6 7 ÊÜèå ãíþóéï áíôßôõðï õðïãñüöåôáé áðü ôïõò óõããñáöåßò Ðåñéå üìåíá Ðñüëïãïò...17 êäïóç 1ç, Copyright 1990 êäïóç 2ç, Copyright 1994 êäïóç 3ç, Copyright 2000 êäïóç 4ç, Copyright 2003 êäïóç 5ç, Copyright 2005 ISBN: 960-8105-84-6 ÅÊÄÏÓÅÉÓ ÍÅÙÍ ÔÅ ÍÏËÏÃÉÙÍ ÓôïõñíÜñç 49Á, 106 82, ÁèÞíá ôçë.: 210-38.45.594, Fax: 210-38.08.009 e-mail: contact@newtech-publications.gr www.newtech-publications.gr ÇëåêôñïíéêÞ óåëéäïðïßçóç, ó Þìáôá: Âýñùíáò Ìðüôóçò, Êùíóôáíôßíïò Êëçìüðïõëïò Åîþöõëëï: ñéóôßíá ÐáñáóêåõÜêïõ, Âýñùíáò Ìðüôóçò Áðáãïñåýåôáé ïðïéáäþðïôå ìåñéêþ Þ ïëéêþ áíáôýðùóç, áíáäçìïóßåõóç Þ öùôïôýðçóç ôïõ ðáñüíôïò, ùñßò ôç ãñáðôþ Üäåéá ôïõ åêäüôç. ÌÝñïò Á ÅÉÓÁÃÙÃÇ ÓÔÏÕÓ ÕÐÏËÏÃÉÓÔÅÓ ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 1 Áðü ôïí Üâáêá óôïõò óýã ñïíïõò õðïëïãéóôýò...23 1.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ...23 1.2 Åðåîåñãáóßá ðëçñïöïñéþí...25 1.3 ÅîÝëéîç ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí...26 1.3.1 Ðñþôç ãåíéü (1942-1959)...33 1.3.2 Äåýôåñç ãåíéü (1959-1965)...33 1.3.3 Ôñßôç ãåíéü (1965-1970)...34 1.3.4 ÔÝôáñôç ãåíéü (1970-)...35 1.3.5 ÐÝìðôç ãåíéü...36 1.4 Áõôïìáôïðïßçóç - ÅðéäñÜóåéò...37 1.5 ÐñïâëÞìáôá óôçí åðï Þ ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí...39 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 2 ÁñéèìçôéêÜ óõóôþìáôá...41 2.1 Ôï äåêáäéêü óýóôçìá...41 2.2 Ôï äõáäéêü óýóôçìá...42 2.3 ÌåôáôñïðÞ äåêáäéêïý óå äõáäéêü...43 2.4 Ôï ïêôáäéêü óýóôçìá...43 2.5 Ôï äåêáåîáäéêü óýóôçìá...45 2.6 Ïé áñéèìçôéêýò ðñüîåéò óôá äéüöïñá óõóôþìáôá...46 2.6.1 Ðñüóèåóç äõáäéêþí...46 2.6.2 Ðñüóèåóç ïêôáäéêþí...47 2.6.3 Ðñüóèåóç äåêáåîáäéêþí...48 2.7 Ôï óýóôçìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôþ...49
8 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí ÐëçñïöïñéêÞ ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 3 Ôï õðïëïãéóôéêü óýóôçìá êáé ï õðïëïãéóôþò...55 3.1 Ôá ìýñç åíüò õðïëïãéóôéêïý óõóôþìáôïò...55 3.2 Ôï õëéêü (Hardware)...57 3.2.1 Ï õðïëïãéóôþò...57 3.2.2 Ïé êáôçãïñßåò ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí...58 3.2.3 Ç ëåéôïõñãéêþ äïìþ ôïõ õðïëïãéóôþ...62 3.3 Ôï Ëïãéóìéêü(Software)...65 3.3.1 Ôï Ëïãéóìéêü ÓõóôÞìáôïò (System Software)...67 3.3.2 Ï ñüëïò ôïõ Ëåéôïõñãéêïý ÓõóôÞìáôïò...68 3.4 ÌÝèïäïé åðåîåñãáóßáò äåäïìýíùí...72 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 4 Ï ÌéêñïûðïëïãéóôÞò...77 4.1 Ç éóôïñßá ôùí ìéêñïûðïëïãéóôþí...77 4.2 Ç ÂáóéêÞ ìïíüäá ôïõ óõóôþìáôïò...83 4.2.1 Ç ìçôñéêþ ðëáêýôá ôïõ óõóôþìáôïò (motherboard)...84 4.2.2 Ôï chip ôïõ ìéêñïåðåîåñãáóôþ...85 4.2.3 Ôá chips ôçò Êýñéáò ÌíÞìçò (RAM)...88 4.2.4 Ôï chipset ôïõ óõóôþìáôïò...90 4.2.5 Ôï ñïëüé ôïõ óõóôþìáôïò...90 4.2.6 Ïé áñôçñßåò...90 4.2.7 Õðïäï Ýò êáé êüñôåò åðýêôáóçò...94 4.2.8 Ïé Èýñåò...99 4.2.9 ÄéáóõíäÝóåéò äßóêùí...102 4.3 Ôï Ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ôïõ ìéêñïûðïëïãéóôþ...105 4.3.1 Ç åîýëéîç ôùí ëåéôïõñãéêþí óõóôçìüôùí óôïõò ìéêñïûðïëïãéóôýò...105 4.3.2 Ôï MS-DOS...109 4.3.3 Ôá Windows...111 4.3.4 Ôï Ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá LINUX...117 4.3.5 Ôï MacOS X...121 4.4 To BIOS...122 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 5 ÌïíÜäåò åéóüäïõ/åîüäïõ...125 5.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ...125 5.2 Ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï...126 Ðåñéå üìåíá 9 5.3 Ïèüíåò (Monitors)...127 5.4 ÔåñìáôéêÜ (terminals)...138 5.5 ÓõóêåõÝò áð åõèåßáò åéóáãùãþò äåäïìýíùí Þ óõóêåõýò êáôüäåéîçò...143 5.6 ÓõóêåõÝò óüñùóçò...148 5.7 ÓõóêåõÞ åéóüäïõ öùíþò (voice-input device)...155 5.8 ÅêôõðùôÝò (Printers)...156 5.9 Ó åäéïãñüöïé (Plotters)...160 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 6 Ç êýñéá ìíþìç...165 6.1 ÏñãÜíùóç êáé ëåéôïõñãßá ôçò ÊåíôñéêÞò ÌíÞìçò...165 6.2 Óýíèåóç ôçò «èýóçò ìíþìçò»...166 6.3 ÖõóéêÞ óýóôáóç ôçò ìíþìçò...167 6.4 ÌíÞìç Cache...168 6.5 ÌíÞìåò ìüíï ãéá áíüãíùóç - ROM...169 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 7 ÂïçèçôéêÝò ìíþìåò...171 7.1 Ïé âïçèçôéêýò ìíþìåò êáé ôá áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôïõò...171 7.2 ÌáãíçôéêÝò äéáôüîåéò âïçèçôéêþò ìíþìçò...173 7.2.1 ÌáãíçôéêÝò ôáéíßåò...173 7.2.2 Ìáãíçôéêïß äßóêïé...177 7.2.3 ËïéðÜ ìáãíçôéêü ìýóá...184 7.3 Ïðôéêïß äßóêïé...186 7.3.1 CD-ROM...187 7.3.2 CD-R...192 7.3.3 CD-RW...196 7.3.4 DVD-ROM...198 7.3.5 DVD-RAM, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R/RW...202 7.4 ëëåò äéáôüîåéò âïçèçôéêþò ìíþìçò...203 7.4.1 ÊëåéäéÜ ìíþìçò...203 7.4.2 ÊÜñôåò ÌíÞìçò...204
10 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí ÐëçñïöïñéêÞ ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 8 ÓõíäÝóåéò êáé Åðéêïéíùíßåò...205 8.1 Ëåùöïñéüäñïìïé ðëçñïöïñéþí êáé ôï Internet...207 8.2 Åðéêïéíùíßá ìåôáîý ñçóôþí...209 8.3 ÊáíÜëéá åðéêïéíùíßáò...212 8.4 ÌåôáöïñÜ äåäïìýíùí...215 8.5 Óýíäåóç óôï Internet...218 8.6 Áñ éôåêôïíéêýò äéêôýùí...225 8.7 ÉäéùôéêÜ äßêôõá ïñãáíéóìþí...231 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 9 ÂáóéêÜ óôïé åßá ñþóçò ôùí Windows XP...235 9.1 Åêêßíçóç ôïõ ÓõóôÞìáôïò...235 9.2 Ôï âáóéêü ðåñéâüëëïí åñãáóßáò...236 9.3 Äïõëåýïíôáò ìå Äßóêïõò, ÖáêÝëïõò êáé Áñ åßá...243 9.4 ÅãêáôÜóôáóç íýùí óõóêåõþí...253 9.5 ÅãêáôÜóôáóç êáé åêôýëåóç åöáñìïãþí...257 9.6 ÂáóéêÝò ëåéôïõñãßåò äéá åßñéóçò åããñüöùí...259 9.7 Åîåñåõíþíôáò ôï Äßêôõï...263 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 10 ÐáêÝôá Ëïãéóìéêïý...267 10.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ...267 10.2 ÅðåîåñãáóôÝò êåéìýíïõ...268 10.3 ÐáêÝôá ëïãéóôéêþí öýëëùí...270 10.4 ÐáêÝôá âüóåùí äåäïìýíùí...272 10.5 ÐáêÝôá ðáñïõóéüóåùí...274 10.6 ÐáêÝôá ïñãüíùóçò ðëçñïöïñéþí...275 10.7 ÐáêÝôá äçìéïõñãßáò éóôïóåëßäùí...276 10.8 ÏëïêëçñùìÝíá ðáêýôá...277 10.9 ÐáêÝôá ãñáöéêþí, ó åäßáóçò êáé åðåîåñãáóßáò åéêüíáò...278 10.10 ÐáêÝôá åðéôñáðýæéùí åêäüóåùí...278 10.11 Ó åäßáóç ìå ôç âïþèåéá õðïëïãéóôþ...280 10.12 ÐáêÝôá äéïßêçóçò - äéá åßñéóçò Ýñãïõ...280 10.13 ÐáêÝôá ÓôáôéóôéêÞò áíüëõóçò...281 Ðåñéå üìåíá 11 10.14 ÐáêÝôá âáóéêþí ëåéôïõñãéþí ôçò åðé åßñçóçò...281 10.15 ÐáêÝôá multimedia...282 10.16 ÐáêÝôá ìïõóéêþò óýíèåóçò...283 10.17 ÐáêÝôá øõ áãùãßáò...284 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 11 Äéáäßêôõï...287 11.1 Äéáäßêôõï (Internet)...287 11.1.1 Õðçñåóßåò óôï äéáäßêôõï...287 11.1.2 Tá ïíüìáôá äéåõèýíóåùí óôï äéáäßêôõï...288 11.1.3 ÐåñéÞãçóç êáé äåóìïß (links)...289 11.1.4 Óýíäåóç óôï Äéáäßêôõï êáé åôáéñåßåò ðáñï Þò õðçñåóéþí (Providers)...289 11.2 Internet Explorer...290 11.2.1 íïéãìá ôïõ Internet Explorer...290 11.2.2 Ôï ÐåñéâÜëëïí ôïõ Internet Explorer...290 11.2.3 ÅìöÜíéóç ìéáò äåäïìýíçò óåëßäáò...292 11.2.4 Êáèïñéóìüò ôçò áñ éêþò éóôïóåëßäáò ôïõ Internet Explorer...293 11.2.5 ÁíáæÞôçóç óôïí ðáãêüóìéï éóôü ìå ôéò ìç áíýò áíáæþôçóçò (Search Engines)...294 11.2.6 ÁãáðçìÝíá - Óåëéäïäåßêôåò...295 11.3 Çëåêôñïíéêü Ôá õäñïìåßï...295 11.3.1 Ôï ðñüãñáììá çëåêôñïíéêïý ôá õäñïìåßïõ...297 11.3.2 ÁðïóôïëÞ êáé ËÞøç ÌçíõìÜôùí...300 11.3.3 Äéåõèõíóéïäüôçóç...304 11.3.4 Äéá åßñéóç ÌçíõìÜôùí...305 ÌÝñïò Â Ï ÔÑÏÐÏÓ ËÅÉÔÏÕÑÃÉÁÓ ÔÙÍ ÕÐÏËÏÃÉÓÔÙÍ & ÅÉÄÉÊÁ ÈÅÌÁÔÁ ÐËÇÑÏÖÏÑÉÊÇÓ ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 12 Ç ÁñéèìçôéêÞ óôïí ÕðïëïãéóôÞ...311 12.1 ÐáñÜóôáóç áñíçôéêþí áñéèìþí...311 12.2 Áöáßñåóç äõáäéêþí...314 12.3 Ðïëëáðëáóéáóìüò êáé Äéáßñåóç...315 12.4 Êëáóìáôéêïß áñéèìïß...317
12 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí ÐëçñïöïñéêÞ 12.5 Êùäéêïðïßçóç ôçò ðëçñïöïñßáò...318 12.5.1 Ç óôïé åéþäçò ðëçñïöïñßá êáé ç Ýííïéá ôïõ BIT...318 12.5.2 Ç Ýííïéá ôïõ ÂÕÔÅ êáé ç êùäéêïðïßçóç...319 12.5.3 Øçößï éóïôéìßáò...321 12.5.4 ÅóùôåñéêÞ êáé åîùôåñéêþ êùäéêïðïßçóç áñáêôþñùí...322 12.6 ÁñéèìçôéêÞ óå êþäéêá BCD...322 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 13 ÁñéèìçôéêÞ óôáèåñþò êáé êéíçôþò õðïäéáóôïëþò...327 13.1 ÐáñÜóôáóç áñéèìþí ìå óôáèåñþ õðïäéáóôïëþ...327 13.2 ÐáñÜóôáóç áñéèìþí ìå êéíçôþ õðïäéáóôïëþ...328 13.3 ÁñéèìçôéêÞ óôáèåñþò õðïäéáóôïëþò...330 13.4 ÁñéèìçôéêÞ êéíçôþò õðïäéáóôïëþò...332 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 14 ëãåâñá Boole...335 14.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ...335 14.2 Ïñéóìïß - ËïãéêÝò ÐñÜîåéò...335 14.3 ÄéáãñÜììáôá VENN...337 14.4 Áðëïðïßçóç ëïãéêþí ðáñáóôüóåùí...339 14.5 ÁëãåâñéêÞ ìýèïäïò áðëïðïßçóçò...339 14.5.1 Ç áñ Þ ôïõ äõéóìïý...339 14.5.2 Èåþñçìá ôïõ De Morgan...340 14.5.3 Áîéþìáôá...340 14.6 ÄéáãñáììáôéêÞ ìýèïäïò áðëïðïßçóçò - Üñôçò KARNAUGH...341 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 15 Ç ëïãéêþ ôçò ìç áíþò...345 15.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ...345 15.2 ËïãéêÜ Êõêëþìáôá...345 15.3 Ëýóç ðñïâëçìüôùí ëïãéêïý ó åäéáóìïý...346 15.4 Ïé ðýëåò óôçí áñéèìçôéêþ...348 15.4.1 Ï çìéáèñïéóôþò...348 15.4.2 Ï ðëþñçò áèñïéóôþò...350 15.4.3 ÐáñÜëëçëç êáé óåéñéáêþ ðñüóèåóç...351 15.4.4 ëëåò áñéèìçôéêýò ðñüîåéò...352 Ðåñéå üìåíá 13 15.5 Ëïãéêüò ó åäéáóìüò ìå ðýëåò NAND êáé NOR...353 15.5.1 Ïé ðýëåò NAND êáé NOR...353 15.5.2 ÌåôáôñïðÞ êõêëùìüôùí AND - OR - NOT óå êõêëþìáôá NAND Þ NOR...354 15.6 ÁêïëïõèéáêÜ Êõêëþìáôá...357 15.7 Êùäéêïðïßçóç - Áðïêùäéêïðïßçóç...359 15.8 Ôï åíäéüìåóï (interface)...361 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 16 Ç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôþ...363 16.1 ÅéóáãùãÞ...363 16.2 Ïé êáôçãïñßåò ôùí åíôïëþí...364 16.3 Ç ìïñöþ ôçò åíôïëþò...365 16.4 Ç ÊåíôñéêÞ ÌïíÜäá Åðåîåñãáóßáò (Ê.Ì.Å.)...367 16.5 Ï êýêëïò ÁíÜêëçóçò - ÅêôÝëåóçò ôùí åíôïëþí...371 16.6 ÌÝèïäïé ðñïóäéïñéóìïý ôçò äéåýèõíóçò...372 16.6.1 ëëåò ìýèïäïé ðñïóäéïñéóìïý äéåýèõíóçò...374 16.7 ÓõìâïëéêÞ ãëþóóá ìç áíþò...374 16.7.1 Ìéá õðïèåôéêþ óõìâïëéêþ ãëþóóá ìç áíþò...375 16.7.2 Ðáñáäåßãìáôá ðñïãñáììüôùí óå óõìâïëéêþ ãëþóóá ìç áíþò...377 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 17 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò - Ãëþóóåò Ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...381 17.1 Ðñïãñáììáôéóìüò...381 17.1.1 ÌáèçìáôéêÞ áíüëõóç ôïõ ðñïâëþìáôïò...382 17.1.2 Äçìéïõñãßá ôïõ áëãïñßèìïõ...382 17.1.3 Ó çìáôéêþ ðáñïõóßáóç ôïõ áëãïñßèìïõ...382 17.1.4 ÌåôáöïñÜ ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò ôïõ áëãïñßèìïõ óôç ãëþóóá ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...385 17.1.5 «ÔñÝîéìï» ôïõ ðñïãñüììáôïò óôïí ÕðïëïãéóôÞ...386 17.1.6 ëåã ïò ôùí áðïôåëåóìüôùí...386 17.2 Ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...387 17.2.1 ÅîÝëéîç ôùí ãëùóóþí ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...390 17.2.2 Ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý êáé ôå íïëïãßá ëïãéóìéêïý...390 17.2.3 Ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý êáé ôå íïëïãßá õëéêïý...392 17.2.4 Ôáîéíüìçóç ãëùóóþí ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...393
14 ÅéóáãùãÞ óôçí ÐëçñïöïñéêÞ 17.3 ÓõíïðôéêÞ ðáñïõóßáóç âáóéêþí ãëùóóþí ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...400 17.3.1 FORTRAN: Ìßá ãëþóóá ãéá åðéóôþìïíåò êáé ìç áíéêïýò...400 17.3.2 COBOL: Ìßá ãëþóóá ãéá åðé åéñþóåéò êáé åìðüñéï...401 17.3.3 PASCAL: Ç ãëþóóá ãåíéêïý óêïðïý...402 17.3.4 C: Ìéá äéáäéêáóôéêþ ãëþóóá...404 17.3.5 C++: Ç áíôéêåéìåíïóôñåöþò ãëþóóá...405 17.3.6 BASIC: Ìéá ðïëõ ñçóéìïðïéïýìåíç ãëþóóá...405 17.3.7 ADA: Ìéá Üëëç ãëþóóá ãåíéêïý óêïðïý...406 17.3.8 SNOBOL: Mßá ãëþóóá ãéá äéá åßñéóç êåéìýíïõ êáé óõìâïëïóåéñþí...408 17.3.9 LISP: Ìßá ãëþóóá âáóéóìýíç óôçí Åðåîåñãáóßá Ëéóôþí...409 17.3.10 PROLOG: Ìßá ãëþóóá âáóéóìýíç óôçí ÐñïôáóéáêÞ ËïãéêÞ...410 17.3.11 APL: Ç ðåìðôïõóßá ôçò óõìðáãüôçôáò...412 17.3.12 Java: Ç ãëþóóá ôïõ Internet...413 17.3.13 HTML êáé XML: Ãëþóóåò äçìéïõñãßáò éóôïóåëßäùí...414 17.3.14 SQL: Ìéá ãëþóóá ãéá ôçí áíüðôõîç âüóåùí äåäïìýíùí...416 17.4 ñåõíá óôéò ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý...418 Ðåñéå üìåíá 15 19.2.5 ÖÜóç 5ç: Õëïðïßçóç ÓõóôÞìáôïò...441 19.2.6 ÖÜóç 6ç: ÓõíôÞñçóç ÓõóôÞìáôïò...441 19.3 Ðñïôõðïðïßçóç...442 Âéâëéïãñáößá...443 ÅõñåôÞñéï...445 ÃëùóóÜñé...451 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 18 Áñ åßá äåäïìýíùí...421 18.1 ÃåíéêÝò Ýííïéåò...421 18.2 áñáêôçñéóìüò áñ åßùí ùò ðñïò ôï ðåñéå üìåíï...422 18.3 ÌÝèïäïé ïñãüíùóçò áñ åßùí...424 18.3.1 ÓåéñéáêÞ ïñãüíùóç áñ åßïõ (Sequential Organisation)...425 18.3.2 ÏñãÜíùóç Üìåóçò ðñïóðýëáóçò (Direct Organisation)...425 18.4 Áñ åßá óå ìáãíçôéêü ìýóá...426 18.5 Êáôá þñçóç êáé áíüêëçóç óôçí ôáéíßá...427 18.6 Êáôá þñçóç êáé áíüêëçóç óôï äßóêï...429 ÊÅÖÁËÁÉÏ 19 ÁíÜëõóç êáé Ó åäéáóìüò ÓõóôçìÜôùí...431 19.1 ÃåíéêÜ...431 19.2 Ïé öüóåéò áíüðôõîçò ðëçñïöïñéáêïý óõóôþìáôïò...433 19.2.1 ÖÜóç 1ç: ÐñïêáôáñêôéêÞ ÅîÝôáóç...434 19.2.2 ÖÜóç 2ç: ÁíÜëõóç ÓõóôÞìáôïò...435 19.2.3 ÖÜóç 3ç: Ó åäßáóç ÓõóôÞìáôïò...439 19.2.4 ÖÜóç 4ç: ÁíÜðôõîç ÓõóôÞìáôïò...440