(Design and simulation of an optical full-adder using Semiconductor optical amplifier technology)

Π Π : «Χ Ω Ω Ω Ω Χ Ω Χ Ω» (Design and simulation of an optical full-adder using Semiconductor optical amplifier technology) : 25

Π (SOAs) (full adder) ( VPI photonics[] AND OR XOR) -2- GHz

Abstract The purpose of this thesis is the implementation of an optical full adder with the use of Semiconductor Optical Amplifier ς SOA The implementation of such provisions could lead to the creation of logical systems that could work exclusively in the optical field making calculations in the physical layer with speeds that could reach tens GHz Such speeds are not still feasible with modern electrical circuits For the implementation and simulation of the full adder a suitable model has been developed with the use of the VPI photonics program More specific a suite of basic logical gates has been developed (like AND OR and XOR) that are necessary for the implementation of the use of the full adder Finally in this thesis there is an example of the use of full adders in optical routers however without the details of their implementation being analyzed in physical layer -4-

VPI 25-6-

Π - 2 Abstract- 4-6 - : - 3 - : - 3-2 : - 3-2: - 4-22: Maximum-Weight-Algorithm - 4-23: 2 24: 3: 4 - - 5-6 - 6-4: - 7 2: - 9-2: SOA - 9 22: - 9-23: - 2-23: Mach Zehnder Interferometer - 2 232: XOR - 2-233: AND - 22-234: OR - 22-3: VPI - 25-3: XOR - 25-32: AND - 26-33: OR - 26-34: + XOR2-26 - 35: + AND2-27 - 36: + XOR2 + AND2-27 - 37: - 28 4: 4: - 3-3 - 4: - 3-42: XOR2-33 - 43: AND - 36-44: AND2-39 -8-

45: - 42-46: + XOR2-42 - 47: + AND2-44 - 48: + XOR2 + AND2-46 - 42: - 49-42: - 49-422: - 52-43: - 53 5: - 58 - : - 6 - : - 62 - -9-

- MZI 23456789 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 3 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4 4 42 43 5-44 45 46 47 - - 8 XOR - 22 AND - 23 OR - 23 + XOR2-24 + AND2-24 + XOR2 + AND2-25 - 25 switched unswitched - 28-28 CW - 29-29 _- 3 switched unswitched XOR2-3 XOR2-3 CW XOR2-32 Cin XOR2-32 _- 33 switched unswitched AND - 33 AND - 34 CW AND - 34 AND - 35 _- 35 switched unswitched AND2-36 AND2-37 CW AND2-37 Cin AND2-38 AND2 _- 38-4 - 4 XOR2-4 - 42-42 XOR2-43 - 44 XOR2-44 XOR2-45 AND2-45 - 47 XOR2-48 AND2-48 AND - 49 _ S - 5 S - 5 Cout - 52 S - 53 - -

: : " " [2] [3] [45] (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier ς SOA) ( Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) ( [6] (four wave mixing) SOA [7] ) ) (terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexers - TOADs) [8] [9] Sagnac SOA [] 2 : Maximum-Weight-Matching (MWM)[] (switch) 4x4 in =4 out crossbar fabric j =4 (space division mode) 6 Qij i Qij ij=234 MaximumWeight-Algorithm 4 ( hardware 4-3 - ) 4x4

2: DEMUX crossbar fabric Crossbar Switch Fabric Q DEMUX Input Port Q2 Q3 Q4 λ Q4 DEMUX Input Port 4 Q42 Q43 Q44 Output Port Output Port 2 Output Port 3 Output Port 4-22: Maximum-Weight-Algorithm Maximum-Weight-Algorithm Ω AND OR - 4 -

6 4*6=64 bits 6 bits ) 6 bit (comparator) 24 4 bit fabric AND 2-23: Π Ω ij 24 (k) k (look-up table) 4 4 bi ij(k) bit Qij AND ( 24 6 2 OR (k) Maximum-Weight-Algorithm 2 4 3 : (i) - 5-2

2 (4x3 = 2 24 ) (ii) 2 2 24 2 5 bit 4 24: 24 (3 ) 6 bit (2 ) (iii) (6 (iv) weight) bits 4 ) (ii) k 2 ( : (i) 3 ) (6+4 bits) (maximum 6+4 -Π 3: (S) ) 4 (2 4 bit Ό 3 - ( ) (Cin) (Cout) [2] - 6 - Ά bit 2

Π -bit - Π 4: (full adder) (SOAs) Maximum-Weight-Matching (MWM) 2 3 VPI 4 VPI 5-7 -

2: 2: SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier ς SOA) (anti-reflective coatings) % laser EDFA [3] o nm 35nm SOA 24nm SOA Ga As In) SOA : 85 m 6 (P m 3 db Χ m To SOA [4] 22: Π OR Ό B Cin AND Cin AND XOR2 XOR2 S couplers XOR (A B Cin) XOR2-9 - 3 AND2 AND2 Cout AND2 AND A Cin

Π bit - 2 : A B Cin Cout S Π -Π Π Π Π 23: 23: Mach Zehnder Interferometer Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) (Continuous Wave - CW) (coupler ) MZI /2 MZI SOA ) (coupler ' (SOAs) (S) - " " - 2 - /2 (U) "OFF"(

) (control) Acontrol π ) "ON" ( SOA π Acontrol (Cross Phase Modulation - XPM) [5] - MZI (Cross Phase Modulation - XPM) [6] - 232: Π XOR XOR (exclusive OR "" (High) [7] XOR coupler ) XOR : (2) XOR2 MZI MZI coupler CW - 2 - SOA SOA2 CW

233: Π Π 2-Π Π XOR AND AND ( ) AND AND AND "" (High) "" "" : Y = A B AND (3) "" "" Ό "" "" [7] AND coupler AND2 234: Π CW CW Π CW MZI coupler CW MZI MZI 3-Π Π CW coupler AND OR OR ( ) : = + "" OR (4) OR ( ) "" "" (High) OR OR "" "" [7] "" "" (WDM mux) ( - 22 - )

[8] Π 4-Π - 23 - Π OR

- 24 -

3: Π VPI printscreen VPI 3: Π XOR - (CW) (U) MZI 2-Π - 25 - XOR XOR (S)

32: Π AND - (CW) (U) (S) MZI 3-Π 33: Π AND AND OR OR 4-Π 34: Π OR + XOR2 XOR2 (S2) ) Cin ( XOR2-26 - XOR2 (S S2 )

atenuator ( 5-Π 35: Π + XOR2 + AND2 ) Cin 6-Π 36: Π XOR2 ) AND2 (S S2 + AND2 + XOR2 + AND2 AND2 (S S2 XOR2 ) Cin - 27 - AND2

7-Π + XOR2 + AND2 37: Π Ό (Cout) Cin OR 8-Π - 28 - (S)

- 29 -

4: attenuator 4: : 5 - () (unswitched) 2 (Extinction Ratio) bit "" "" 3 CW 9 4 5-4: Π : 272e-3 W 2e-3 W : ) 2 control CW (CW) 9282e2 Hz ( ) sweep VPI CW - 3 -

9- switched unswitched 2) PRBS_7 PRBS_5 extinction ratio - 29db - 3 -

3) CW CW 9-4) PRBS_5 PRBS_7 2 - Π ( /2) CW CW - 32 -

5) - 3 - Έ 42: Π : Cin Hz XOR2 XOR2 attenuator ( 262e-3 W 2e-3 W : ) 2 control 9282e2 Hz ) CW 262e-3 W (CW) 9226e2 ( ) sweep VPI CW - 33 -

4 - switched unswitched XOR2 2) Cin extinction ratio 37db PRBS_5 5-3) XOR2 CW CW 9-34 - ( /2) CW

6-4) CW XOR2 Cin PRBS_5 7 - Π Cin 5) - - 35 - XOR2

8 - Έ 43: Π : Hz AND AND CW 93e2 Hz AND e-3 W 83e-3 W control 2e W 2e-3 W -3 MZI " : ) 939e2 SOA " ( ) sweep VPI CW 9 - switched - 36 - unswitched AND

2) PRBS_5 extinction ratio 2- PRBS_7 6db 3) AND CW CW 9 2 - CW - 37 - CW ( /2) AND

4) PRBS_5 PRBS_7 22 - Π 5) - 23 - Έ - 38 - AND

44: Π : ( 2e -3 2e-3 AND2 AND2 9282e2 ) control output 8e-3 9282e2 Cin attenuator CW Cin 93e2 Cin : ) ( ) sweep VPI CW 24-2) Cin 69db switched unswitched AND2 output - 39 - PRBS_5 extinction ratio

25-3) CW CW 9 26-4) AND2 CW CW ( /2) AND2 Cin PRBS_5-4 -

27 - Π Cin 5) - 28 - Έ 45: - 4 - AND2 AND2

925e2 Hz ADDER 9226e2 Hz 925e2 Hz Cin four-wave-mixing four-wave-mixing control To B 2e-3 W XOR2 ( coupler [2] ) 455e-3 W 472e-3 W 462e-3 W -3 272e W control AND 83e-3 W control 272e-3 W AND CW Cin CW AND2 2e-3 W control 262e-3 W 46: Π + XOR2 [9] : ) VPI control 262e-3 W + XOR2 attenuator 4264597 ( attenuator 442e-3 W 8e-3 W control XOR2 attenuator Cin : ) ( 8e-3 W ) 8e W -3 coupler AND2 PRBS_5 PRBS_7-42 - 262e-3 W 47239 AND2 XOR2

29 - Π 2) extinction ratio 3-3) extinction ratio 8db 3db XOR2 Cin - 43 - S PRBS_5

3-47: Π XOR2 + AND2 : + AND2 attenuator ) attenuator 47239 2e W -3 Cin : ) XOR2 PRBS_5 PRBS_7-44 - ( coupler AND2

32 - Π 2) extinction ratio 33-23db - 45 -

3) AND2 7db ratio Cin PRBS_5 34-48: Π extinction XOR2 + XOR2 + AND2 : ( 47239 XOR2 35 : ) + XOR2 + AND2 attenuator ) attenuator Cin 4329 AND2 coupler Cin PRBS_7 PRBS_3 Cin XOR2-46 - XOR2 PRBS_5 AND2

35 - Π 36 - Π XOR2-47 -

2) XOR2 9db 37-3) S extinction ratio XOR2 AND2 38 - extinction ratio AND2-48 - 57db

42: ' AND AB Cin Cin Cin Cin AND 2 42: : ) 37e-2 s coupler - 49 -

39-2) XOR2 C in 34e-2 s -2 37e s XOR2 2 XOR2-5 - Cin

4 - XOR2 3) AND2 Cin 32e-2 s 37e-2 s AND2 2 Cin XOR2 4 - AND2-5 -

4) AND 33e-2 s AND 42-3e-2s AND 37e-2s DelaySignal ( 422: ) VPI 33e-2 s : attenuators horizontal markers VPI XOR2 AND2-52 -

43-43: 3 Cout Cout Cin S S Cin 5 : PRBS AND AND2 OR ( 2 925e2 Hz) 2 delay signal ( AND 3 ) ) coupler 423728 AND : S: 4297 XOR2 AND2 Cin - 53 - control

44 - Π 2) S 3db extinction ratio 45 - S - 54 -

) Cout: AND 46 - Π 2) AND2 Cout - 55 -

47 - S - 56 -

- 57 -

5: AND Gbit XOR - 58 -

- 59 -

Π : [] VPI http://wwwvpiphotonicscom/ [2] eduguide "Introduction to Fiber Optics" [3] All-Optical Logic Gates Using Semiconductor Optical-Amplifier-Based Devices and Their Applications - Jae Hun Kim Young Il Kim Young Tae Byun_ Young Min Jhon Seok Lee Sun Ho Kim and Deok Ha Woo Photonics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul - July 24 [4] Wang Q G Zhu H Chen J Jaques J Leuthold A B Piccirilli and N K Dutta "Study of all-optical XOR using Mach-Zehnder interferometer and differential scheme" IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics Vol 4 No 6 73-7 Jun 24 [5] Kim J Y J M Kang T Y Kim and S K Han " Gbit/s all-optical composite logic gates with XOR NOR OR and NAND functions using SOA-MZI structures" Electron Lett Vol 42 33 26 [6] Zoiros K E P Avramidis and C S Koukourlis "Performance investigation of semiconductor optical amplifier based ultrafast nonlinear interferometer in nontrivial switching mode" Opt Eng Vol 47 No 56-28 [7] Han L H Wen H Zhang and Y Guo "All-optical wavelength conversion for polarization shift keying signal based on four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier" Opt Eng Vol 46 No 9 95-3 27 [8] Chen Z "Simple novel all-optical half adder" Opt Eng Vol 49 No 4 432-6 2 [9] Tsiokos D E Kehayas K Vyrsokinos T Houbavlis L Stampoulidis G T Kanellos N Pleros G Guekos and H Avramopoulos "-Gb/s all-optical half adder with interferometric SOA gates" IEEE Photon Technol Lett Vol 6 No 3 284-286 Mar 24 [] Phongsanam P S Mitatha C Teeka and P P Yupapin "All optical half adder/subtractor using dark-bright soliton conversion control" Microw Opt Technol Lett Vol 53 No 7 54-5442 [] Maximum-Weight-Matching " Linear complexity algorithms for maximum throughput in radio networks and input queued switches" Leandros Tassiulas Department of Electrical Engineering Maryland University Apr 28 [2] Adder-full adder http://enwikipediaorg/wiki/adder_(electronics) [3] " " 23 http://contauomgr/conta/ekpaideysh/seminaria/ [4] SOA thlematikes/optical/optical_amplifiershtm [5] " " 22 [6] " (SOA) TMM" 2 [7] http://electronicslabeu/el/psifiaka-hlektronika-2/ [8] " (WDM )" [9] Four wave mixing "Effect of Four-wave Mixing on WDM System and its Suppression Using Optimum Algorithms" S Sugumaran Neeraj Sharma Sourabh Chitranshi Nischya Thakur P Arulmozhivarman Vellor Institute Of Technology Apr May 23 [2] Coupler http://enwikipediaorg/wiki/power_dividers_and_directional_couplers - 6 -

Π : (global) VPI : ) Greatest Prime Factor Limit: 2 2) Boundary Conditions: Aperiodic 3) Sample Mode Bandwidth: 2*28e9 Hz 4) Sample Mode Center Frequency: 93e2 Hz 5) Time Window: 64/e9 s Ό - 62 -