; 0TI~aVTtK6!3r'Wa npoe; TT)v KOTeuSUVDrl Tr)e; VO~tO~OTtK~e; anoti~'1ot1e; TWV nt pt!3amovttkwv t mm woewv, SeWPelTOt TO yeyovoe; o n 1'\151'] exouv etooxser npo e; OU~r1nl OTl, C1'T'T]v EntTPOrtT'j TllC; EupwnoiKl'le; 'EvWOTle;. '1 Tponono(IlOTl TIle; l3oolkl')e; (ntaottkl') e;) K OtVOTtK~e; 0 15IlYlae; 337/85 npoe; TO KPan, pt AIl Tlle;. I UYKtKpll.t va, TO npotetvo~evo npooxtl5to OUn'le; TT)e; Tpononoi'1OllC;, ovo<jlepet OTt yta KoSe tpyo pt npo!3aeno~evee; OTl~ OVTtKee; entmwoete; ato <jluolkonept!36mov, 8a ancll't'eltot ato ~tmov Kat I) VO~ttOpOTtK~ a n OT i ~'1OT1 TWV entmwotwv TOU, we; TeAtKOlJ KOTaAIlKTtau Ilepoue; TIle; ovnatot)(1le; «MeAeTlle; TWV neptl)omo VTIKWV TaU Entmwaewy,>. Ao<pOAWe;, 0 npoq>ovf)e; atoxoe; TIle; n pol:ttv6f...ltvne; TpOnOnOI'1OT1e;, elvat 0 npoo15lopio'p6e; TOU ~eyeeouc; ~ta e; OtKOVOptK~e; MOP'1e; ana «0 vnatos~tattko f..itrpo", Ta onola anol5tl5opeva 8a (t nt I5OTouv» TIlV neploxrl nou 8ewpEiTOt OTl nar'jjrretat ana 1''1 xwp08t TllOTl Kat TTl AElToupyia TOU epyou autou. Mtpoc; 8': H OtPIO punov0'l ana TO AIYVITO-Ev&p YSIOKO KtVTpo nto'\&~o'i~oc; - A~uVTo f. ou (A.E.K.n.A.) 1. IuvomlK~ m:pivpacp~ TOU A.E.K.n.A. I TIl ytwvp Oq>IK~ AEKoVll Ko~oV1l e; - ntoae~afl5ae; - A~u VTO(O U, I3pfO'Kovrol auyk evtp w~eva Ta ~eyaaltttpo AI YVtTlKO anosellato Tr) C; xwpae;. I UYKeKpl~eva, TO yew AOYlKO on08e~ crro nou t xouv evtontosei E;enepvouv TOUe; 3.500.000.000 TOVOUe;, evw ~e Ta O'T]~eplvo TexvoAoYlK6 KOl OlKOVO~lK6 15t15 o ~tv a, TO ek~etameuolpo onoee~o TO ekti\lwvtol oe 2.500.000.000TOVOUe; nou looi5uvopouv!.ie: 350,000.000 T6voue; netpe:aaiou. r lo trw &KIle:ToMtuOTI TWV AtYVlTlKWV an08e~atw v TIl e; neploxr'!e; autf)e;. 1l6,.E.H. ex l ovamue;et TO peyaalrr po vtpyelok6 Kevrpo TIl e; xwpae;. IUYKeKpllleva, ~I-Ie pa O'TI1V neploxl'! AelTOUpyOUv 4 ~ E:y6Aa epyoat60la llj\& KTponapoywy~e; I-Ie O UVOAIK~ IOXU 3.960 MW, TO onoia nap6.youv TO n% Tll e; ouvoaik11e; IlAeKTpOnapaywy~e; T'1e; xwpae;. AvaAUTIKon:pa, KOTO o lpa apxolot'1tae; AetTOUPYOUv Ta napakcltw epy0atoolo napaywy~e; '1AeKTpIKr, e; e vepyelae; (A.H.I. ~ OT ~to'1aektpi K OI ata8~01). 0 A.H.I. ntoa&j.ia'iaac; (1959) pe Tt ooe: ple; ~ovmee; OUVO AIK~e; IOXUOC; 620 MW, Kat en'lola (1991) napaywvrl 3.385*106 kwh. 0 A.H.I. Kaplil6e; (1 975) ~ e TeoO'eple; l-iov615e:e; OUVo AI K1'!e; toxuoe; 1.200 MW, KOI en'}ola (1991) nopoy ()j y~ 5.540*10 8 kwh. 0 A.H.I. Ay. bilj.liltp(ou (1982) ~ n&vte ~ovmie e; ouvoaikf}e; laxuoe; 1.640 MW, Kat enlola napaywyf} 6.650*10 6 kwh.. 0 A.H.I. AJ.luvrafou (1988) Ile Mo 1-I0vol5ee; OUVOAl K~e; IOXUOe; 600 MW, Kat et~ol(l napaywyl'r 3.238* 10 6 kwh. ErtlOTI e;, Aerroupyo ' aov l-iexpt npoo<jloto KOVTO OTl1v rltoael-lciil5o TO pyoaroolo a~wtouxu)v Atnaa~6Twv (A EBAA) Kat TO epy0atoolo AlYVtTOnAlv8wv Kat E;IlPOU AIyvhTj. I u~q>wva ~e TO veo avarrrue;lako np6ypa~~a TIle; t.eh, IJEXPt TO 2010, npokettol va eykotoata80uv OTTlv ne PIOX~ Kat 01 nopokotw veee; ~ ov6~ ee;: '1 povo6a «III»TOU A.H.I. AIJUVTaIOU, Kat Ot l-i0vo15ee; «I» Kat «II» TOU veou A.H.I. <l>awptvae;. 2. 01 &Kn&~n6~&VOI aeploi punol an6 TO I\.E.K.n.A. Kal 01 n&pipaaaovtik&~ TOU~ emmwo⁣ o AIYV(TIle; eivol eva n pooxwo'lyevee; av8pokouxo ne TPWPO, TO ono(o OXllIJ01'{a811KE, 0'8 m:p(ol5o e KOTO~~Upiwv etwv, ana TIlv avoep0!3lo onoouv8eoll opyavikwv OUO'IWV, Kat - onwe; npoava<jlep8'1ke - ~~epa XP'1Ol~OnOlt hol we; Ka00l~'1 UA'1 0'&6AOU <:; TOUe; ~eyaa'1c; loxuoc; OTpO'1AeKTpIKOUe; ata8~oue; Tlle; t..e.h. KOTO TO 1991, eknel-lq>8'lkav 01'0 OT~00<jlatPtK6 nept!3am ovltje; neplox~e; 6nou AetTOupyelTo A.E.K. n.a., we; K01'aAotna TIle; KauOTIe; TOU AlYVITll, 01 napakotw nooo TllTee; m:piwv punwv: - Ioop01'(6Ia Ima~evne; Te<jlpae; 96.022 r ~v. f} 5, 18g/kWh. - f11 0~e: 16 Io TOU 8elou 102.1 43 TOVOI: 1 ~ 5,50 g/kwh. - OE; 15la TOUO~WTO U 44.682 T6vOt: l'j 2,40 g/kwh. - f1lo~ef15 l o TOU 6v8pOKO :28.300.000 T6vol OL napanovw eknollrree; aepiwv punwv O'uver lvav (0' O'tJV15uo0'J..l6 ~E 15 u O' ~ ev e:(e; l-ietewpoaoylkee; O'uv8l'jKee;) 01'0 auxvo avttarjm6 q>o IVO~ Va, aq>' ev6<:;,tile; Aaq>po<:; C'5uaoalJlae;, Kat a<jl' er&pou, T11e; ~dwotle; TIle; opm6t1l TOe; oe KaTOIKTl~evee; neploxte;. ge13 IWe;, KTo <:; ana TOUe; napcm6vw avoq> p6i-1evoue; pljnouc;, Ot onoioi eknepnovtol ana TIe; Kanvol56xoue; OTllVOTIJOo<jlOlpa we; npo'(ov Tile; KauO'le; TOU AIYVITll, Q epla punavoll at OW~OTII5LO Kat OKOV1l npokaaouv, ent 0"1 <:, 01 I5la15IKoo(ee; Tll e; I-I TO<jlop6e; an6 TO opuxe:(a, TIle; PllXOVIKnC; 8pOUOTle;, Ko8we; KOl TIle; AelO1'pl!311OTlC; TOU AtyvfTll nplv ana TIlVKauOll TOU, 6nwe; en(o'l1e; KOIll1510151 Koala TIl e; ~etaq>opo e; Kat Tl1e; onopplljjlle; 0' El15IKOUe; xwpoue; TOU atepeou KOTaAoinou TIle; KauOTle;, 6'1Aal5l'1 TIle: U<jluYP'1e; Teq>pae;. 3. Henl1pea~6~evl1 vewvpacplk~ neplcp&pela an6 TIC; neplpaaaovti K&C; emmwoel C; TOUA.E.K.n.A. H pexpi ~~epa A8lTOUPY[O TOU AIYVIT0'1AeKTPIKOU Ke Vlp OU rltoae~ofl5ae; - A~ u VTa OU, ene<jlepe O'lI-lOVTtKOTO TEe: ne:pll3amovtikec; OMOtWO'ElC;, 1'600 ato Xepooio 0 00 - KUp(WC; - 01'0 at~ OO<jlalpI K6 nept!36m ov, TIle; neplo ~e;. t::.sv dvol TUXo 0 TO yeyov6e; 6n II nepi<jlepsiq oun'] eewpeltat we; '1 nmov em!3ap,w v'l ato OTI-I00<jlatPIKO nepll36mov neploxrl TOU emilvlkou XWpOU. 6. 15ol-lEva Yla ne; eknol-inee; oep(wv punwvtou A.E.K.n.A. A~q>81lKav an6 TO eykatwtllp VO O'TI1v neploxrl O(KTUO a n6 14 OTa81J0ue; ~etp~o&wvtil C: t..e.h. Ol eknol-lnee;tou A.E.K. n A ato OT~00<jl at PlK6 nepi!36mov 6taxeoVToi O'e Il(a yewypa<jliki'i m:plcpepeto pe apket6 ooq>l'! xapoktt]
TeXVlKo XPOVlKO 167 PlOTlKO avayhucpou TOU diocpoue;. Ta opla TIle; yewypacplktle; autf)e; neplcp pelae; npoo~lop(ot'lkav f.le ~OOT] KUp(We; ne; f.le}'bee; TWV MnepyeM (E.M.n. - 1992), AOT]f.laKOnOUAou (1990) Kat Zepecpou (A.n.S. - 1993), f.le ne; onolee; npooof.lolws'lke Kat f.le TpI']S'lKe 'l i5l0xuot] TWV aeplwv punwv TOU J\.E.K.n.A. OTO atf.loocpatplko nepl~omov TIle; neploxf)e;. Eneli51'] TO nepl~amovnko i5ei5of.leva, OTOlXela Kat i5e( KTee; TIle; yewypacplki']e; autile; neplcpepelae;, en'lpeo~o VTat f.lf.leoa Tl Of.leoa ana TIlV avomu~'l Kat T'l AelTOUpy(a TOU I\lYVlTo-EvepyelaKou K VTPOU, Yl' auto 'l yewypacplktl autf) neplcp pela Sa avacpepetat OTO napov op Spo we; l1&plcptp&la n&plpamovtikc;)v EmmWO&WVTOU I\lYVlTo-EvepyelaKou KeVTpou TIle; 6.E.H. rewf.l0pcpoaoylko 'l neplcpepela nepl~amovtlkwv Em mwoewv anoteael eva UtV(nei5o nou neplkaeletat ana tv'lm Kal f.lomov anotof.la ~ouvo. ruykekplf.l Va, TO U tv(nei5o auto exel oxtlf.la neplnou 0PSOYWVlO, TOU ono( ou Ol f.lakplv e; naeupee; opi~ovtat ana Mo nap6mt]aoue; opelvoue; 0YKOUe;, OTa f.lev avatoalko ana TO opoe; Bepf.110 Kat OTa i5e i5utlko ana TO OP'l AOKlO Kat B(TOL,ETOI, 'l neplcp pela nepl~amovtlkwv Emmwoewv TOU I\.EKIl.A., anof.lovwvetat yewypacplko ana ne; yupw neplox e; TIle; xwpae;, evw cpuolk e; i5lt~0i50l i5laf.l0pcpwvo VTat f.lovo OTO ~opelo Kat vono Tf.lrlf.la TIle;. To f.li']koe; TOU UtVLnei50u nou opl~etat etol, f.letpwf.levo ana ~oppo npoe; VOTO e(vat neplnou 80 xlalof.letpa, evw 40 neplnou XlAlOf.leTpa elvat TO nmtoe; TOU. H OUVOAlKTl TOU KTaOT] elvat nep(nou 2.800 TeTpaywvlKo XLAlOf.leTpa. H yewf.l0pcpoaoy(a TOU nepltplyuplof.l VOU ana ~ouvo autou UtVLn i5ou elvat KaTO TO f.leyloto f.l poe; Of.laAl'] Kat xwp(e; ei5acplkee; e~opoele;. ruykekplf.leva, TO UtV(nei5o anoteae(tal ana Tpele; i5lai5oxlkee; OXTJf.lan~Of.levee; nei5lvee; AeKovee;, i5'laai51'] TIle; Ko~oV'le;, TIle; ntoaef.la'l'i5ae; Kat TOU Af.lUVTa(ou, 01 ono( ee; i5laxwpl~ovtat f.leta~u TOUe; ana Xaf.l'lAOUe; Kat f.le e Aacppo KAIOll Mcpoue;. To OUVOAO TOU na'lsuof.lou nou i5la~le( OTa aotlko Kat 'lf.llaotiko KeVTpa T'le; neplcpepelae; nepl~amovtlkwv E mmwoewv, KaSWe; Kat TOUe; aypotlkoue; OlKlOIlOUe; TIle;, na'lolo~el oi']f.lepa ne; 135.000 KaTolKoue; f.le f.leot] nu KvoTT]Ta neplnou 40 KaTO(KOUe; avo TeTpaywvlKo XLAlOf.leTpo. 4. To &OWT&PIKO KOOTOc; IlA&KTpO"apaywy~c; TOU J\.E.K.n.A. IlPlV ano Olai5TlnOTe npoonosela anotlf.l'lolle; TOU «e~w TeplKou» KOOTOUe; TIle; AelToupYlae; TOU I\.E.K.n.A. OTr]V neplcp pela nepl~amovtlkwv TOU Emmwoewv, Sewpel Tat xpi']olf.lo va e(vat YVWOTO enakpl~we; (we; OUYKp(Olf.l0 f.ltyesoe;) TO «eowteplko» KOOTOe; TWV ekel napayof.l VWV KLAO~aTWPWV TOU. ruf.lcpwva, AOLnOV, ~ Ta OTOlXela TIle; revlktle; 6leuSUVOlle; OlKOV0f.llKOU TIle; 6EH, TO «eowteplko" KOOTOe; Yla TIlV nopaywyf) f.llae; KLAO~aTWpae; (kwh) OTO I\.E.K.n.A., i5la 1l0PCPwS'lKe KOTO TO etll 1991, 1992 Kat 1993 we; ako AOUSWe;: 1991: 8,95 ~PX. / kwh I'] 0,035 ECU / GWh. 1992: 9,28 i5px. / kwh Tl 0,036 ECU / GWh. 1993: 9,61 i5px. / kwh I'] 0,037 ECU / GWh. r'lf.lelwvetat on Ta napanovw f.ley S'l e(vql anohutwe; evi5elktlko TOU nooo cps'lvf) e(vql OUYKPlTlKO 'l nf.ll'] TIle; ana AlYVITll nopayof.lev'le; KLAO~aTWpae; 'laektplki']e; e V pyelae;, i5ei5of.l VOU on Yla TO (i5l0 TIl, Ol Tlf.lee; TIle; a no uypo KaUOlf.la (netp AQlo) napayof.levtle; KLAO~aTWpae; elvql 10.90, 11.50 KQl 13.67 i5px. / kwh avtiotolxa, evw Ol Tlf.l e; TIle; ana ui5po'laektplko pya napay0f.lev'le; KLAO~aTWpae; e(vat 13.38, 15.24 Kat 18.40 i5px. / kwh. Mtpoc; r': NO~la~OTlK~ onoti~l1al1 TOU «&~WT&PI KOU» KOmouc; TWV n&pl~o.uovtikwv & mmwa&wv ono TIC; &Kno~ntc; o&pfwv punwv TOU A.E.K.n.A. [J\6yw TIle; KTaOlle; nou Sa KaTaAOf.l~aVe 'l natlp'le; a vomu~tl TIle;, KaTO To~ea emmwoewv, f.lesoi5oaoy(ae; a not(f.l'lolle; nou XP'lOlf.lOnOlTlS'lKe, Kat Myw TIle; AAeltV'le; TOU anattouf.levou xwpou, SeWPTlS'lKe OKOmf.lO va i50sel Yla Ko8e anonf.lwf.levo TOll a emmwoewv, (ccav 9pwmv'l Vy&ia», ccnav(~a», ccxawpi~a»,,,~6o'l», «r& WPYIKtC; KaAAltpY&I&C;» Kal,(OIKO~OJ.lIK6 VAIK6») f.l(a e VTeAWe; ouvomlktl avacpopo TIle; akoaous'lseloae; f.lesoi5oaoy(ae; anotif.l'lolle;, evw f.leyaautep'l f.lcpaoll MS'lKe OTr]V neplypacpl'] TWV emmwoewv]. 1. A"OTI~1l01l TWV &mmwo&wv OTllv avepwmvll uyda Ol aeplol punol emi5pouv, TOOO OTr]V uye(a TWV epya~of.l VWV OTle; eykataotooele; TOU I\.EKn.A. 000 KQl - yevlkotepa - OTOV na'lsuof.lo TIle; neplcpepelae; nepl~amo VTlKWV Emmwoewv. Eli5lKOTepa (ouf.lcpwva f.le na'lpocpop(ee; nou XOUV OUA AeXSel ana Ta VOOOK0f.le(a «Maf.lOTOelO" T'le; Ko~oV'le;, «Mnoi5oooKelO» TIle; rl'roaellawae; KQl ana TO N0f.lapXla KO NooOKOIle(O <l>awplvae;, KaSWe; Kat ana TOUe; latpl KOUe; ouaa6youe; TIle; neploxf)e;) exouv KaTaypacpel Ta napakotw nasoaoylko ouf.lmwf.lato nou oxet(~ovtql f.lf.leoa I'] of.leoa f.le Tie; eknof.ln e; aep(wv punwv nou npo PXOVTQl ana TIl AelToupy(a TOU I\.EKn.A.: * 'Exouv napottjp'lsel - KUp(We; OTa npwto TIl AelTOUpy(ae; TOU J\.E.K.n.A. - neplotanko ef.lcpovlolle; enayyeaf.latlkwv aosevelwv, onwe; nveuf.l0vokov(aolle;, 'l 0 nora ef.lcpav(~etat oe epya~of.levoue; OTr]V e~opu~'l KQl TIlV TPl~1'] TOU AlYV1Tll KQl ocpel\etql OTr]V elonvotl TIle; AemOTaTlle; nalnoa'le; TOU. * 'EXel, eniolle;, napottjp'lsel euat08'loia TOU na'lsuof.lou oe vool']f.lata TOU avanveuotlkou OUonlf.laTOe;, onwe; MonvOlee; ana ~poyxitli5ee; Kat aosf.latikee; KaTaOTOoele;, KaSWe; KQl yevlkotepa KonOla evtaot] TIle; VOOllpOTllTae; OTle; nati5lkee; 'lalk(ee; f.le anot AeOf.la TIlV au ~'l0ll TWV anouolwv ana Ta oxoaela Tl ana Tie; epyao(ee;, oe neplmwoele; ev'laikwv. * TEAOe;, unopxouv evi5e(~ele; enli5elvwolle; TIle; yevlktle; KOToOTaOlle; Kp(Olf.lWV Kapi5lonaSwv Kat nveuf.lovona SWV aosevwv, KaSWe; eniolle; Kat au~'lot] TOU nooo
168 Te)(VIKO XPOVIKO OTOU yevlkyic; 8vr1011l6111Tac; atoilwv I.l nveullovikee; ~ I Kap~laKEe; na9~oele; KaTO TIe; IlEpee; I.l au~i1ilevee; OU YKeVTpWOele; aep(wv punwv. H opl91l11tikn OUYKPI011 lleta~u, aq>' ev6e; Ilev, TWV no OOOTWV nie; un6 KaVOVIKEe; ouv9~kee; - OUIlq>wva Ile TO f.le9vji Opyavloll6 Yye(ae; - ellq>ovi011e; TWV napanovw na80aoylkwv ou~w~mwv, Kal aq>' ttepou, TWV noe1o OTWV TWV napo uma~oil&vwv Olll ouykekpiilev11 m:pl(j)tpela na90mylkwv ouljmwljmwv, KaT&~el~e KaTa Ta TelI.eUTa(a xpovla O11llavnKYi ~laq>opono('1011 un&p TWV C5eU Tepwv. I uvenwe;, 11 9tTlKTl Zilaq>opo nou ellq>av(~1 TO noooot6 ellq>ovi011e; TWV napanavw na90aoylkwv OUIll'irWIlOTWV Il oa OTl1v neplq>epelo nepl~amovtikwv Emmwoewv, an OO~ 't al (OUYKp(VOVTae; Ile avtiotolxa q>a1v61.l Va nou n apo uo lo~ovtal oe AIYVITOq>Opee; nepiox&e; llle; Ayy'A.iae; 'Kat r &Pllavfae;, KOI "-all~ovovrae; un6ljl11 ouvepyiotlt< e; e mlspooele; an6 TOmKOlltTeWpoAoYIKO q>alv6ileva) Olllv a U ~TJ~V11 napouoca aep(wv punwv nou npo&pxovtoi a n6 T'lv Kau011 TOUAtyviT'l. Me ~a011 TIC; napanavw ISlamOTwoelC;, unoaoy(0911k& TO " ~CJm:pIKO" K6OlOC; nou npokaae(tal an6 TO eni nmov TOU KOVOVIKOU noooolo ej.lq>avi011e; na90aoylkwv au IlmwlloTwv oq>elll.0llevwv arllv aepla punav011, OTOUe; napakcrrw ouykekpll-ievoue; T0l.l (e;: - AnwAtla eloo~l']llatoe; oq>elll.ollev11 oe anouo!t:e; TWV ep ya~olltvwv ana TIe; epyaoiee; TOUe;. - AnwAtla «eloooflllatoc;" oq>e1a6llev11 at a08tvelee; npoownwv IlOVO Ile OtKlaKYi anaoxoai1otj. - AU~I1011 TWV VoooKollelaKwv ~anavwv Yla voo11atia a 0gevwv IlE npwtoyeve(e; f] Zieun:poyeve(e; KaplSloavanveuOTIKEC; Kat nveuilovoaoyikte; na9f]oele;. - AU ~I1011 TWV Zianavwv Yla epyaotllplaktc; e~ooelc; Kal q>apllakeutiktl unoon; pl~11 a0gevwv Ile npwtoyeve(c; KapZiloavonveuOTlKtc; Kat nveullovom YlKte; na9i']atlc;. - AU ~IlOTJ TWV Zianavwv Yla ekotpate(ee; npoat'jljlewc; Kal ev11llepwo&we; TWVepya~OJ.ltvwv OTO A.E.K.n.A., Ka9we; Kal TOU euplrr'epou natj9uoilou. I UIlq>wva Ile Ta napanavw, TO unoaoyi~ollevo "e~wte PIK6" (I'] KOIVWVlK6) K6OTOe; nou npokaaouv Ol eknoljnt c; oep(wv punwv Olllv uye(o TOU nall9uollou, Iltoo OlO 6 pia T'le; n eplq>tpelae; nepl(3amovtikwv Emmwatwv TOU A E.K.n.A., q>90vel TO 3.768.120.000 ~PX I'] amlwe; Tle; 0,203 ~PX. / KWh, o Tlllte; 1991. 2. ArroTf~ f1afj TWV &nnrrwa wv atfjv nayllia H otllooq>alplkf] punov011 anot&ll.t( tvav an6 l OUe; 00 (3op6Tepoue; KOI 010 ~llllloy6voue; nap6yovtee; nou em ISpoOv OTIlV KaTOarOO11 T'le; uyeiae; TWV ~wvtavwv opya VlOIJWV. H en(lspaotl aun; EfvOl em olle011, amo elte Kat tljllt011 IlEOW, ZitUTepeu6VTWv ouvepyiotikwv anot&a oj.lmwv. nlo ouykekpllltvo, 11 OUYKEVTPWOTl aep(wv punwv OlO ClTIJooq>olplK6 nepl(3omov T'le; neplq>epelae; n epi(3amo VTlKWV EmmwoewvTOU A.E.K.nA, oe ouv~uaoll6lle III ZilaZiIKaoia e~6p u ~'le; at ll&y6aee; ektooele; opuxeiwv, E xouv OZi'l~Oel ere OTlllaVTIKf] I.l (WOTl TOU 0p191l0U TWV IlIKpWV 0YPIWV ~wwv, Ko9we; KOI TWV "T'lVWV nou aq>90 vouoov OTIlv neploxl'!, Myw o15uvall(oe; &~eupeotle; T'le; TpOq>~e; TOUe;. nopomilaa, Il emko9'l011 T'le; Ttq>pae; oe oploljtvee; neploxte; (300KOT6nwv txtl 0'11l0vrlKO entlpeooel T'l (360KT)011 TWV ~ooel15wv KOI Aty6Tepo TWV a IlVOePlq>(WV. H OIKOVO IlIK~ anotfil11o'1 TWV ~lllllwv nou npo~9llkav OT'lV nav(tio Tl'lC; neplq>tpelac; nepl(3omovrlkwv EmnTWaewv t Ylve Ile avaaoyiko Tp6no Ile ~00Tl OIKOVOlllKa. OlOIXe(O ovrioloixwv lleaetwv on6 T'lV npwllv f.ut~ r epllovio, Myw T'le; 1~(Oe; noi6t11tae; TOU yepllovlkou At YV(lll (Hohmeyer 0., 1988: 66-68), oq>ou &Afjq>9r)oav u n6ljl'l 01 avaykoiee; npooaplloyee; IltTeWpoAoYIKWV lsec5ol.l vwv Kat Zilaonopoe; TWV punwv.! ullq>wva Ile Ta nopanavw, TO unoaoyil;61levo << ~WT& PIK6" (1'1 KOIVWVIK6) K6OlOe; nou npokaaouv 01 eknollnte; punwv OTIlv nov(~o, Iltoo OlO 6PlO llle; l;wv11e; nepi(3aa AOVTIKWV emmwoewv TOU A.E.K.n.A., q>90vel TO 31.192.000 ~PX. f] Tie; 0.001 apx. / KWh at Tlllte; 1991. 3. AnoTi~FJCJI1 IWY &nlntwatwv atfj XAwprlia H tpeuvo Yla T'lv &KTIIlIlO'1 TWV l;i1iliwv 0T11 XAWp(Z)O~ U OKOAtllT'lK& nom an6 TO yeyov6e; OTI 01 ~11j..ll tc; nou npo KaAOUVTOI Ola q>uto Kal o<pe(aovtol OlllV atj,loo<pmpikyi punovotj, Zi&v ~exwpl~ouv nom ana eke(vee; nou o<pe( AOVTOI oe q>uoikte; emzipao&ie;, onwc;, Ylo nopo15elylla, amayte; OlO K'A.(1J0. (Metz A.M., 1988: 28-39). nopo TaUtO, oe alleoa entlpea~6ilevee; neploxec; TIle; nepupepetae; neplf3dmovtlkwv Emmwoewv TOU A.E.K.n.A., nopclt1l P~9'lKaV ouykekpllllvo <palv61l&va lje(wo'1e; llle; av6mu ~'le; 0PIOIl VWV elz)wv 90IlVO&II5WV, Ko9we; KOllJe( w011c; TOU naxoue; llle; KOAuljll1e; at XOptOAIf30Z)IKtC; e KtOatle;. Ta q>alv6lleva auta npoepxovtat KaTa t vo ll poe; an6 a lje011 eniz)po011 TWV aep(wv PlmWV OlO e~wt p IKO cm: A&)(fl TOU KOPIlOU TWV <putikwv el6wv (Innes J.L., 1987: 98 109) Kal KaTa eva IJtpo<\ Ileow llle; anopp0<pllof]e; TOUe; 1510 TOUe; &M<poue; (Heck W.w., 1989: 37-48). H OIKOVOIJIKf] anot{il'lo'1 TWV ~'l IJIWV nou npok'a.~911kav 0T11 XAwp(Sa tile; nepl<pepelae; n eplf3oaaovtikwv Emm woewv t Ylve J.le avaaoyik6 Tp6no ~e 1300'1 OIKOVOIlIKO Ololxe(a avtiololxwv llell.&twv ana lllv npwllv t.utikf] r epllav(a, Myw llle; 1Z)(0e; noi6111tae; TOU yepllavlkou 11.1 yvrn, (Hohmeyer O. 1988: 63 65, Metz A.M., 1988: 45 49), oq>ou en;<p9'loav un6ljlll 01 ovoykalee; npooaplloytc; ll TewpoAoYIKWV Z)eZ)olJtvwv Kal Z)laonopae; TWV punwv.! ul-lq>wvo Ile Ta nopanovw, TO unoaoyil;6llevo..&~wtep1k6.. (f) KOIVWVIK6) K6oroe; nou npokaaouv 0T11 XAWp( Z)o 01 EKnollnte; oep{wv punwv IlEoa OTO opla lllc: ~WV11e; n&pi~amovtikwv emmwoewv TOU A.E.K.nA, KUlla(ve TOI on6 979.177.300 ewe; 1.471.643.400 ~PX. rll::laatwc; an6 0,050 ~PX. / KWh ewe; 0,080 ~PX. / KWh, at TIlltC; 1991. 4. AnOTf ~FJaFJ TWY nlmwa wy atlc; Y WPYIKtC; KaA AltpY Itc; To O11llaVTIKOTepa npof3a~ljato nou npokaaouv 01 &Knelln6IJevoi OTIlV atll60<palpa aepiol punol elval, T600 01
T )(VIKO XPOVIKO 169 OUYK VTPWO l(~ OWj..101'IlSfWV ImOj..leVTJ~ Teq>pOe; 000 KOI 01 OUYK VTpWO Ie; ISIO~ IIS(ou TOU Se:lou. To owj..101'fisio Imoj..leVTJe; Teq>pOe; nou evton(08'1kov, npoepxovtol NyoTepo ana TIe; eknoj..lnee; oep(wv punwv (Myw TTle; nom KaAl']e; onomoewe; (99%) TWV eyk01'eottjj..levwv OTOUe; A.H.I. '1A KTPOOTOTIKWV q>iatpwv) KOl neploootepo ana TTllSlolSIKoofo e~opu~'1e; KOSWe; KOI o~o BeO'1e; TWV OTepewv KOTaAoinwv (OT peoe; Teq>pOe;) TTle; KOUO'1e; TOU AIYV(TTl. To owj..101'(isio TTle; Teq>pOe;, j..letoq>epoj..levo j..le TOV oepo emkosovtol OTO q>umo KOI OTOUe; j..lioxoue; TWV K'1neUTIKWv KOI TWV yewpyikwv KoMlepyel WV KOllSuOKOA UOUV TTllSlonvol'] TOUe;. (Unsworth M.H., 1991: 96-99). nop6m'1ao, TO ISIO~ fisio TOU Sdou OVTIlSpo OTTJV O1'j..l0 Oq>OlpO j..le TOUe; UlSp01'j..lOUe; nou ono[36movtol ana TOUe; nupyoue; IVu~lle; TWV A.H.I. KOI O)(Tlj..101'I~el OpOlO OTOYO V(ISIO SeuKou o~eoe;, nou emkosflj..levo OTIe; KaMlepyelee; j..lelwvouv TTlv ovomu~'1 TWV q>utwv KOI ouvenwe; KOI TIe; KIlneUTIKee; KOI yewpyikee; TOUe; onomoele;. (Koziol M.J. and Whatley F.R., 1984: 45-67). 'ETOI, Ylo TTlv OIKOVOj..lIKI'] onot(j..l'1oll TWV nepi[3amovti KWV ~T]j..lIWV, K01'OypOq>'1KOV ana TIe; lueusuvoele; rewpy(oe; TWV NOj..loPXIWV Ko~oVTJe; KOI <l>awplvoe; 01 KuploTepee; KaMlepye:lte; OTTJv neplq>epelo nepi[3amovtikwv E mmwoewv nou eivol KOTO oelpo onouisolottltoe; 01 KOA Alepyele:e; OlTapIOU, Kpl8aplou, o(kaai1<;, IlpwtJl1<;, tjm ~ AIWV KOI cpaooalwv. KOTomv, K01'oypoq>T]Ke T] OUVOAIK~ KaMlepyou~eVTJ e KTOOll KOTO (lsoe; KaMlepyeloe;, 01 nooottltee; OUYKOj..lI 1S1']e;, 01 Tljlte; l-i0v6i50e; nwat]olle; K.An. AKoAouSwe;, I-Ie [3oOll TIe; uq>iotoj..levee; j..lemt e; ISI0onOpoe; TWV oep(wv punwv (Zerefos C. et al. - 1993, Bergheles G., 1992), evton(ost]kovtonoaoyiko OTO nmov XOPOKTTJPIOTIKO Ollj..ldo TWV KaANepYTlOlj..lwV ektooewv TTle; neplq>epeloe; nepi[3amovtlkwv Emmwoewv, 01 K01'oyeYP0j..l\.1evee; 0UYKeVTpwoele;, TOOO TWV OWj..lOTIlSfwv TTle; Teq>pOe; 000 KOI - KUp(We; - TOU ISlo~ellS(ou TOU Sdou. OIj..l Tp~O Ie; OUTee; eq>opj..l0ottjkov oe eiisikoue; - Ylo KO S eva ana TO noponovw dlst]kaml pyelwv - TunoUe;. ~Iowoewv, 01 ono(oi 1S10j..lOpq>WST]KOV oe yewpyiko peuv'ltlko KeVTpo j..leto ana j..lokpoxpovi e; epeuvee;. (Taylor H., Ashmore M.R. and Bell J.N.B., 1986: 41-87). 01 IISIKO( OUTO( TlJnOl e~lowoewv, OVOAOYO j..l TO j..leye Soe; TTle; 0UYKeVTpWOlle; TWV o pfwv punwv KOTO neplo ~, elswoov TO KTlj..lwj..levO nf TOLe; KOTO nooooto j..lel WOlle; TTle; nopoywyf]e; TOU K68e KaMI pyouj..levou 1 lsoue;, j..le [300ll TO ono(o unoaoyf08t]k ISpOXJ.lIKO TO KO OTOe; TTle; onwa IOe; TTle; OUYKOj..lIISI']e;. IUj..lq>wvo j..l TO noponovw, TO unoaoyi~oi-l VO «~WT PIKO" (~ KOIVWVIKO) KOOTOe; nou npokaaouv j..leoo OTO 0 pia TTle; n plq>ep loe; n pi[3amovtikwv Emmwo wv TOU J\.E.K.nA 01 KnOj..lnee; oepiwv punwv OTIe; KT]n UTIKee; KOI y wpyikee; KaMLtpY l e; KUj..lO(V TOl ono 746.016.000 ewe; 1.254.858.000 lipx. I'] amlwe; ono 0,041 lipx. / KWh ewe; 0,060 ~PX. / KWh, oe: Tlj..lee; 1991. 5. AnOTIJJ~C1rJ TWV tmmwatwv aro ~aa~ H O1'j..lOOq>OIPIKI'J PUnovOll OUVTeA ( K01'O eva j..lepoe; OTTJV K01'OOTPOq>1'J TWV 1S00wv. H EMolSo ouj..lj..lettx 1 ana TO 1988 OTO KOIVOTIKO npoypoj..lj..lo Ylo TTl <PUTouyelovoj..lIKI'] KOTOOTOOll TWV 1S00wv, TO onolo ~ek(vtjoe TO 1987 KOI ne: plaoj..l[3ovel onoypoq>1'] TWV ~'1\.1IWV TWV 1S00lKWV KTOoe: wv KOI KTlj..lT]Oll TWV msovwv OlTlWV. EnellS~ TO XPOVIKO ISIOOTTJj..lO OUj..lj..leToxile; TTle; Xwpoe; j..loe; mo we; OVW npoyp0\.1j..lo dvol j..likpo, lsev unopxouv OUYKeKplj..leVO O~IOnOll']olj..lO OTOIXdo YIO TTlV e~oywyl'] OUj..lnepOOj..lOTWV. B [30(we;, So npenel OTO Ollj..lelO auto vn mollj..lovs f 0 TI '1 ~'1j..l10 nou npokoa ltoi OTO 1S0011 ono T'1V OTj..lO Oq>OlPIK~ punovoll, IVOI OJ..l A'1Teo O nxeo'1 j..l TTlv KO TOOTpOq>~ nou auto Uq>(OTOVTOl ono TIe; OUOTTJj..lOTIKte; nupkoylte; KOTO TOUe; KaAOKOlpIVOUe; j..lriv e;, TIe; KOTono T~oele;, T'1V nopovoj..l'1 KonrllStvlSpwv K.O. (Innes J.L., 1987: 98-109). nopo TOUTO, 01 TomKee; ouykevtpwo Ie; O p(wv PUnwv OT'1V n plq>epelo n pl[3omovtikwv Emmwoewv TOU J\.E.K.n.A., 01S~YIl00V KOTO TO nop ASc'V O j..l lwoll TTle; ovomu~'1e; 0ploj..levwv V oq>uteuj..levwv, ono TIe; luw Suvoele; l:j.oowv TWV NOj..l0PXIWV Ko~ovrje; KOI <l>awplvoe;, 1S00lKWV llswv ls vlspumlwv. nop6milao, ISI0mOTwS'1Ke '1 mtoxuvo'1 TOU pusj..lou onwa IOe; Of: 0plOj..leVO 1S00l KO ells'1 q>um0[30awv j..le ou~t]j..levt] euolos'1oio OTTJv 0 Tj..lOOq>OlPIKI'] punovoll. (Heck WW., 1989: 37-48). H OIKOVOj..lIKI'] onot(\.1t]o'1 TWV ~'1j..lIWV nou npoka~s'1kov OTIe; ISOOlKee; ektoo Ie; TTle; neplq>ep IOe; nepl[3amovtl KWV Emmwoewv OTT]plxST]Ke OT'1V Pyoolo TOU Hohmeyer O. (1988: 63-65), KOI eylv j..ll': OVaA0YIKOTPOno j..le [300ll OlKOVOj..lIKO OTOIXdo OVTlOTOIXWV j..l A TWV 0 no TTlv npwt]v l:j.utlki'] repj..lov(o, Myw TT]e; 11S10e; nolottl TOe;TOU Y Pj..lOVlKOU AlYVITTl (Metz A.M., 1988:.45-49), 0 q>ou ea~q>st]oov unoivt] 01 OVOYKQ( e; npooopj..loyee; j..l T WPOAOYIKWV lselsoj..levwv KOI ISl0onopoe; TWV punwv. IUj..lq>wvo j..le TO noponovw, TO unoaoyl~oj..l VO «e~wt PIKO» (I'] KOIVWVlKO) Koaroe; nou npokaaouv OTO ISOOll 01 eknoj..lnee; o p(wv punwv, j..leoo OTO OPIO TTle; neplq>epeloe; n pi[3amovtikwv EmmwO WVTOIJ AE.K.n.A., KUj..lOIV TOl ono 979. 177.300 ewe; 1.471.643.400 lipx. rl OA AlWe; ono 0,050 lipx. / KWh ewe; 0,080 lipx. / KWh, O. Tlj..lee; 1991. 6. AnOTIJJ~a~ TWV &mmwa&wv aro OIKO~OJJIK6 UAIKO To OIKOlSoj..llKO UNKO onot AouV evav OAAO nom 0'1j..l0 VTlKO TOj..leO OTOV onolo T] OTj..lOOq>OlPIKI'] punovoll em ISpo j..le Ollj..lOVTIKO KOOTOe;. H O'1j..lOVTlKOT P'1 ~T]j..lIO, nou npokoa ITOl OTO OIKOIS0I-lIKO UAlKO Myw l1')c; OTj..lOOipOlplKI']e; punovotle;, dvol T] ISlO[3pwOll KOl 11 [3oS\.1loio ou VT AOUj..l VT] onoouvs ml TOUe;. (Haynie F.H., Sp~nce JW. and Upham J.B. 1976: 65). En IIS~, oi-iwe;, OTTJ 1S16[3pwOll TWV OIKOlSoj..lIKWV UAlKWV OUVT AOUV KOI nomoi OAAOI ouvepyiotikoi nopoyovt e; (6nwe; n.x. 01 j..l T WPOAOYIKO(, 01 onolol onot AouV ana j..lovol TOUe; OITIO 15t6[3pWOlle;) yl' auto lvol noau /SUOKO AO 01 ~T]j..llte;, nou Oq> laovtol OnOKA IOTIK6 OTTJV OTj..lO Oq>OlPlKI'] punovoll, va onoj..lovwsouv KOI va onotlj..l'1 Souv. Ano TTlv OAAT] naeupo, '1 OTj..lOOq>OlPIKTl punovoll npo KaA 1 emnpoos To e~050, onwe; Ylo KOSOPlOj..lO (n.x. noposupwv, KTlPIWV, e~wt pikwv xwpwv) KOI ouvrtlpt]otl (n.x. [30IVII-I0 KTlPlWV), TO onolo OJ..lwe; ls v Kp(V 1'01 OKOmj..lo va OUj..ln plat]q>souv OTOV nopovtounoaoyioj..lo.
170 T )(VIKO XPOVtK I lt\v napouoa e:pyaola, 11 noootikonol'lotj TWV ~lliliwv OTa OIKOOOIlIKO UAIKO M yw IT\~ QTIlOO<patPIKI')~ punav 011~, Kat ouvak6aouea 'l c5pox}likr'l IT\~ anotiil'lotj, 0lT\ p{~etql Il P I KW~ 0lT\ J..leMn') TaU Lipfert FW. (1987), Kal KU p ( W ~ OT'l Ile:MTll Tll~ E upwnaiki') ~ 'Evwo 'l ~ "Assessment of the External Costs of Coal Fuel Cycle" (DG XII/E/5-SAM : 1992). 'ETm, Yla IT\v OIKovoIlIKl'] OnOTIIl'lOTJ TWV ne:pi'jjamovn KWV ~11I.l IWV KarOypa<p'lKaV ana T1~ ~1e:u9uvoe:l~ nom O c501l1kwv E<p0PIlOYWV TWV NOIlOPXIWV Ko~aV'l~ Kat <!law PIVO~ TO nmov XP'lmIlOnoloulle:vo OT'lv ne:pi<pepe:lo ne: P l~ aaaovnkwv Entmwo8wv OIK0601liKO UAIKO, nou un6 K IVTOI OlT\V ariloo<polptkr'! punavotj. To UAIKO OUTO el VOl 01 AI9060Joltc;, TO OKUp6~ JoIO, 01 OI6'1POKOTOC7KEUt c;, 01 OAOUJoIIVOKOTOOK UtC;, 01 ~UAOKOTOOK u t C;, TO to ~WT PIK6 CnlXP{0Jol0TO KOt 01 C~WT piko{ XPWJoIOTIOJoloi. KQT6ntv, KQTOYPO<P'1K8 TO e:{l5o~ IT\C; e:ne~ e:pyoolo C; TWV noponovw OIK0c50lltKWV UAtKWV, Kat 0 ap191l0e; Kat TO e:rc50e; TWV oikoc50ilwv nou TO UAIKO OUTa XP'lOIJ..lOnOIOu VTal, Ko9wC; Kat 11 ou)(v6lt\to XP'lOIIlOnOl'lmlC; TOU~, Kat, T AO<:, 01 en(otjile:<; (on6 TOV A.T.O.E.) TIlltC; OVO 1-'0vo15a KaroOK uf\c; TOUe; oe: TII-'CC; We:~o llf\vo u 1991. AKOAou9w~, Ile ~aotj TIC; U<pIOT0I-' Ve:C; Ile:Mn:~ 6laonopaC; TWV ae:plwv punwv (Zerefos C. et al. - 1993, Bergheles G., 1992) VTon{09'lKOV OTO nmov XOpOKTT) PIOTIKO OTJI-'e:(o TWV nomwv Kat OIKIOI-'WV IT\~ ne:pi<ptpe:l O~ nep I ~amovtikwv Emmwoewv, 01 KQToyeYPOIlIl Ve:e; OUYK VTpw oe l~ TOU 15lo~e:lc5(ou TOU Ele:(OU. 01 Tl l-'t~ TWV OUYKeVTpwo wv autwv e<papi-'6ot'lkav oe 1c5IKOUC; (Yla K09 tvo ana to nopanovw 0IK01501-'IKO u ALKO) TunoUe; e:~lowoewv, 01 onoioi isioi-'op<pw9'lkov I-'E Te an6 I-'OKpOxpOVl e; CP UVEC; (Lipfert FW., 1976: 32 80). 01 115IKO( outo( Tunol E~IOW OEWVI ov6'aoyo Il TO no OOOT6lT\C; OUYKCVTPW OTJC; TWV oep(wv punwv KQTO noall Kat 0IKIOIl6, 15(vouv TO KTIIlWj.le:VO TomKO Ilcye:90C; 1516 ~ pwotj C; I') yl'jpovotje; TOU KaSe OIK0c50IlIKOU UAIKOU 0lT\ l-'0v0c5 TOU xp6vou. A KO Ao u9w~, j.le: jjaotj TO KQTO nep(mwotj ptye:90e; 1516 ~ pw OTJ C; I') yl')pavotj~, unoaoy(09'lke 'l OnatTOul-'tV'l ou )(V6TllTa e:ntok8ul')~ I') m1510p8wotjc: TWV OIK015oIlIKWV ou TWV UAlKWV. TtAO~, I-'e: ~OOTJ TO W~ 6vw unoaoyl09tvto OTOlX (O, unomy(09'lke: I5PO){l..lIKO TO K6OTO~ tmokeu l']~ T') ent15t6p ewotj~ TWV 0lK060l-'lKWV UAIKWV. LUj.lqlWVO 1-'8 TO naponovw, TO unoao YI~OlltvO..t~wn: PI 6» (I'] KOIVWVIKO) KOOTOe; nou npokaaouv 01 e:kttol-'n c: Q piwv punwv OTa naponovw KOTaypa<p6lleva 01K060 J.III\O UAlKO, OTa OPIO IT\C; neplql pe: l a~ ne:pi ~amovtikwv EnUTrWoe:WVTOU A. E. K.n.A., KUIlO(V&TOl an6 701.000.000 ewe; 1.ns.000.000 6PX. 1') amiw~ ana 0,042lSPX. / KWh cwe; 0,095 lspx. / KWh, oe: TIl-'t C; 1991. 7. IuvoAIKo anottata~ata n{vokoc; 1. IuvoAIK" onot i~l1al1 TOU «e~wt&pikou» Komouc; TWV Kno~nwv oepiwv punwv TOU A.E.K.n.A. ae l5pax~tc; KGI E.C.U. (TI~&C; 1991) KOTO KOTl1yopfa emmwaewv. KDTrlYopfo AnOTi~f\of\ 0& I5PX. An otf~f\of\ os E.C.U. enlmwo&wv KOTWT&Pf\ AVWT&P~ Konl,,'zPIl Avwn:PI1 OlK06ol-liKO UAIKO 701.000.000 l. ns.ooo.ooo 3.306.000 7.47S.000 navi60 31.192.000 31.1 92.000 131.nS 131.nS M OTl 979. 1n.300 1.471.64.400 4.149.0S5 6.23S.n 5 >O..wpi60 1.674.729.000 2.517.051.700 7.096.309 10.665.470 KaMtt PVEIEc; 746.016.000 1.254.858.000 3.151.603 5.301.246 AvBpooTIlVll uye(o 3.768.120.000 3.768. 120.000 15.966.610 15.966.610 IuvoAo 4.132.114.000 7.049.744.000 17.835.534 29.809.266 nlvokoc: 2. ~ nm 11I11a'1 TOU «e~wt pikou» Komouc; twv Kno~nwv oepiwv punwv TOU A.E.K.n.A. KOTa KaTI1 yopia cmmwaewv ae l5px. / kwh KOI E.C.U. / GWh. (TIJ,ltc; 1991). KCfTIlyopio &mmcllo wv M&8ol5oAoyfo onoti~'1o'1~ llpx./ kwh KDTcIIT P'1 AvwTSPIl E.C.U./ GWh KOTrWT Pf\ Avwnp'1 OlK06ol-liKO UAIKO navi6a MOTl >O..wpi60 KaMlepYEIEC; AvepOOTIlVll uye(o IuvoAo :t\1-l 0Tl AVaAOYIK~ AVaAOYIKll AVaAOYIK~ :t\i-leotl :t\l-ltlotl 0,042 0,001 0,050 0,090 0,041 0,203 0,427 0,095 0,001 0,080 0,130 0, 061 0,203 0,570 178,41 7,11 223,23 381,81 170,08 861,66 1.883,30 403,39 7,11 335,51 573,85 286,08 861,66 2.468,60 \
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172 TeXVIKO XpOVIKQ Ottinger R., Walley D., Robinson N., Hodas D., and Badd S., (1990) : "Environmental costs of electricity", Oceana Publications. Papanayotou M., Moslalos E., Kyriopoulos J. (1988): "Greece: Private expenditure on health In comparison to public expenditure on Bocial security Evolution through time 1974-1982". 2nd Congress of the European Society of Medical Sociology" 28-30 September 1988, Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Parliamentary OHice of Science and Technology (1 992): "Costing the environmental Impacts of electricity generation", London. Pearce D. and Markandya A. (1989); "Environmental policy benefits: monetary valuation", O.E.C.D. editions. Ramsay W. (1980): "Unpaid costs of electric energy", John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Ri dker R.G., (1967) : " Economic costs of air pollution", Praeger, New York. Taylor H.J., Ashmore M.R. and Bell J.N.B. (1986): "Air pollution Injury to vegetation (a guidance manual commissioned by H.M. Industrial Air Pollution Inspectorate of the Health and Safety Executive)", 68 pp. I.E.H.O., London. U.K. C.E.E. (1991): "Europe evaluates electricity / environment externalities", U.K. - C.E.E.D. Bulletin, 33 pp., May - June, No 6-7. Unsworth M.H. (199 1): "Air pollution and vegetation: HypotheSiS, field exposure, and experiment" Proc. R. So., 97B, pp. 139-153, Endibourg. Zerefos C., Pais A., Meleti C., Balis D. and Tourpalis K. (1993): "Air pollution from S0 2' and suspended particulates In Kozanl and ptolemals Valley pl'8l1mln ry study". Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics - Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki (In Greek).