LESSON TWENTY SIX: THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES Memorization of Vocabulary 26. Also includes words from 1 John 3:1-11-24 ἀνθρωποκτος ἀγγελια αἰτεω ἀλληλους ἀρεστος βιος γλωσσα ἐθηκεν ἐµπροσθεν ἐνωπιον θανατος θαυµαζω θειναι θεωρεω καρδια καταγινωσκω κλειω λαµβανω µεταβαινω ὀφειλω πειθω πως σπαζω σπλαγχνον τινος χαριν χρεια ψυχη ἀληθης βαρυς µεγας παρρησια πας πειθω πλειων πολυς murderer message I ask one another (see, under pronouns) pleasing life tongue from τιθηµι (I lay) aorist form in front of, before before, in the presence of death I marvel infinitive from τιθηµι (I lay) aorist see, look at, observe (θεωρῃ present subjunctive) heart condemn Ι shut, close, lock (κλειῃ - aorist subjunctive) I receive Ι move, change one s residence I ought Ι convince, persuade (future: πεισω πεισοµεν) how? I slaughter inward parts; figurative: heart genitive form of τις, τι (see, under pronouns) on account of what, for what reason need soul true heavy, weighty; figuratively: burdensome, difficult large, great boldness, confidence, assurance every, each - with anarthrous (no article) singular noun all - with anarthrous plural noun. the whole, all collectively - with articular (with article) singular noun. convince, persuade (future: πεισω) (comparative of πολυς - see below) - more much, many 1
πονηρος evil In addition to adjectives that follow the pattern of 2 nd declension in the masculine and neuter and first declension pattern in the feminine (for example, ἀγαθος and ἁγιος) there are also other categories of the adjective in Greek. These include: 1. Adjectives that follow 3 rd declension in masculine and neuter and 1 st declension in the feminine. An example of these is πας whose stem is παντ. Its masculine forms follow the pattern of τις and the neuter that of τι (see discussion on 3 rd declension nouns) while the feminine follow the pattern of δοξα (see discussion under 1 st declension nouns). Its forms are as follows: a. Masculine (following pattern of τις) Nominative: πας παντ/ες Accusative: παντ/α παντ/ας Genitive: παντ/ος παντ/ων Dative: παντ/ι πασιν Note: The nominative singular begins as παντ/ς and the dative plural as παντ/σιν. With the dropping of the τ and ν before the sigma (ς, σ) we end up with πας and πασιν, respectively. b. Neuter (following the pattern of τἰ) Nominative: παν παντ/α Accusative: παν παντ/α Genitive: παντ/ος παντ/ων Dative: παντ/ι πασιν The nominative and accusative plural forms could have been παντ (the basic stem) except for that τ does not stand at the end of a word. Also, the dative could have been παντ/σιν. With the dropping out of the τ and ν (see under masculine also) we end up with πασιν. c. Feminine (following the pattern of δοξα) Nominative: πασα πασαι Accusative: πασαν πασας Genitive: πασης πασων Dative: πασῃ πασαις 2
2. Adjectives that follow 3 rd declension pattern in the three genders. The masculine and feminine follow the pattern of τίς while the neuter follow that of τί. These fall into two main sub-categories: those whose stems end in ες (for example, αληθης [ true ] whose stem is ἀληθες) and those whose stem end in ον (for example, πλειων [ much, many ) whose stem is πλειον The forms of αληθης are: a. Masculine and feminine (following τί/ς pattern) Nominative: ἀληθης ἀληθεις Accusative: ἀληθη ἀληθεις Genitive: ἀληθους ἀληθων Dative: ἀληθει ἀληθεσιν Notes: 1). In the nominative singular, no ending (that is, we have the basic stem, ἀληθες). However the ε of the stem [ἀληθες ] is lengthened to η for compensation, resulting to ἀληθης. In the nominative plural also (shared with the accusative), it began as ἀληθες/ες (the ες being the regular ending for nominative plural) but then the ς between two vowels is dropped. The result is ἀληθε/ες, calling for contraction of the two ε and thus, ἀληθεις. 2). The accusative singular began as ἀληθες/α, the ς drops, and ε with α contract to η. 3). The genitive singular began as ἀληθες/ος, the ς of the stem drops and contraction of ε and ο produce ου. 4). The genitive plural began as ἀληθες/ων, ς drops and then ε and ω contract, with ε being dropped. 5). The dative singular began as ἀληθες/ι and then ς drops since it is between two vowels. 6). The dative plural began as ἀληθες/σιν and double sigma (σσ) is simplified to single. b. Neuter (following the pattern of τι) Nominative: ἀληθες - ἀληθη Accusative: ἀληθες - ἀληθη Genitive: ἀληθους - ἀληθων 3
Dative: ἀληθει - ἀληθεσιν Note: See the notes under masculine and feminine for the changes that occur as the endings are added to the stem. Note also: a. Both the nominative and accusative plural have the basic stem (ἀληθες). Their plural forms began as ἀληθες/α, with the ς dropping and vowels ε and α contracting to η. b. The genitive began as ἀληθες/ος in the singular and ἀληθες/ων in the plural. In both case, there is dropping of the sigma and then contraction of vowels. c. In the dative, it begins as ἀληθες/ι and ἀληθες/σιν, with the double sigma simplified to one. The forms of πλειων, whose stem is πλειον, are: a. Masculine and feminine (pattern of τίς) Nominative πλειων πλειονες Accusative πλειονα πλειονας Genitive πλειονος πλειονων Dative πλειονι πλειοσιν Note: In the nominative singular, there is no ending but vowel ο is lengthened to ω for compensation. The dative plural begins as πλειον/σιν, and then the ν, being a liquid, drops before the σ. b. Neuter (pattern of τι) Nominative: πλειον πλειον/α Accusative: πλειον πλειον/α Genitive: πλειον/ος πλειον/ων Dative: πλειον/ι πλειοσιν (πλειον + σιν) Note: Both the nominative and accusative keep the bare stem for the singular forms. The dative begins as πλειον/σιν, and then the ν of the stem drops since it is followed by σ. 3. Adjectives that have mixed patterns. Of these, the common ones are πολυς (much, many) and µεγας (large, great). They follow 2 nd declension in masculine and neuter except in four places masculine and neuter in both nominative and accusative singular. The feminine follows 1 st declension, for example, αρχη. 4
The adjective πολυς has both a regular stem (πολλ ) and an irregular one (πολ ) found in the masculine and neuter, nominative and accusative forms. Its forms (cf. those of λογος) are: a. Masculine Nominative: πολυς πολλ/οι Accusative: πολυν πολλ/ους Genitive: πολλ/ου πολλ/ων Dative: πολλ/ῳ πολλ/οις b. Neuter (cf. the forms of εργον) Nominative: πολυ πολλ/α Accusative: πολυ πολλ/α Genitive: πολλ/ου πολλ/ων Dative: πολλ/ῳ πολλ/οις c. Feminine (follows 1 st declension see αρχη) Nominative: πολλ/η πολλ/αι Accusative: πολλ/ην πολλ/ας Genitive: πολλ/ης πολλ/ων Dative: πολλ/ῃ πολλ/αις The adjective µεγας also has a regular stem (µεγαλ µεγαλ ) and an irregular one (µεγ µεγ ). Its endings are the same as those of πολυς and the regular stem is kept throughout except for the masculine and neuter, in both nominative and accusative singular. a. Masculine: b. Neuter: Nominative: µεγας µεγαλοι Accusative: µεγαν µεγαλους Genitive: µεγαλου µεγαλων Dative: µεγαλῳ µεγαλοις Nominative: µεγα µεγαλα Accusative: µεγα µεγαλα Genitive: µεγαλου µεγαλων Dative: µεγαλῳ µεγαλοις 5
c. Feminine: Nominative: µεγαλη µεγαλαι, Accusative: µεγαλην µεγαλας, Genitive: µεγαλης µεγαλων, Dative: µεγαλῃ µεγαλαις Exercise 26:1 Look at the following uses of πας and its forms in 1 John, and give a literal translation using every, all, and the whole, appropriately 1 1. καθαριζει ἡµας ἀπο πασης ἁµαρτιας (1:7) 2. και καθαρισῃ ἡµας ἀπο πασης ἀδικιας (1:9) 3. ὁτι παν το ἐν τῳ κοσµῳ... οὐκ ἐστιν ἐκ του πατρος (2:16) 4. ὁτι οὐκ εἰσιν παντες ἐξ ἡµων (2:19) 5. και οἰδατε παντες (2:20) 6. και παν ψευδος ἐκ της ἀληθειας οὐκ ἐστιν (2:21) 7. πας ὁ ἀρνουµενος τον υἱον οὐδε τον πατερα ἐχει (2:23) 8. και πας ὁ ποιων την δικαιουσυνην ἐξ αὐτου γεγεννηται (2:29) 9. και πας ὁ ἐχων την ἐλπιδα ταυτην ἐπ αὐτῳ ἁγνοζει ἑαυτον (3:3) 10. πας ὁ ποιων την ἁµαρτιαν και την ἀνοµιαν ποιει (3:4) 11. πας ὁ ἐν αὐτῷ µενεων οὐχ ἁµαρτανει (3:6) 12. πας ὁ ἁµαρτανων οὐχ ἑωρακεν αὐτον (3:6) 13 πας ὁ γεγεννηµενος ἐκ του θεου ἁµαρτιαν οὐ ποιει (3:9) 14. και οἰδατε ὁτι πας ἀνθρωποκτονος οὐκ ἐχει ζωην αἰωνιον ἐν αὐτῷ µενο υσαν (3:15) 15. και γινωσκει παντα (3:19) 16. Αγαπητοι, µη παντι πνευµατι πιστευετε (4:1) 17. παν πνευµα ὃ ὁµολογει Ιησου Χριστου ἐν σαρκι ἐληλυθοτα ἐκ του Θε ου ἐστιν (4:2) 18. και παν πνευµα ὃ µη ὁµολογει τον Ιησου ἐκ του θεου οὐκ ἐστιν (4:3) 19. πας ὁ πιστεων ὁτι Ιησου ἐστιν ὁ Χριστος, ἐκ του θεου γεγεννηται (5:1) 20. και πας ὁ ἀγαπων τον γεννησαντα ἀγαπᾷ [και] τον γεγεννηµενος ἐξ αὐτ ου (5:1) 21. ὁτι παν το γεγεννεµενον ἐκ του θεου νικᾷ τον κοσµον (5:4) 1 As a general principle, πας with a singular noun without article (anarthrous) means every / each. When the noun is plural, and still without article, it means all. When the noun has article it is looked at collectively and the better translation would be all / the whole. 6
22. οἰδαµεν ὁτι πας ὁ γεγεννηµενος ἐκ του θεου οὐχ ἁµαρτανει (1 John 5:18) Exercise 26.2 Translate 1 John 3:11-24, utilizing fully all the knowledge gained so far. 3:11 Ὅτι αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγγελία ἣν ἠκούσατε ἀπ ἀρχῆς, ἵνα ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους 12 οὐ καθὼς Κάϊν ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ ἦν καὶ ἔσφαξεν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ χάριν τίνος ἔσφαξεν αὐτόν; ὅτι τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ πονηρὰ ἦν, τὰ δὲ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ δίκαια. 13 [καὶ] µὴ θαυµάζετε, ἀδελφοί, εἰ µισεῖ ὑµᾶς ὁ κόσµος. 14 ἡµεῖς οἴδαµεν ὅτι µεταβεβήκαµεν ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου εἰς τὴν ζωήν, ὅτι ἀγαπῶµεν τοὺς ἀδελφούς ὁ µὴ ἀγαπῶν µένει ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ. 15 πᾶς ὁ µισῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ἀνθρωποκτόνος ἐστίν, καὶ οἴδατε ὅτι πᾶς ἀνθρωποκτόνος οὐκ ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἐν αὐτῷ µένουσαν. 16 ἐν τούτῳ ἐγνώκαµεν τὴν ἀγάπην, ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὑπὲρ ἡµῶν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἔθηκεν καὶ ἡµεῖς ὀφείλοµεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τὰς ψυχὰς θεῖναι. 17 ὃς δ ἂν ἔχῃ τὸν βίον τοῦ κόσµου καὶ θεωρῇ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ χρείαν ἔχοντα καὶ κλείσῃ τὰ σπλάγχνα αὐτοῦ ἀπ αὐτοῦ, πῶς ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ µένει ἐν αὐτῷ; 18 Τεκνία, µὴ ἀγαπῶµεν λόγῳ µηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ καὶ ἀληθείᾳ. 19 [Καὶ] ἐν τούτῳ γνωσόµεθα ὅτι ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐσµέν, καὶ ἔµπροσθεν αὐτοῦ πείσοµεν τὴν καρδίαν ἡµῶν 20 ὅτι ἐὰν καταγινώσκῃ ἡµῶν ἡ καρδία, ὅτι µείζων ἐστὶν ὁ θεὸς τῆς καρδίας ἡµῶν καὶ γινώσκει πάντα. 21 Ἀγαπητοί, ἐὰν ἡ καρδία µὴ καταγινώσκῃ ἡµῶν, παρρησίαν ἔχοµεν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, 22 καὶ ὃ ἐὰν αἰτῶµεν λαµβάνοµεν ἀπ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ τηροῦµεν καὶ τὰ ἀρεστὰ ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ ποιοῦµεν. 23 καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ, ἵνα πιστεύσωµεν τῷ ὀνόµατι τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους, καθὼς ἔδωκεν ἐντολὴν ἡµῖν. 24 καὶ ὁ τηρῶν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ µένει καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκοµεν ὅτι µένει ἐν ἡµῖν, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύµατος οὗ ἡµῖν ἔδωκεν. Samuel M. Ngewa Africa International University 7
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