2109101, 3 + (+ ) Base Metal + Alloying Elements (+ Impurities) = Fe + C + Mn + i + P + = Al + i + Mg + Cu + Fe = Fe + Cr + Ni + C; Cr > 13% 2 - / (, ) (Component)- (Phase)- Homogenous Distinct Portion 4 1
+ Alcohol + + Phenol Phenol Cu + Ni Bi + Cd Cu + Ag Al + i (Cu)+(Ag) (Al) + i () (Phenol) 7 (25ºC) 68% 80 g 20 g = 80% 68% + () g g?? 6-8 5
(Pure Metal) ( ) (iquid olution) (olid olution) (Interstitial olid olution) (ubstitutional olid olution), Fe 3 C, CuAl 2, AgCd,,, AgCd(), Ag 5 Cd 8 (), AgCd 3 () (Ag) (Cd) Ag Cd 100% Ag 0% Ag 0% Cd 100% Cd 11 (Interstitial olid olution) (ubstitutional olid olution) 10, Fe-1.0%C, Al-7.0wt%i 12 9
(One-component ystem) (Binary ystem) A+B %B 13 15 (One-component ystem) (.. Cu-Ni) 14 16
ule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know: --the # and types of phases present. Examples: A(1100C,60%Ni): 1 phase: B(1250 C,35%Ni): 2 phases: + Cu-Ni phase diagram Adapted from Fig. 9.2(a), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), AM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991). 17 ule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know: --the composition of each phase. Examples: T( C) liquidus TA 130 0 120 0 20 (liquid) A (solid) + solidus TB TD B D Cu-Ni system tie line + ule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know: --the amount of each phase. Examples: T( C) 130 0 120 0 20 (liquid) (solid) wt% Ni 19 Co = 35wt%Ni At TA: Only iquid () C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni) At TD: Only olid ( ) C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni ) At TB: Both and C = Cliquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here) C = Csolidus ( = 43wt% Ni here) 32 35 43 C C o C 30 40 50 wt% Ni Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), AM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.) 18 liquidus TA A + solidus TB TD B D Cu-Ni system tie line + Co = 35wt%Ni At TA: Only iquid () =100%iquid C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni) At TD: Only olid ( ) =100%olid C = Co ( = 35wt% Ni ) At TB: Both and =?%olid +?%iquid C = Cliquidus ( = 32wt% Ni here) C = Csolidus ( = 43wt% Ni here) 32 35 43 C C o C 30 40 50 Adapted from Fig. 9.2(b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.2(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), AM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.) ever arm s ule Phase I Phase II I II Fulcrum I II I I = II II 20
21 1 1 C C C C C C 0 0 22 If let =1, then, =/(+), =/(+) = 68% = 32% 23 Development of Microstructure 24
B: max. solubility of Ag in Cu G: max. solubility of Cu in Ag E: min. melting Temperature = Eutectic Eutectic T. Eutectic C. MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-II Co < 2wt%n esult: --polycrystal of grains. T( C) 400 300 : Cowt%n 200 TE : Cowt%n + (Pb-n ystem) 100 + Adapted from Fig. 9.9, Callister 6e. 0 Co 2 10 20 (room T solubility limit) 30 Co, wt% n 26 28 Co = CE esult: Eutectic microstructure --alternating layers of and crystals. 300 Pb-n system 200 TE T( C) MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-I + 183 C : Cowt%n + Eutectic 1 + 2 Micrograph of Pb-n eutectic microstructure 100 0 0 + 20 40 60 : 97.8wt%n : 18.3wt%n 80 100 18.3 CE 97.8 Adapted from Fig. 9.11, Callister 6e. 61.9 Co, wt% n 160 m Adapted from Fig. 9.12, Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.12 from Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed., Metallography and Microstructures, American ociety for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.) 27 MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-III 2wt%n < Co < 18.3wt%n esult: -- polycrystal with fine crystals. 400 300 200 TE 100 T( C) + : Cowt%n + : Cowt%n Pb-n system Adapted from Fig. 9.10, Callister 6e. 0 10 20 2 Co (sol. limit at Troom ) 18.3 (sol. limit at T E ) 30 Co, wt% n 29
Pb-n system 300 T( C) MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-IV 18.3wt%n < Co < 61.9wt%n esult: crystals and a eutectic microstructure + : Cowt%n T E 200 + T E = + T E = + MICOTUCTUE IN EUTECTIC YTEM-IV. Pb-50%n primary crystal + Eutectic tructure 100 0 0 Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 6e. + 20 40 60 18.3 Co 61.9 Co, wt% n primary eutectic 80 100 eutectic 97.8 30 31 - (Intermediate Phase) Mg 2 i = congruent phase transformation Hypoeutectic Hypereutectic 32 33
(Peritectic Phase Transformation) Peritectic + 1 2 Au 2 Bi = incongruent phase transformation 34 Eutectic 1 + 2 Peritectic + 1 2 Eutectoid 1 2 + 3 Peritectoid 1 + 2 3 36 (Peritectic Phase Transformation) (0.09%C) + (0.53%C) (0.17%C) - (teel) Fe %C 35 Peritectic: + 37
Eutectic: + 38 Eutectoid: + 40 Peritectoid: + 39 Fe-Fe 3 C Phase Diagram Fe 3 C 41
Fe-Fe 3 C Phase Diagram %C 42 - Peritectic + Eutectic + Fe 3 C Eutectoid + Fe 3 C 2% 44 - (Ferrite) (Austenite) (Delta Ferrite) ( ) (Cementite) Fe 3 C 43 45
(Pearlite) = 46 (Pearlite) 48 () () 47 (Pearlite) 49
50 52 (Pearlite) 51 0.76%C Hypoeutectoid Eutectoid Hypereutectoid 53