ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ Ανώτατο Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα Πειραιά Τεχνολογικού Τομέα Αγγλική Τουριστική Ορολογία Ενότητα 7: The economics of tourism Κουτσογιάννη Ευαγγελία Τμήμα Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων
Άδειες Χρήσης Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό υπόκειται σε άδειες χρήσης Creative Commons. Για εκπαιδευτικό υλικό, όπως εικόνες, που υπόκειται σε άλλου τύπου άδειας χρήσης, η άδεια χρήσης αναφέρεται ρητώς. 2
Χρηματοδότηση Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό έχει αναπτυχθεί στα πλαίσια του εκπαιδευτικού έργου του διδάσκοντα. Το έργο «Ανοικτά Ακαδημαϊκά Μαθήματα στο Ανώτατο Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα Πειραιά Τεχνολογικού Τομέα» έχει χρηματοδοτήσει μόνο τη αναδιαμόρφωση του εκπαιδευτικού υλικού. Το έργο υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος «Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» και συγχρηματοδοτείται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόρους. 3
In this section you will Σκοποί Ενότητας Learn some economics terminology in the English language; Familiarize yourself with texts that refer to the economic impacts-positive and negativeassociated with the tourism industry; Get an understanding of the methods used to measure the significance and the impacts of tourism. 4
Περιεχόμενα Ενότητας The economic impact of tourism Negative economic impacts of tourism Tourism satellite accounts Exercise 1 5
The economics of tourism 1 6
Negative economic impacts of tourism (1) There are many hidden costs to conventional tourism and they can have unfavourable economic effects on the host community. Often rich countries are better suited to profit from tourism than poor ones. Although the least developed countries have the most urgent need for income, employment, and a general rise in the standard of living by means of tourism, they are often the least capable to realize these benefits. Some of the costs associated with tourism that have a detrimental effect on the economy include: leakages of tourism expenditure, that is large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host country; the potential for economic over- dependence on tourism, which among others involves an opportunity cost, when, for example, there is transfer of labour from one industry such as agriculture to tourism industry; 7
Negative economic impacts of tourism (2) the exclusion of local labour (because of luck of expertise) or local products (because of their quality), or dependence on imported rather than locally produced goods and services (because of insufficient quantities); high infrastructure costs at the expense of welfare programmes for the local community; and finally inflationary costs in the local economy as new consumers increase demand for basic services and goods, which will normally cause a rise in prices that negatively affects local residents whose income will not increase proportionately. 8
Tourism satellite accounts (1) Tourism is acknowledged to be one of the world s largest industry. Its significance for any given country can be measured using a variety of indicators such as: Tourism receipts as a percentage of gross national product. Tourism receipts as a percentage of export earnings. Tourism employment as a percentage of total employment. 9
Tourism satellite accounts (2) In order to provide a framework for consistency the United Nations and the World Tourism Organization approved the recommendations that set out the methodology known as tourism satellite accounts in 2000. They are based on the national accounts data but this information is rearranged so that particular emphasis can be placed on tourism activities. However, the fact that tourism statistics derive as a by-product of data gained for other non-tourism related industries undermines the fundamental reason for implementing this accounting system. Source: Cooper,Ch.Fletcher,J.Fyall, A.Gilbert,D & Wanhall,St. (2005) Tourism: Principles and Practice. 3 rd edn.uk: Pearson Education. 10
Exercise 1 (1) Less developed or developing counties are characterised by low per capita, high levels of unemployment, dependence upon a declining agricultural sector, few or no manufacturing industries, a high level of imports and, consequently, high levels of foreign debt. a. revenues b. income c. wealth 11
Exercise 1 (2) The development and growth of tourism, in particular mass tourism, can result in a variety of negative for destination environments and societies. a.consequences b.effects c.reasons 12
Exercise 1 (3) The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains within its borders. Very often, this is a relatively small amount due to, the amount of money that is drained out of an area due to profits and wages paid outside the area and expenditure for imports. a. flows b. inflows c. leakage 13
Exercise 1 (4) If the local economy is not and imports a large number of goods, services and labour to satisfy the tourists demands for equipment, food and other products, leakage will be high, which means that there is not much opportunity left for the local people to profit from tourism. a. self-sufficient b. independent c. reliable 14
Exercise 1 (5) Tourist businesses may want governments to improve airports, roads and other investments. Public resources spent on such projects may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as education and health. a. amenities b. infrastructure c. installation 15
Exercise 1 (6) The character of the tourism industry adds economic problems for destinations that are heavily dependent on it, such as income insecurity for the workers and limited returns on investments. a. seasonal b. temporary c. multi-faceted 16
Exercise 1 (7) International tourism activity is easier to measure than domestic tourism activity because it involves custom and immigration procedures and currency. a. balance b. devaluation c. exchange 17
Exercise 1 (8) Tourism expenditure is as real as any other form of consumption and international tourist expenditure can be seen as an invisible from the host country, whereas domestic tourism can be seen as an from the host region to the other local regions. a. import.export b. export. import c. export export 18
Exercise 1 (9) Many countries have embraced tourism as the single most important way to boost their economy. This has made them very to anything that negatively affects the local tourism industry (e.g. terrorist attacks, military conflicts, impacts of natural disasters). a. reserved b. flexible c. vulnerable 19
Exercise 1 (10) The income derived from tourists expenditure is used by enterprises to pay for services, taxes and employees, which then recirculates in the country s economy. In other words, tourists expenditure a country s economic process. a. assimilates b. stimulates c. simulates 20
Exercise 1 (11) The multiplier analysis is an economic technique for the impact of tourism on the local economy. a. estimating b. appreciating c. evaluating 21
Exercise 1 (12) Tourism multipliers are particularly suitable for studying the impact of tourist expenditure on business, income, employment, public sector revenue and the balance of payments. a. goodwill b. overheads c. turnover 22
Exercise 1 (13) The concept of the multiplier is based upon the recognition that sales for one firm require purchases from other firms within the local economy, that is the industrial sectors of an economy are. a. interchangable b. interconnected c. interdependent 23
Exercise 1 (14) Where tourism development substitutes one form of expenditure and economic activity for another, this is known as the. a. displacement effect b. demonstration effect c. sustainable development 24
Exercise 1 (15) Displacement can take place when tourism development is undertaken another industry and is generally referred to as the opportunity cost of the development. a. in relation to b. at the expense of c. with reference to 25
Τέλος Ενότητας