Εφαρμογές στη Βιοϊατρική Μηχανική ETY-494 Εαρινό εξάμηνο 2016

Εφαρμογές στη Βιοϊατρική Μηχανική ETY-494 Εαρινό εξάμηνο 2016 ΝΙΚΟΣ ΧΡΟΝΗΣ chronis@materials.uoc.gr

Έχετε να Προτείνετε Εφαρμογές της Βιοϊατρικής Μηχανικής ;

Πως θα μεταφράζαμε το όρο Βιοϊατρική Μηχανική στα Αγγλικά ;

Δημοσιο Χρεος http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/?p=1766

Global Health http://earlywarn.blogspot.gr/2011/04/life-expectancy-around-world.html

Communicable Diseases: Ebola, Enterovirus D68, Flu, Hantavirus, HIV/AIDS, Measles, MRSA, Pertussis, Rabies, Sexually Transmitted Disease, Tuberculosis, West Nile Virus

Και λιγο ιστορια... Yersinia pestis bacterium

Εθνικο Ινστιτούτο Υγειας των ΗΠΑ (National Institute of Health-NIH) Established in 2002

Bio-Engineering Education

Does Greece need bio-engineers? Money Spent Per year (through NIH) USA ~30 billlion dollars? GREECE US population 320 million people 11 million Per person ~$95 As% GDP 0.2% Number of Doctors 900,000 Number of Bio-Engineers 30,000 0

Εφαρμογές της Βιοϊατρικής Μηχανικής

World Leaders Getting In Fights https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3dhkni1mu8

Men's 200m - London 2012 Paralympic Games https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9wlp1stnoy

http://www.pbs.org/saf/1107/features/body.htm

Stephen Hawking

Difficulty in Walking? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_dcwn-cu9g

http://www.vox.com/2014/10/15/6982053/selective-breeding-farmingevolution-corn-watermelon-peaches

Αγορι η Κοριτσι?

Food Worth Dying For

Malawian women Image taken from: http://amivitale.photoshelter.com/image/i0000raqtjpac9m8

Bio-System Engineering Genetic Engineering BioFluid Mechanics & BioHeat Transfer Bio- Engineering Medical Physics Tissue Engineering Biomechanics

Bio- Engineering Biomechanics

1) Εργασια: 30 % του τελικου βαθμου ( μη υποχρεωτικη ) 2) Συμμετοχη/Παρουσιαση : 10% του τελικου βαθμου 3) Τελικη εξεταση : 60% του βαθμου * Αν καποιος/καποια ΔΕΝ κανει εργασια και ΔΕΝ συμμετεχει στο μαθημα, ο μεγιστος βαθμος που μπορει να παρει ειναι 6.

Η εργασια (3 μοναδες): Βιβλιογραφικη ανασκοπηση

BioMechanics I: Forces on Bodies The father of Biomechanics Borelli s analysis of different joints in man

Sports Injuries: Boxing Quantitative Modelling Image taken from: http://boxiana.blogspot.gr/2009_06_01_archi ve.html Read more: http://bmsi.ru/doc/666ba11c-07f4-4939- 8e9f-f669acd65787

How Injury takes place? Can you explain COUP versus CONTRECOUP Injury? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coup_contrecoup_injury

Captain Hook

BioMechanics II: Prosthetics (external) Oscar Pistorius Material: Carbon-fiberreinforced polymer Cost: $15,000 120 kh/h!!!! The Flex-Foot Cheetah

Πως δουλευει

Carbon-fiberreinforced polymer Strong & light https://haripoovachal.wordpress.com/tag/carbon-fibre-reinforced-polymer/

Prosthetics: The Future Robotic Leg The C-Leg : A computerized prosthetic leg - Introduced in the U.S. in 1999 - unparalleled stability https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/future-robotic-leg

Video: the C-leg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrnkjvjulz0

Prosthetics Controlled by the Brain!

How it started?

Artifical (robotic) Limbs controlled by the Brain! Για τη ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑ Για τους Κινητικα Αναπηρους Watch Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrt8qcx 3BCo

Artificial Limbs Controlled by Brain! http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/articl e-2785769/the-mind-controlled-prostheticlimb-given-wearer-sense-touch.html Also termed Bionics

Implantable Prosthetics 1. Total Hip Joint Replacement 2. Total Knee Joint Replacement

Αρθρίτιδα (Arthritis) - Αρθρίτιδα: πάνω από 100 διαφορετικές μορφές - 1 στους 5 ενήλικες πάσχει από κάποια αρθρίτιδα διαφορετικής βαρύτητας 4 παράγοντες κινδύνου: 1) Ηλικία (μειώνεται η ικανότητα αυτόεπούλωσης των χόνδρων) 2) Διατροφή (ασβέστιο, βιταμίνες C,D) 3) Παχυσαρκία (αυξάνει το βάρος στις αρθρώσεις) 4) Επάγγελμα http://homeremediesforlife.com/arthritis/

Anatomy of a Joint CARTILAGE: αρθρικός χόνδρος, είναι ένας ελαστικός, λείος ιστός, ο οποίος καλύπτει τα οστά που έρχονται σε επαφή σε μία άρθρωση και επιτρέπει την ομαλή, με ελάχιστη τριβή, κίνηση των αρθρικών επιφανειώ SYNOVIAL FLUID: αρθρικό υγρό, διευκολύνει την κίνηση των αρθρικών επιφανειών, ενώ παρέχει θρεπτικές ουσίες για τον αρθρικό χόνδρο Image taken from: http://bme240.eng.uci.edu/students/07s/sblack/

The Hip Joint Healthy Worn http://www.wecareforlife.com/total-hip-replacement

Total Hip Joint Replacement Expanded View 3. The Cup The assembly in place 2. The Ball 1. The Metal Stem Hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic (artificial) implant

Υλικά σε εμφυτεύσιμα προσθετικά μέλη Τεχνικές Απαιτησεις (Engineering Specifications): Μηχανικη Αντοχη, Βιοσυμβατοτητα, Διαρκεια ζωης (φθορά) Image taken: http://www.designfax.net/archives/0503/0503app_ideas.asp

2 Critical Parameters: 1) Wear Rate 2) Composition of Debris

For more info: http://www.slideshare.net/yozmen/t ribological-properties-ofmetalonmetal-hip-implants

Alternative to total Hip Replacement Total hip resurfacing arthroplasty: A bone-preserving procedure that helps restore comfort and function to patients hips damaged by degenerative joint disease Watch Video: http://www.orthop.washington.edu/?q=patient-care/articles/hip/bone-sparing-total-hipresurfacing-arthroplasty-surgery-metal-on-metal-dev

Biomechanics: at the Cellular Level Neutrophil chemotaxis (Cell BioMechanics) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_mxdvzq6du http://faculty.washington.edu/nsniadec/research.html Cells sense and respond to chemical cues and mechanical forces!

Cell Mechanics Meet Biology

Biomechanics: at the Molecular Level (Molecular Biomechanics) Measuring the force needed to unzip a single DNA molecule! Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 10-2002, Volume 23, Issue 5-6, pp 377-395 Stretching and imaging single DNA molecules and chromatin

Bio- Engineering Medical Physics Biomechanics

Medical Physics/Imaging: Ultrasound Imaging Ερώτηση: Γιατί η εικόνα δεν είναι ορθογωνισμένη;

Πως δουλεύει ; Στηριζεται στην ανακλαση (reflection) ακουστικων κυματων (~MHz) καθως αυτά περνάνε μεσα απο διαφορετικα στρωματα ιστων.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI - Μαγνητική Τομογραφία) Images taken from: http://www.imaios.com/en/e-anatomy/head-and-neck/brain-mri-3d Ερ: Διαφορες μεταξυ MRI και Ultrasound Imaging?

Πως δουλευει ; http://science.howstuffworks.com/mri3.htm

The MRI scanner Image taken from: http://cdiok.com/?page_id=14

BioFluid Mechanics & BioHeat Transfer Bio- Engineering Medical Physics Biomechanics

BioFluid Mechanics and Atherosclerosis (αθηροσκλήρωση) Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries PLAQUE (αθηρωματική πλάκα): - Degenerative material in the inner layer of artery walls. - Consists of white blood cells, lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and fibrous connective tissue. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad

Cross Section of an Atherosclerotic Artery https://andthewaveswego.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/progression-ofcoronary-artery-lesion-morphology1.jpg

Εξελιξη Αθηρωματικης Πλακας https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atherosclerosis#/media/file:atherosclerosis_disease_progression.png

BioFluid Mechanics: Understanding Plaque Formation Plaque formation and Wall Shear Stress (WS) http://www.womens-health-advice.com/photos/heart-attack.html H. Samady, et al. Coronary artery wall shear stress is associated with progression and transformation of atherosclerotic plaque and arterial remodeling in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation (2011 Jul 25)

Plaque Removal using Angiojet Catheter Removing thrombus mainly from peripheral arteries and veins prior to balloon angioplasty or stent placement Taken from : www.heartcenteronline.com

AngioJet Thrombectomy in Action Watch movie at: http://www.bostonscientific.com/en- US/products/thrombectomy-systems/angiojetthrombectomy-system.html

The Stent Treating Stenosis: The Stent The procedure: Angioplasty http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stent http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents/placed

Stents: Design & Materials Specs: Biocompatibility, minimize inflammation, slow down restenosis Καλο θεμα για τη εργασια σας

BioFluid Mechanics & BioHeat Transfer Genetic Engineering Bio- Engineering Medical Physics Biomechanics

Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering Direct manipulation of an organism's genes Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure of genes directly. Examples: -Improving crop technology (not a medical application) -the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria -GFP expression for imaging How many Genes we have?

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology http://captain-nitrogen.tumblr.com/post/2573349090/a-crash-course-inbiochemistry-from-atoms-to

The result of a chemical reaction called Bioluminescence, it occurs when a micro-organism in sea water is disturbed by oxygen Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2124432/glow-flow-naturalphenomenon-turns-sea-water-electric-neon-blue-washes-beach.html#ixzz3sqhv4hwn

Osamu Shimomura The GFP Protein GPF comes from the jellyfish (μεδουσα) Aequorea victoria. It has the shape of a barrel. Inside the barrel there is the light-absorbing complex, which absorbs high-energy UV-light and emits green light. http://2008.igem.org/team:heidelberg/human_practice/phips_the_phage/technical_backround

Green fluorescent protein (GPF) is naturally expressed in jellyfish How is it done?

2008 Nobel Price in Chemistry - Martin Chalfie (Columbia University)

BioFluid Mechanics & BioHeat Transfer Genetic Engineering Bio- Engineering Medical Physics Tissue Engineering Biomechanics

Tissue Engineering: Creating Human Tissue/Organs http://meeting.nesps.org/2011/47.cgi http://www.tissueeng.net/main.htm http://ns.umich.edu/new/multimedia/videos/2 1742-national-magazine-honors-creators-oflife-saving-3d-printed-airway-splint

How it is done http://textile.iitd.ac.in/highlights/fol8/01.htm

BioSystems Engineering: Total Artificial Heart A Total Artificial Heart (TAH) is a device that replaces the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. Pneumatically Driven Diaphragm You might need a TAH for 1 of 2 reasons: - To keep you alive while you wait for a heart transplant - You have end-stage heart failure in both ventricles Read and Watch: http://www.papworthhospital.nhs.uk/transplantservices/total-artificial-heart.php

Implanting the TAH The sequence in which the native heart is removed and the total artificial heart transplant is placed An artificial heart or VAD (Ventricular Assist Device) is made out of metal, plastic, ceramic, and animal parts. http://www.rcsismj.com/4th-edition/heart-tx/

BioMedical Transducers Ex vivo In vivo Image taken from : http://mems.colorado.edu/c1.res.ppt/ppt/g.tutorial/ppt.htm

Artificial Retina

Artificial Retina https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aakio5l-5pc

Portable Medical Devices The Blood Pressure Meter Then Why measure blood pressure? Today

αγγειοσυστολή HyperTension and Heart Diseases http://imgkid.com/atherosclerosis-heart.shtml

Question: How does Smoking affect arteries? Image taken from: http://jharkhand.gov.in/healthcarecdac-2.0/health-care-cdac-kol-gksaha-v2.0/zoom- %20Stroke-Smoking%20Effects-Arteries%20Hardening.html

In Summary 1. Smoking damages the lining (φ _ α) of your arteries, leading to a build up of fatty material (atheroma) which narrows the artery. 2. The carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in your blood. This means your heart has to pump harder to supply the body with the oxygen it needs. 3. Nicotine stimulates your body to produce adrenaline, which makes your heart beat faster and raises your blood pressure, making your heart work harder. 4. Your blood is more likely to clot, which increases your risk of having a heart attack or stroke. https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/risk-factors/smoking

The Good News https://www.pinterest.com/pin/464926361502620805/

From Wearable Consumer Electronics to Wearable Medical Devices http://www.huffingtonpost.co m/gregory-weinkauf/glucosemonitoring_b_1503881.html

Gastric Stimulator -For Treating Gastroparesis (γαστροπάρεση): Paralyzed Stomach - Wires transmit low-energy electrical pulses to the stomach. - The device's battery lasts from 5-10 years

Or for Weight Loss http://www.obesityhelp.com/forums/lapband/4499183/stomack-pacemaker-new/

Why you need a Wi-Fi spot on your foot?

Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0peodgs4hg Left Image: http://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/customer-support/sensors-and-transmitters-support/calibration-sensor

Global Health and Bio-Engineering

Point-of-care (POC) Biochips NEED to perform testing in the field 1. Blood is obtained from the patient s finger ~ 1 cm Lab-on-chip System 2. The sample is being processed by the biochip ~ 10 cm 3. The biochip is placed inside the data analysis device for blood analysis.

Glucose Point-of-care Monitor 1. Lancet 2. Blood Strip (biochip) 3. Glucometer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glucose_meter#mediaviewer/file:blausen_0301_diabetes_glucosemonitoring.png

The future of Glucose Monitoring FIRST INSULIN PUMP 1978 http://wbisbill.hubpages.com/hub/insulin-pump-therapy---way-to-go-for-diabetes---my-story#

The future of Glucose Monitoring Micro/Nano Technology A MicroPump A - The Pump itself B- The Cannula C -Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor http://wbisbill.hubpages.com/hub/insulin-pump-therapy---way-to-go-for-diabetes---my-story#

The Vision: The Lab on Chip Concept Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a term for devices that integrate (multiple) laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters. http://lab-on-chip.gene-quantification.info/

http://www.crazyengineers.com/threads/pop-this-camera-pill-beam-live-hd-videos-from-the-intestine.64805/

Project Ideas

https://www.facebook.com/missarabusa/vide os/938361902881322/?pnref=story?