9&lJa: HAEKtpoKivlltO 0Xlllla: to IlEta<.popLKo IlEGO tou 210u alwva. ElOllYllTtlc:: K. In vt~a<;, op ll11xavlk0c:, enik. Ka8T1YllTtlc: EMn. Euxaptcrrw KUPlE npoel5pe. KupiE~ Kat KUPIOI ouva I5EACPOI, 8a I:;EKIVTJOW IlE Eva PTlTOPIKO EpWTTllla: TO Tl AEKTPOKiVflTO autokivtlto 8a Eivat TO oxtlila TOU 210u alwvo~; Eival Tl npo8emlllou va anavt!iow a' auto TO EpWTTlf.la, EK8eTOVTa~ OpIOf.leVE~ npoowttlke~ OKeIjJEI~ Kat aiyovta~ 0p1ollEva npol3mllata, Ka8w~ Kal KavovTa~ f.lia aval5pof.ltj auttj Ttl crriylltj, TEXvoAoyia~, no AU ouvomlka, ytati OplollEva ano Ta avtlkeilleva I:;E CPEUYOUV ano Tflv Ell5lKOTTlTa TOU IlTlxavoMyou, ama, EV naoll neplmwoei, omovtal TTl~ YEV1KOTEPTl~ E1151 KOTTlTa~ TOU f.ltlxav1kou 0XTlf.laTwv. H opyavwoll TTl~ Of.llAiae; f.lou aa Eival w~ EI:;TJe;: ea u napl:;elllla IllKPTJ EloaywyiJ, 9a aoxoatl9w EV OuvEXEia IlE Tflv TEXvoAoyia TWV TlAEKTPOKivTlTWV OXTlf.lOTWV E I:;ETa~ovTac:; TpEle; muxec:;, Kupiwe; TOU~ OUOowpEuTee;, TOU~ TlAEKTPOKlVflTlipE~ Kat YEVIKOTEpa Tfl OXEl5iaOll TWV OXTlllaTwv. LE Eva EnOf.lEvO KEcpaAatO 9a 8il:;w 0 plolleva OllIlEia TWV ETtlmWOEWV Tfl~ TEXvoAoyia~ TWV TlAEKTPOKivTlTWV 0XTlIl0Tl.UV. AUTli Eival ilia vea TE XvoAoyia, 01 ETtlmWOEI~ iowe; nomee; cpope~ va I:;E CPEUYOUV ano TO lluam Ila~, EYW npoowttlka OKECPTTl Ka OPIOf.ltVE~ Ttl9avec:; ETtlmWOEle; nou Eival KaMTEpo va TI~ yvwpi~ouf.le nom vwpic:;, napa EK TWV ucrrepwv Kat va npoana90uf.le va avtlf.letwnioouf.le Ta npol3mllota nou aa 15T]f.llOUPyiJoouv. Kal, TtAO~, 9a KaTaM I:;w OE IlEP1KO OUllnEpa0f.laTa Kal npotaoe1c:;. nepiailiiiil LTT]v EtmlYTlOll aut!i EI:;ETa~OVTat 01 npoomtkt~ ETtl KpaTTlOll~ TOU TlAEKTPOKiVTlTOU oxlillato~ W~ f.letacpo P1KOU f.ltoou TOU 210u alwva. AKOAou9w~, napouolo ~ovtal 0PI0f.lEVEC:; ETtlmWoElC:; TTl~ EvI5EXOf.lEVTl~ ETtl KPOTTlOll~ autlie; Tfl~ TEXvoAoyiac:; Kat yivovtal npota OEle; Yla f.lla OAOKAT]PWIlEVTl noattlkti f.letacpopwv Kat E vtpyelae;. 1. EloaYII)Yrl Ano TEXVOAOY1Klic:; onoljjt]~, 0 200~ atwvac:; f.lnopei va xapaktflpto9ei W~ 0 alwvae; TWV 8Eaf.laTlKWV I3EATlw OEWV OAWV TWV f.letacpoplkwv IlEOWV. TouTO IOXUEI Ka- Ta f.lei~ova Myo Yla TO autokivt]to. LTlC:; apxte; TOU atwva ouvunlipxav TPEl~ I5tacpopETl Ktc:; TEXVOAoyiEe;: - atilokivtlta autokivt]ta (40% TOU OUVOAlKOU crro AOU) - T]AEKTPOKivTlTa autokivtlta IlE OUOOWPEUTE~ (38% TOU OUVOAIKOU crroaou) -I3Ev~lvoKivTlm autokivtlm (22% TOU OUVOAtKOU crro- AOU). Ta TlAEKTPOKivT]Ta oxtif.lata KaTEixav f.lla TOOO npovof.llakti aeoll crrt]v TOTE ayopa xaptl crro YEYOVO~ OTt, TOOO Ta atllokivtlta, 000 Kat Ta I3Ev~LVoKivTlTa auto KivT]Ta I:;EKlvouoav /5UoKoAa. )\MWcrrE, Tl ano15ooll TWV T]AEKTPOKivT]TWV OXT]llaTWV 15EV litav EUKaTaCPPOVT] Tfl. To 1900 TJ15T], T] yamiktj ETatpEia T]AEKTPOKivT]TWV OXT1f.\aTWV B.G.S., EiXEOflf.lEIWOEl naykoof.110 PEKOP Ki VflOll~ OE anocrraoll 290 km f.le f.lia f.lovo CPOPTlOll TWV OUOOWPEUTWV av Kat Tl TaXUTT]Ta KiVT]Ofl~ limv, I3tl3ata, nom xaf.ltlm f.le OllIlEptVa KptTTiPla. /::"uo Tuxaia YEyovoTa npokoaeoav TTlV El:;acpavlOll TWV T]/o ano Tfl 151E9vti ayopa: 1. To 19090 Henry Ford OPXIOE TT] lla~ikti!310lltlxavlkti napaywyti TOU!3Ev~IVOKivTlTOU Ford T f.le anoteaeolla TTll5pacrrlKTi f.leiwoll Tfl~ Tlf.lti~ nwat]oll~ TOU 0 xtif.lato~ autou. To Ford T EnWAEiTO TO 1909 npoe; $850 Kat TO 1925 npo~ $250, evavtt $1500-5.000 nou EnwAouvTO Ta T]/o. 2. To 1911 0 Charles F. Kettering ECPTlUPE TTlV T]AEKTPI KTJ Ili~a Kat tktote Tl EKKiVT]OTl TWV!3EV~IVOKtVtiTWV autokivtjtwv Timv OXEl5Ov El:;ioou EUKOATl f.le aut!i TWV T]AEKTPOK1VliTWV. Yno TIe; OUv9TiKE~ aute~, TO Tl/O aa EiXE ETtt!3tWOEt f.lo VOV e:av e:ixe: napax9ei f.la~lko OE I3lof.lTlxavlKTi KAif.la Ka Kat f.le: nom xaf.lt]aotepo KOcrro<:;, Ti e:av II epeuva E ni TWV OUOOWPWT<.I>V llaektpiktjc:; e:vepyelae; e:ixe TUXEt Ollf.lavTlKTi~ OlKOVOf.llKlie; unoatijptl:;tl~, aaao auto 15EV ouvtl31100v.
24 TEXVlKO XPOVIKO MapT. - AnpiAlOe; '95 TI Inon:hE:<JI-IOTO EivOl yvwota KOI onoteaouv Ta 0Tl I-IUVilKOTEPO npol3adl-lato Tlle; 011I-1EplVr,e; 13101-111xaVl Kr,e; KOlVWvioe; 1-I0e;: 1. punovoll TOU nepll3aaaovtoe;, 1610iTEPO TWV OOTI KWV neploxwv 2.80puI30e; 3. <patvoi-levo 8epl-loKI1niou 4. OUYKOlVWVIOKr, OUI-I<POP1l011 5. KUKAO<pOPIOKa atuxtji-iota Ev I-Ieow autou TOU OKllVlKOU, 11 TExvOAOyio TWV 11/0 E navepx Tal OTO npookr,vio, OUYKEVTpwvouoa ne; EAnioee; TOU KOlVWVIKOU OUVOAOU YIO Tllv EniAuOI1, av 0 XI OAWV, TOUAOXIOTOV TWV npwtwv 6uo ono TO npoova<pep0i-ievo npoi3atu!qto, 6EV Eivol Aiyol 5E autoi 01 onoiol 8EWPOUV OTI TO 11/0 Eivat TO I-IETa<popIKO l-ieoo TOU 210u OlWVO. LTll ouvexelo So E~ETaOW OUVOTlTIKO Tllv KOTaOTaOTl Tlle; TEXvoAoyiae; TWV Tj/o OE OXeOTl I-IE TIe; analtiloele; Kal TIe; <pia050e;iee; 1-I0e;, So EKSeow I-IEplKee; OKeljJEle; OVO<P0PIKOI-IE TO npol3ml-lom Ta onoio ev6exol-levwe; vo 5Tjl-liouPYTjSOUV ono TI1V Eloaywyli Tile; TEXvoAoyiae; TWV 11/0 Kat So KOVW OpIOl-leVEe; npo TOOELe; yla TTjV OKOAouSllTeo noaitiktj, WOTE 11 TEXVO Aoyia TWV 11/0 va I-Illv KaTOAIi~EI VO 5111-110UPYEi OTI1V KOIVwvio 1-I0e; neploocltepa npol3anl-loto ono OUTO Ta onoio KOAEiTat va EmMoEI. 2. Hn:xvoAovia TWV I1A KTpoKivqTwv 0XIWOTWV O;U.I PO 2.1. IuaawpeulEC; To 0l1l-1aVTlKOTEpO unoouotll1-10 TOU 11/0 Eival 01 ouoowpeutee; llaektpikrie; EvepYEIOe; (I-InoTopiEe;). KOl TOU TO YlaTi EivOl KQl TO TEXVOAOYIKa ooseveotepo OTlIlEio Tile; OAI1e; TEXVOAoyioe; TOU 11/0. H OTlI-IEPIVTJ KOTaOTOOTl Tlle; TEXVOAoyioe; TWV OUOOW PWTWV 5la<popwv Tunwv ouvoljji~etoi OTOV nivoko 1 TOV onoio 5111-100iEUOE TO U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium [1]. Ano TOV nivoko auto nopa50~we; 0 nouola~ouv 01 OUOowpEUTee; Ni-Cd, UljJTjATl':; an0i5o 011e; I-IE TO ODI-IEpa KPOTOUVTO, 01 onoiol 510TiSEVTOl!3IOIl11xaVIKWe; ano TllV ETOlpeiO SAFT KOl OTI1V EAAO 50 ono Tll repl-lavoe; AEBE. TTJv eaaelljjl1 autd 5uva I-I Sa va avanatjpwoouile ova<pe:poi-ievol OTOV nivoka 2, OTOV onoio ouvoljji~ovtol OTJI-I00IEUl-levO OTOlxe:ia a ve~aptntou E:pyaoTTJplou IlE:TPiloE:wV (Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A.) [2] Yla OIO<pOpOUe; TunoUe; OUOOWPE: UTWV. 'Ol-lwe;, OrtWe; npokutltei KOI ono TOV n[voko 3 [3], 11 nu KVOTllTa E:VepYE:IOe; Kal TOU KOAllTEPOU Tunou ouoowpe:utwv (OEV rtapoyovtat j3101-1i1xovika) E:iV0l13 <popee; IlIKPOTE:PTJ autile; Tlle; l3e:v~ivlle; (l-ieotl TtI-lD 3120 Wh/kg). To anoteae:ol-la OUTO Sa natjoiooe:l TO 1/9.4 OTO Aiov rtpooe:xee; l-ieaaov, OIOTt OTO naoiolo TOU E:Upwna'lKOlJ npoypol-ll-latoe; JOULE, E:m5lWKETOI TJ KaTaOKE:uri ouo OWPEUTWV AISiou E:VEPYEIOKile; nukvotlltoe; 300 Wh/kg KOl UrtaPXouv l3aoll-le:e; EArtiOEe; on 0 OTOXOe; OUTOe; So E:mTe:uxSEi. Eivol Ollwe; npoq>ovee;, on 0 Opol-loe; eivol QKOllll nom 1l0KpUe;. KOI SO anoltllse:i EVTaTtKD npoonose:lo. 'Evo Ileoo l3ev~lvokivtjto OXll1l0 exel OUTOvOl-lia 600 km 1lE: 50 AlTPO l3e:v~ivl1e;, EVW evo 11/0 1-I0Ale; 15 km I-Ie TI1V E:vepYE:la E:VOe; OUOOWPEUTIi l3opoue; 50 kg [3]. 2.2. HAeKTpoKlvl}lilpec; 01 ouykpioe:le; TWV Teooopwv emkpateote:pwv Tunwv I1AEKTpoKlvl1Tilpwv oi50vtoi OTOV nivako 4 [4]. EKToe; autwv, EvolOq>epov napouolo~e:1 Kal Ilia npwtotunl1 npoonaselo TOU KaSI1YI1TIi Hofer ono TO Biellfeld Tile; replloviae; 0 onoioe; exe:i KOTooKe:uooel nelpol-lattko YPOlll-IlKO KlVI1Ti)pO YIO 11/0 (5]. H ouykpiotl eow anol3aivel unep TOU 11/0, 5lClTI 01 ouyxpovoii1ae:ktpokivi1 TDPE:e; exouv l3apoe; 1-I0Ale; 1.1. kg/kw, evavtl3.5 Kg/KW TWV l3ev~lvoklviltilpwv. 2.3. revlkii axe6iaal) lou oxilpaloc; EKTOe; TWV 0lllywe; I1AE:KTPIKWV unoouottjilotwv TOU OxliI-lOTOe;, Ol1l-1aVnKee; npoono8elee; ylvovtat Yla Til I3EATiwOTl Tile; OUVOAIKlie; oxeoiootle; TOU 11/0. To OXl1I-lO OVTIIlE:TWni~ETOl we; eva evloio ouotillla, TO onoio OXEola~ETol E~ opxi)e; En! Til l300el TWV vewv 5E00l-leVWV Kal xwpie; OEOI-IEUOEIe; ono TI1V TEXVOAOYIKIi npaktiktj TWV I3E:V~IVOKivTlTWV OXI1I-1CtTWV. H npooevyiotl autii EIval npo'lov TWV TeAeuToiwv etwv, evw noaatotepa 0 Aee; 01 npoonoselee; neplopi~ovtav OTTlV anaij lleta Tponli unapxovtwv 0Xlll-1aTwV oe TJAeKTpOKivTlTa. :rtll-iavtikii napolletpoe; TOU npoj3aijllotoe; eivol Tl EAaXI OTonoil1OTl TOU l3apoue; TOU al-la~wllatoe; IlE Til XPliOTl npollyl-levwv l-ies65wv OXE5ioOTle; - unoaoylol-iou, aa AO KOI IlE TTl XPTJOTl eaaq>pwv UAlKWV lleyclatje; avtoxlie; (AI ri ouv8eto UAIKO onon:aouile:vo ana PTlTtVee; noaueoteplkee;, l3uvleaootlkee; Ii Eno~EloIKee;, evloxu Ilevee; I-Ie tvee; uaaou, Kel3Aap, av8paka K.An., Ii OKOI-ITl UAIKO OOVTOULTe;). H TEXvoAoyia autii OEV eivol Yea. 'EXEI ano ETWV Tuxel Eq>0PIlOYTJe; OTTlV oeponoplki) 1310 I-ITlxovio Kat XPTJOlIlOnOlE:iTat EniOTle; YIO Tllv KaTaoKEuri TWV aywvlotikwv outoklvi)twv F1. H E~OlKOVOI-ITlOTJ l3apoue; eivat Aiov OTlllovTIKi). Ev5EIKTtKO ovaq>tpw o Tt TO al-la~wlla TTJe; Williams ~uyi~el A1YOTEPO ono TO TJI-IIOU TOU l3apoue; EVOe; Iltoou OOTlYou [6]. 'OI-IWe;, TO UljJTlAO KOOTOe; Kat 0 I-ITl ovakukawoiiloe; xopaktlipae; TOU UAIKOU Eivat OE: apketee; nepltltwoeie; avaotaati Koi napayovtee; Tlle; xplioewe; TOUe;. revlka, Eivat nop05ekto on Tl autovollia TWV TJAe KTPOKivl1TWV oxtji-icltwv EmbEXE:TOl at08tltne; I3EATiwoTJe; OTav TO Tl/o OVTII-IETWm08Ei E:~ opxne; we; eva yeo OUOTTJlla Kat OXEOIOOTE:i xwpie; TIe; 5e:ollE:UOE:le; TTle; TE: XvoAoyioe; TWV I3Ev~lvOKivTJTWV OXTJl-laTWV. Ynopxouv apketa TiTolO nopooe:iyiloto. onwe; TO GM Impact, TO BMW E1, TO lanwvlko IZA K.An. H npwttloilwe; msovij XpnOTl TWV Tl/o Elval we; em130tllya 15lwT1Krie; XpilOTle; OE: ouv8i)kee; noatje; Kat TOUTO YIOTi, ono I-IE:TPrioEle; nou eylvav OE: 51aCPOPE:e; noae:le; (npoypol-ll-la CITELEC TTJe; EOK), 0 l-ieooe; opoe; TWV OIOVUOI-IEVWV XlAIOl-leTpWv TJllE:pTJoIwe; Eival 1-I0Ale; 49 [7,8]. H msavotllto emkpa TI10TJe; TWV Tj/o noatle; we; TOU I-IE:TacpoplKoU I-Itoou OTIe; noae:le; TOU 21 OU OIWVO E~OPTOTOl ono noaaoue; napayovtee;, oue;avel0i-iwe;, OUVExWe;, 000 EmoElvwvETal TJ punovotl TWV OOTIKWV neploxwv. :A.MTJ 5E: EvoMaKn Kri AUOTl EKTOe; ono TO TjAEKTPOKivTJTa I-Ieoo l-ia~ikrie; I-IE:TOq>Opae; Kat Ta I-IIKPO Tl/o noae:we; 5EV OLoq>oivETat
MOpT. - AnpiAlo~ '95 TEXV1KO XPOV1KO nivokoc; 1. IUYKP10'l OUOOWPEUTWV 'la.ektpokiv~twv 0X'lJUlTWV [1]. 25 Energy Peak power Energy Self-discharge Cost Battery type (Wh/kg) (W/kg) efficiency (%) Cycle life (% per 48h) (US$/kWh) Acid aqueous solution Lead/acid 30 50 70 130 >80 50 1500 0.6 70-130 Zinc/bromine 70-80 35-100 75 200-2000 40 150-300 Alkaline aqueous solution Nickel/hydrogen 60 70 300 70 2000+ 6 700-2000 Nickel/iron 40 60 80-150 60 500 2000 3 200-1400 Nickel/zinc 55-85 170-260 70 500 1.2 200-500 Aluminuin/air' 200-300 160 <50??? Iron/air 100 90 60 500+? 50 Zinc/air 120-200 30 80 60 600+? 110 Molten salt Sodiumlsulfur 100 140 130 180 85 800+ 0 110 Sodium/nickel chloride 90 130 60-130? 1000-2000?? Lithiumliron sulfide 60 130 100-200 80 1000+? 110 Solid state Lithiumlcomoposite 85 130? 80-85 100+ 0.03 100 projected data nivokoc; 2. EPYOOT'1PIOKWC; J.lETp'18ivTO XOPOKT'1PIOTlKC ouoowp UTWV [2], Van Battery Description Initial Module Efficiency Range Specific Volumetric Peak Weight Capacity Energy Density Coloumbie Power Energy Life Technology Manufacturer Model (kg) (Ah) (Whlkg) (Whlkg) (%) (Wlkg) (%) (cycles) mi km SodiumlSulfur ABB B l1 253 238 81 83 152 100 91 592 154 246 CSPL PB MK3 29.2 292 79 123 90 100 88 795 150 240 Lithium! SAFTo! Monosulfide America Prismatic 2.94 203 66 133 64 95 81 163 93 149 Zinc/Bromine SEA ZB8 5148 81 126 79 56 40 93 75 334 93 149 Nickel/Zinc Electrochemica R&DCel! 1.69 69 67 142 105 91 77 114 108 173 NickellMetal Hydrine Ovonics C cel! 0.081 3.6 54 186 158 92 80 333 97 155 Ovonics Ext. C-cel! 0.093 4.5 57 209 105 90 74 108 Ovonics H Celi 0.628 28.0 55 152 175 90 80 380 97 155 Nickel/ Cadmium SAFT STM 5-200 24.5 214 55 104 175 90 78 >900 102 163 NickeVlron Eagle Picher NIF200 25 203 51 118 99 74 58 918 87 139 Lead-Acid Sonnenschein 6V160 31.5 1B4 36 92 91 94 84 370 51 82 CEVS 3ET205 32.8 185 33 78 68 87 68 149 47 75 Results Of Advanced Battery Technology Evalutations For Electric Vehicle Applications. W.H. Deluca et. al. SAE technical Paper Series 921572.
26 TEXVlKa XPOVlKa Map,.. - Allpi.AlO~ '95 nivakae; 3. IUYKPIOfl Tile; nukvotfltae; vepyelae; ouoof.tjpeutwv &pevqvfle; [3]. Aoyoc, nukvotaltwv v py lac; Tunoc, nukvotilta vi:py lac, [Wh/Kg] ouoowp UTal P Vz;iVIlC, [-J Pb 40 1178 Ni-Fe 60 1/54 Ni-Zn 80 1/39 Na-S 120 1/27 Li 240 1113 nivakae; 4. IUYKpIOIlIlAeKTpOKlvIlTrlPf.tJV IlA KTPOKivIlTf.tJV 0XllpaTf.tJv [4]. DC Brush Brushless DC Swlthed Performance CrIteria 'TYpe (PM) Reluctance* InductIon Peak EFF (%) 85-89 95-97 <90 94-95 EFF @ 10% Load (%) 80-87 73-82? 93-94 Max. RPM 4,000-6,000 4,000-10,000 >15,000 9,000-15,000 Cost/Peak Shaft kw ($/kw) 20-30 5-20? 2,75-5.0 Relative Cost of Electronics 1.00 3.7-6.0 4-10 2.5-3.0 Ruggedness Good Fair Excellent Excellent 'Limited data available. nivakae; 5. IuppoArl alacpopf.tjv TUnf.tJV 0XllpaTf.tJV OTIl punavoil TOU Bdyiou [10]. B vqvokivl'ita n&tp AaIOKivI'ITa HA KTPOKivI'ITa CO 2 25.8 19.8 10 S02 0.005 0.027 0.004 NOx+HC 0.098 0.098 0.026 IWj.laTil>la aj.leall,.ta 0.019 0.0025 CO 0.27 0.27 0.0025
MOpT. - AnpiAloe; '95 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 27 npoe; TO napov. AKoAou8we;, em8uj.lw va ek8eow 0pIOj.levee; OKel/lele; oxetlko j.le ne; emnrwoele; Tile; ev5exoj.levlle; eloaywy~e; Tile; TexvoAoyiae; TWV 11/0 j.lal;iko OTIl 1310j.lllxavlKri j.lae; KOlvwvia. 3. EmnTWO&I~ TIl~ Tf:XvoAovia~ TWV IlA&KTpOKivIlTWV OXllf.lOTWV 3.1. ITqv KOTOVaAUloq &VtPV&IO<; Eivat yeyovoe; a510llqllo13rittjto OTI TO Tl/o noaile; exel tva OllllaVTlKO npoteplllla evavti TOU 8epiliKou oxijllatoe;. 510n 5ev KaravaAioKel evepyela orav eivat a KIVTlTOnOlllllevo npo epu8pou OllllaToMTIl it yevlko oe ouv8itkee; KUKAo<p0plaKne; OUIl<POPIlOlle;. noootlkri anotilllloll autou TOU npotepijllatoe; 5ev eivat euko All, 510n e~aptotat ana ne; ouykekplj.levee; ouv8ijkee; xpijolle; evoe; autoklvijtou. LuvenWe;. analtouvtat e KTETOj.lE:Vee; j.letpijoele; OTIe; ouv8itkee; Iliae; ouykekpij.ltvtle; noaile; OAEe; TIe; o>pee; Tile; TlIlE:pae;. ~Tlj.lOOIEUj.leva OTOlxela <palvetal va 05T1YoUV OTO ouj.lnepaolla 0 TI TI KaTavoAwOll eve:pyelae; avo Km eivat Yla Ta 11/0 nepinou llilioit autije; TOU avtiotoixou 8/0. H OUYKPI Oll autit 5ev Aaj.lj3ovEI unol/lll TO yeyovoe; OTI 11 Taxu Tllra, 11 emtoxuvoll. aam Kal OAEe; 01 ouv8ijkee; avooewe; TOU Tl/o 5ev Eivat ouykpiolj.lee; j.le TOU 8/0. Ta Tl/o npoe; TO napov 5ev 5ta8trouv KAlllanOj.lo. 8epj.latvoj.leva Ka8ioj.laTa Kat unoxpewvouv TOUe; xpitotee; TOUe; va KIVOUVTat j.le IlIKpOTepll TaxUTTlTa. LuvenWe;. EOV EmKparouoav. 80 05T1youj.lE8a I3paxunpo8eoj.la OE OIlj.laVTlKO neploploilo Tile; KaTavaAIOKOlleVTle; Evepyelae;. MaKponp6eeoj.la, OIlWe;. TO o<peaoe; auto iowe; va j.ltlv an05elx8ei TOOO ollj.lavtlko. 3.2. ITq ~TqoqqA&KTPIK~<; &VtPV&IO<; npokarapktlkte; lleaf:tee; ane:5el~av on 11 Eloaywyri TWV Tl/o Oe j.likpij KAij.laKa 5ev napouoiol;ei 0Tlj.laVTlKO npol3aijllato OTIl l;ijttlolltlaektpikite; evepyelae;. uno TTJV npoun08eoll OTI Ol ouoowpeute:e; 8a <poptil;ovtal ektoe; TWV wpwv aixj.lije;. AUTO. OIlWe;. nauei va loxuei eov 508Ei OTOUe; xpijotee; TWV Tl/o TI 5uvaTOTIlTa Taxeiae; <poptiolle; TWV OUOOWPEUTWV Ola5itnoTE OT1Yllij Tile; llj.lepae;. 01 ota8j.loi Toxeiae; <poptlolle; analtouv eykateottlj.levtlioxu 10 ewe; 300 KW (9). AVE~eAeYKTTI XPitOll evoe; IlEYOAOU apl81l0u EI; autwv Elval 5uvaTov va aul;ijoel Tlll;ijTllOllTlAeKTplKne; Evepyelae; nepa KO 8e npoypaj.lllatloj.lou TTle; ~EH, j.le anoteaeoj.la em:iyouoa ovoykll KaraoKeune; ota81lwv TlAEKTpOnapaywyije; akoll1l Kat nupllvlkou Tunou onep Eivat anoall TWe; avem8ullllto. EniOlle;. 11 KIVTlTlKOTIlTa TWV KaToiKWv TTle; Eupwna"i Kite; KOlVOTllTae; aul;avet Ka811IlEptVO. METa IlEptKee; 5eKaeTiee;. OTav TI autovoj.lia Kiv'lOlle; TWV 11/0 8a EiVat ouykpiolj.lll j.le to 8/0, eva ekatoj.llluplo ToupiOTee; 01 onoiot emokenrovtat j.le 11/0 yettovikit TOUe; xwpa, ivai m8avov va npokaaeoouv TllV KaTappeUOll TOU TI AEKTPIKOU 5lKTUOU Tile;. ektoe; eav j.lexpi TOTe txel npayilatonoltl8ei TO anoautwe; OAOKAllPWj.levo Kal 5taouv5E5EIlE:VO naveupwnalko 5iKTUO. 3.3. ITq pudovoq Kal oro IPOIVOfJ&VO G&PfJOKqmou To Tl/o Eivat oxtlj.la j.l1l5evlkwv EKnOj.lnwv llovo TomKO OTTIV neploxn AelToupyiae; TOU. Eav Yla TTJ <POPTtOll TWV OUOOWPEUTWV XPTlOlilon01Tl8elTlAeKTplKit Evepyela npoepxoj.levti ana 8epIlOTlAeKTpIKOUe; OTa8Iloue;, TO npoj3atlj.la TTle; punavolle; j.leta<pepetal ektoe; noalle;, OTTIV neploxit TOU OTa8j.lou. EVTOUTOle;, Eival EUKOAO TEpO va avtllletwmo8ei TO npoj3atlj.la TTle; punavolle; OE EninE50 TlAEKTponapaywYIKoU EpyoOTaoiou. El;lxA AOU. 01 u5pollaektpikoi. 01 yew8epj.likol Kat OlllAlaKoi OTa81l0l isev punaivouv TOV aepa. LuvenWe;, Ta OUVO AIKa OTOlXEia punavolle; TOU m:pll3aaaovtoe; uno TWV Tl/o El;apTwVTat ano TTJV nooootlaia OUVEIO<pOpO OTa8 j.lwv KcieE Tunou OTTI OUVOAIKit TlAEKTponapaywyij j.llae; xwpae;. revikwe;, OJ.lWe;. napaj.levei aatl8ite; TI islani OTWOTI OTI TO Tl/o npokaaouv j.likpoteptl punavoll TOU aepa Kat j.ltlisevlkij punavoll OTO Xwpo onou KlvouvTal. EI; autou npokurnei OTI TI islmooit TOUe; 8a eivat EUepYETlKit Kat OTOV neploploj.lo TTJe; punavolle;. amo Kal TOU <paivoj.le:vou TOU 8Epj.lOKTlniou. Ta avwtepw OUj.lnEpOOj.laTa EmKupwvovTal Kal ano istlj.looleulleva OTOlXEia j.leaetwv, onwe; n.x. Yla TTJv nepirnwoll TOU BeAyiou [10).!ra avwtepw anotemoj.lata avtlkatontpil;etal TI lis1 altepottlta TOU BeAyiou va XPllOlj.lOnOl i ov8paka j.leylxatle; nepiektikottjtae; OE 8Eio Yla va napoyei TO 24% TTle; KaTavaAIOKOj.leVTle; TlAeKTpIKije; eve:pyelae;. Ka8we; Kal nuptlvikij evepyela Yla TO 62% autije;. YnoAoYlOj.loi Yla TTIV nepirnwoll TTle; EMaiSae; EupioKovTal ev El;e Ail;el. Mia amll nruxij TTle; punavolle; TOU neplj3aaaovtoe; npokurnei ano TTJ punavoll TTJe; em<pavelae; TTle; YTle; 510 EYKaTaAEAelj.lj.leVWV j310j.ltlxavikwv npolovtwv. Au Tij 5ev enllpeal;etat ano TTIV eloaywyij TWV Tl/o uno TTJv npoon6aeoll va EI;aKoAou8rioel TI Ollj.lEPIVij TaOll XPTlOlj.lonoiTlOlle; avakukawolj.lwv UAIKWV KaTaoKeUne; TWV 0XTlj.lOTWV. 3.4. ITov KuKAocpoplaKo cpopto KOI oro KuKAOq»OPIOKO OTU X~fJaTO KaTo TTIV onol/lit j.lou. TI KUKAo<poplaKit OUIl<P0PIlOll 0 <peiaetat OE Tpele;. Kupiwe;. altiee;: 1.!TO neploploj.levo nmtoe; TWV oiswv. 2.!TTlV avoykll e<papj.loyije; opiwv TaxuTTJrae;, wote va ano<peuyovtat Ta atuxrij.lata Kal oe nepirnwoll a Tuxitj.laTOe; va neplopil;ovtol 01 ouvenetee; TOUe;. 3.!TOV akavovloto Tpono oist!yllolle;. 0 onoioc;, ev noa Aoie;, o<peiaetat Kal OTO yeyovot::, OTI Ta 5lo<popa 0 xrij.lata exouv 5la<popeTIKo xapakttlpiotiko anoiso Ollt::,. ea napoj.loial;a TTl poij TTlt::, KUKAo<popiae; j.le OTPOj3IAWiSTI poij peuotou. H avoj.lell;ti, OTO iolo peuj.la KUKAo<popiat::" 0Xllj.loTWV j.le TOOO isla<popetiko xapakttjplotika onwe; Eivat TWV Tl/O Kat TWV 8/0, npo<pavwe; 5ev 8a emalloel TO KUKAO <poplako npoj3afllla, ana-wt::, 8a emteivel TO ij5t1 unop XOV npoj3atlj.la j.letal;u TWV 8/0 5Ia<p0pETlKOU Tunou. ~08E:VTOt::, Ott TO Tl/o eival eva veo npolov. exouj.le TTl 5UVOTOTTlTa va ano<paoiooulle TTl 8eonlOll npoisla
28 TeXVtKO XPOVtKO MOpT. - Anpihtoe; '95 ypoq)(.i.lv Ot onoiee; vo i5lenouv TIlV onoi5ooll TWV 11/0. nx-, OhO TO 11/0 va exouv TIlV aut~ lleytotil TaXUTIlTO KOl enttoxuvoil. TeXVlKWe; eivat i5uvotov va enekteivoulle TO IlETPO auto Kal OTa S/O Ile Til /3o~Seta IlAe- KTPOVtKOU ouot~llatoe; eaevxou Tile; Illlxav~e;. AnOTe AeOlla autou TOU Ile.POU 8a eivat 11 KiVIlOIl TWV OXIl IlOTWV we; va eupiokovtal en! Oli5IlPOTPOXlWV, Ile OTa SepTi TOXuTIlTa, xwpie; OUTe evo e~ OUTWV va exel Til i5uvototilto va npoanepcl(jel TO OhAa. H npotaoll i awe; va cpaivetat nom pi~oanaotlkti, amo i5ikatoao Yllllevll ana TOV TepOOTtO aplsllo SUIlOTWV Tile; a 0cpOATOU. To lletpo auto lowe; va entoupei Tllv avtlseoil TWV Ka TOOKeuOOTWV, i510tt 11 anoi5ooll TWV OXIlIlOTWV eivoi TO KaT' e~ox~v nei5io avtaywvloilou TWV npoiovtwv TOUe;. 'OIlWC;, ae; avtaywvto80uv aaa~aoue; neplopi~o VTee; TIlV KOTaVOAWOIl evepyelae; TWV 0XIlIlOTWV TOUe;. EniOlle;, OTO nei5io TWV npoi5laypacpwv aocpaaeiae; U nopxel avoykil Stomolle; unoxpewttkwv npoi51aypacpwv. ilostvtoe; OTt 01 unopxouoee; npoi51oypacpte; i5ev avttlletwnl~ouv TO avacpuolleva npo/3atillato, n.x. U t\lilao peullata ~ Tooele;, njnol ouoowpeutwv entkivi5uvol oe nepimwoil OUYKpOUOIle;, eov i5lappayei TO nepi/3aililo TOUe; Ti eov i5ev eivat OTepeWe; npooi5ei5ellevoloto 0Xlllla. H 8eanlOll i5lesvwv Kat 0XI esvikwv npoi5laypacpwv Sa txel TO npooseto anoteaeolla TOU neploploilou TOU KOOTOUe; nopaywy~e; TWV 11/0. TOUTO i5ev loxuei Yla Ta S/o, 11 i5e /3lOllllxavia em/3apuvetal OllllavTtKO OTllv npoanosela OUllllopcpwoTie; Tile; Ile TIe; i510cpopee; TOnt Kte; npoi5laypacpee;. Mia MAll mux~ Tile; enimwoile; TWV 11/0 OTIlV KUKAOcpoplaKij OUIlCPOPIlOll npoepxetat ana TO yeyovoe; OTt Ta 11/0 eivat KaTO nom anaouotepa TWV S/o. MaKpo XPovla, OTOV TO npo/3alllla TWV ouoowpeutwv So exel enthusei. TO KOOTOe; lla~ik~e; napaywy~c; TWV 11/0 So eivat KaTO noau xallllaotepo TWV avttotoixwv 8/0. ruvenwe;, Sa eival npoom] oe nom euputepa TIl~llaTa Tile; KOIVWvioe;. TeAIKO, Sa npenel va unoaoyi~oulle o Tt 80 cpsooel va avttotolxei eva autokivllto oe KoSe ev~aiko OTOIlO. ektoe; av AIlCPSOUV i5paottko Ile.pa. ruvenwe;, 0 KpanKOe; npoypollllattoiloc; Kat oxei5la OIlOe; ocpeiael va M/3el oo/3apo unot\lll autte; Tte; npoomlkee;. 3.5. ITIl GUlJnepr<popa TOU KaTavaAwT~ Ka8we; i5ev unopxouv llexpl OTtYIl~e; i5lesveie; llpoi5laypacpee; i50kiil~e; Tile; autovolliae; KiVIlOIlC; 1'wv 11/0. 0 KMe KaTaoKeuaOTije; i5ii5el Ta euvoikoj pa YI' autov OToIxeia. AUTO Ta otolxeia nom anexouv ana auto TO onoio Sa i5lamotwoel 0 XP~OTl1e;. Ta npayllattko OTOlxeia e~aptwvtat ana TtC; OuvStlKee; eklletomeuoile; TOU OX~llaTOe;, onwe; n x : 1. Til 1l0PCPOAoyia Tile; neploxtie; KiVIlOlle;, TIe; avwcpepelee; Kal Tte; KOTwcptpelee;. 01 avttotooele; avappi XIlOlle; eivat i5uvatov va npokaaeoouv Tllv ekcpop TIOll TWV ouoowpeutwv nom vwpitepa ana TO a vallevollevo. 2. H ouxv~ lleta/3oaij Tile; TaXUTIlTOe; i5ilaaa~ TJ OUXV~ ekkivtjoll Kat en!toxuvoll TOU oxijllatoe;, ekcpopti~el TOUe; ouoowpeutee; nom vwpitepa ana TO avallevollevo. 3. H aaoyiottj XPijOll TWV /3oIlSTJTlKWV unoouottjilo TWV (Ka8aploTijpwV, SepllavOIle;, pai51okaoetocpw YOU, KAlllaTtOIlOU K.hn.) txouv TO ii5lo anottaeolla KalllelWVOUV apallattko Tllv autovollia TOU 11/0 ele; TO ~IlIOU TOU avallevollevou. n.x. oe lletp~oele; nou eylvav OTO E1 Tile; BMW [11], eupesil (ltlll KaTavo AWOIl evepyelae; Yla TTJV KivTJOIl (oe KUKhO FTP-75) ~TOV 13.3 KW/100 Km Kat Yla Til StPllavOIl ~Tav 8 KWh/100 Km (oe KhlllaToAoYIKee; ouvsijkee; repllavlae;). 01 neploootepol KaTavaAwTee; i5ev eival yvwotee; au TWV TWV yeyovotwv. KOTO Til YVWIlIlIlOU, aev npenel va IOUe; Ta anokput\loulle. 01 neploootepoi ana au TOUe; Sa SeAijoouv va SUOlOOOUV llepoe; Tile; ove~e; TWV npoe; XOPlV TTJe; nolotiltae; ~wije; TOUC; Kal npoe; XOpLY Tile; uyeiae; TOUe;. 'Onwe; eniolle;, i5ev npenel va TOUe; anokpumoulle TTJV aait8ela oxettkolle TIe; emmwoele; Tile; punavoile; OTIlV uyeio TOUe; Kat OTTJV uyeia TWV nat OIWV TOUe;. rttjv neplox~ TOU Los Angeles, eupeetj o Tt 11 XWpTJTtKOTTJTa TWV nveullovwv oplollevwv natolwv ~Tav KaTo 40% IlIKpOTepTJ Tile; lleoile; KaVOVIK~e; Ttlltle;. 0eAW va ntoteuw, OTt KOTW an6 TIe; ouvs~kee; autte;, TO 11/0 ea TlJxel TTJe; anoi5oxije; TWV KaTavaAWTWV we; 0 Xlllla noatje;, nap' OAIl TTJV neploplolltvtj autovollia Ki VIlO~e; TOU. 4. Iu",n&paO",OTo KOI npottl0&1c; Eov Kovoulle ilia KPlTlKij avaapolltl OTO nopeasov e ~eto~ovtee; TOV Tpono Ile TOV onoio avamuxetjkav TO lletacpoplko OUOT~llaTa Tile; KOIVWvioe; Ilae;, npenel va 0IlOAOYtl00ulle OTt TOUTO ouve/3tj KOTa xaotlkov TPOno. ilev un~p~e e~ apxije; ilia OUOTTJllaTIKij a~ioa6yil OIl TWV olacpopwv evaaaakttkwv TeXVOAOYIWV Kat OUoellia ektilllloll TWV nteavwv emmwoewv KoBe Illae; ek TWV TexvOAOYIWV autwv eni Tile; ~Wtle; Ilae; Kat en! TOU nepi/3aaaovtoe; Iloe;. EniOlle;, ouoellia eylve apxi Ktl oktt\lll eni Tile; anattoullevtje; unoaolltle;, Ile anote Aeolla, Tte; neploootepee; cpopee;, 11 unoi5oll~ va ovamuooetoi ek TWV UOTepwv Kal ouvtlewe; nom apyo. BploKollaoTe Twpa OTO OIllleio onou eva ek TWV KUpiwv lletacpoplkwv OUOTTJIlOTWV Ilae; oev eivat naeov avekto. Myw Tlle; punavoile;, TWV KUKAocpoplaKwv a TUXTJIlOTWV. Tile; KUKAOCPOplOKtle; OUIlCPOPTJOIlC; Kat TOU 90pu/3ou, Ta onoia npokaaei Kat OIOTt anelaei Til ~Wtl eni Tile; Ylle; ala TOU cpaivolltvou TOU 8eplloKllniou. 'Exoulle Tllv unoxpewoll va ene~epyaotoulle ilia yea otpatilyiktllletacpopwv, nt9avwe; Ile illy eloaywy~ TJ AeKTpOKlVtlTWV lletacpoplkwv Iltowv, lla~ikwv KOI a TOIlIKWV. oe avtlkatootooil TWV S/o. TOUTO npenel va emi5lwxeei OUOTllllaTIKa Kal Ile KaToMIlAo OUVTOVI OIlO Ile TIlV avtiotolxil evepyelaktl noaitikij Kal noai TlKtllleTacpopwv. 0 puelloe; unokatootaolle; TWV S/o a noil/o nptnel va eival OIOpKWe; uno eaevxo Kat va OUIl /3ai5i~el Ile TIlV evepyelaktl noaltlktl. MAWC;. TO npo /3AtlllaTa Ta onoia ea avakut\louv eo eiva! xelpotepa Kat ana auto TO onoia avtllletwni~oulle ~Ilepa.
MapT. - AnpiAlo<; '95 TExvlKa XpovlKa 29 BI~Aloypa!pia 1. Electric Vehicles Progress, Sep. 1, 1992, p. 4. 2. Electric Vehicle Progress, Jan. 1, 1993, p.6. 3. Irie N., Fukino M. Horie H.: Nissan FEV, A new Consept Electric Vehicle, 11th Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS-11), Florence, 1992. 4. Electric Vehicles Progress, Dec. 1. 1992, p. 3. 5. K. Hofer: Non-contract Electric Drive for Road Vehicles, EVS-11, Florence, 1992. 6. 0' Rourke B.P: The use of composite materials in the design and manufacture of Formula 1 racing cars. Proc./nst. Mech. Engrs., Part D, 1990, Vol. 204, p.41-48. 7. Liccardo M., Maggetto G.: CITELEC: European association of cities interested in electric vehicles, EVS-11, Florence, 1992. 8. Valachis P: Feasibility study of the introduction of Electric Battery Driven Vehicles in Athens, Summary presented to the Committee for Transport & Tourism of the European Community, Center for Renewable Energy Sources, Nov. 1992. 9. Nor J.K.: Charging stations for electric vehicles, EVS 11, Florence, 1992. 10. G. Maggetto: Advanced electric drive systems for buses, vans and passenger cars to reduce pollution, EDS Project of the European Community, synthesis report, Oct. 1992. 11. Scheuerer Klaus, Goubeau Andreas: The BMV E1 A purpose designed electric vehicle, EVS-11, Florence, 1992. EuxapIOTW nom. npc,&lipoc; : EuXaPIOTOUI1E TOV KUPIO LneVT~a, 0 TE AEUTaio<; O~.IlATJTriC; TTJC; npwttjc; EVOTTJTac;, eivat 0 KU PIOC; rewpyiou, op IlTJxavIKOC; TWV HAnAn IlE Sella: «HAEKTPOKivTJTO ri SEPI1IKO AEWCPOpeiO OTIC; aotikec; OUYKOlvwviEC;; (Mia OUYKPIOTJ)>>. 0 KUPIOC; rewpyiou e XEI TO AOyO. gepo: HAEKTpoKivnTO neep~lk6 AEOOCPOpEiO OTLC; aotlkec; OUYKOlVOOviEC;; (Mla OIJYKplOn). ElOl1Yl1Tnc;: n. rewpviou, 5p MH, HAnAn. KUPlE npoeope, KupiEC; Kat KUPIOl, H OUYKPIOTJ ouo napollolwv IlETacpoplKwV Ileowv TOU TJAEKTPOKlvTJTOU AEWCPOpeiou (TpOAEf) Kat TOU SEPIlI KOU AEWCPOpeiou Eivat Ilia OUOKOATJ oouaela Kal npenel va yivetol npooektika xwpic; IlEYGAEC; YEVlKEUOElC; Kat Aall!3avovTOC; unoljjtj navtote akollll Kat TtC; IllKpec; Oiacpopec; nou unapxouv IlETa!;U TWV Olacpopwv noaewv KOL IlETO!;U TWV Oiacpopwv aotlkwv OlKTUWV ouykolvwviac;. LE YEVlKec; YPOllllec; IlnOPOUIlE va napottjprioouile o Tt TO TJAeKTpOK1VTJTO AEWCPOpeiO eivat eva 0XTJl1a IlE E E;atpETIKa naeovektrillata Kat I1E oplolleva IlEIOVE KTf)llaTa. MeTO!;U TWV!300lKWV naeovektrlllgtwv TOU eivat TJ IlTJ 1l0AUVOTJ TOU nepl!3aaaovtoc;, TJ XOllllM OTGeIlTJ Sopu!3ou TOU Kat 11 unap!;ll evoc; OTt!3apou KIVTJTripa, nou ovamuooei Ilia OllllOVTtKri MvallTJ ea!;llc; xwpic; va xpelg~etat noam OUVTf)PTJOTJ. H XPTJOlIlOnoiTJoTJ TTJC;