MENTAL TROPES IN THE HOLY QUR`AN NAZEER HUSSEIN EMRITTE. submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of

MENTAL TROPES IN THE HOLY QUR`AN by NAZEER HUSSEIN EMRITTE submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject ARABIC at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR PROF Y DADOO CO-SUPERVISOR DR IE JAFFER November 2011

SUMMARY OF THE THESIS SUMMARY OF THE THESIS This is a systematic study of tropes of the Holy Quràn divided into four chapters The first chapter is entitled An historical review of rhetoric and stylistics and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled Western rhetoric and stylistics where as the second section deals with Arabic rhetoric and stylistics. The second chapter is entitled Tropes and their components and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled the definition of tropes. This section deals with the definition of literal expressions and figurative expressions and the required condition for figurative expressions; that is the syntactical and semantic coherence and relationships. The second section is entitled Components of tropes which deals with different components of tropes. The third chapter is entitled Linguistic tropes of the Holy Quràn and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled The spread of linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn. The second section is entitled Relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn. This section quotes each and every relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn. The fourth chapter is entitled mental tropes in the Holy Quràn and it consists of three sections; the first section is entitled Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn from part 1 to part 10. The second section is entitled Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn from part 11 to part 20 and the third section is entitled Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn from part 21 to part 30. These sections quote verses of the Holy Quràn which contain mental tropes. The above mentioned chapters deal with the following points 1. The Western and Arabic rhetoric and stylistics across the times. 2. The periods of the rising up of the Arabic rhetoric its full development completion codification and complexity. 3. Definition of literal and figurative meaning the syntactical and semantic coherence and the relationship. 4. Linguistic tropes their relationships purposes and components. 5. The occurrence of tropes in Arabic language. 6. Linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn and their relationships. 7. Mental tropes and their components. 8. Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn.

KEY TERMS KEY TERMS 1. Rhetoric 2. Semantics 3. Stylistics 4. Literal expressions 5. Figurative expressions 6. Tropes 7. Arabic Language 8. Arabic Linguistics

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KEY TERMS 1. Rhetoric 2. Semantics 3. Stylistics 4. Literal expressions 5. Figurative expressions 6. Tropes 7. Arabic Language 8. Arabic Linguistics

MENTAL TROPES IN THE HOLY QUR`AN by NAZEER HUSSEIN EMRITTE submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject ARABIC at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR PROF Y DADOO CO-SUPERVISOR DR IE JAFFER November 2011

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......- 522

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. ÏM oψ Áósßϑø9$# tβθãβötƒ t Ï%!$#uρ -.. 4 öνä3 9 ;N u öθtã ß] n=ro -.. 809.....- 810 811 812 813

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$ ϑ n=y uρ Zπ ŠÏtrB $yγšïù šχöθ )n=ãƒuρ (#ρçy9 ¹ $yϑî sπsùöäóø9$# šχ ρt øgä ší s9'ρé& -.. t ÏèÅÒ yz $oλm; öνßγà) oψôãr& ôm =sàsù Zπtƒ#u Ï!$uΚ 9$# z iïβ ΝÍκön=tã öαií t çρ ù't± Σ βî) -... 818. 819... 820 821

-... -...... 822 823 824 825

-.. tβθèwt6 ès? Zπtƒ#u?ìƒÍ eè ä3î tβθãζö6s?r& -.. 4 Ï' # à9$# ÏΘöθtƒ Ü>#x tã öνèδx yzr'sù çνθç s3sù -.. 826...-. 827 828 829 830

... š t ô tβ u!$tβ yšu uρ $ ϑs9uρ -.. É)sù 9öyz ô ÏΒ n<î) Mø9t Ρr&!$yϑÏ9 oîτî) bé>u tα$s)sù -..... 831 832 833 834

... ( n?tã šχ uρô ã Ÿξsù àmø ŸÒs% È s#y_f{$# $yϑ ƒr& -.. Zωθß u $yγiïβé& þ Îû y]yèö7tƒ 4 Lym 3 tà)ø9$# y7î=ôγãβ y7 u tβ%x. $tβuρ -....... 835 836 837 838 839

. «!$# É>#x yèx. Ä $ Ψ9$# sπuζ FÏù Ÿ yèy_ «!$# Îû y ÏŒρé&!#sŒÎ*sù -.. -.. 840....- 841 842 843

. Ÿ Î6 9$# tβθãèsüø)s?uρ tα%ỳ hì9$# šχθè?ù'tfs9 öνä3 ΨÎ r& -... 844.-. 845 846

() () $yγøšs9î) (#þθãζä3ó tfjï9 %[` uρø r& öνä3å àρr& ô iïβ ä3s9 tn=y{ βr& ÿ ÏµÏG tƒ#u ô ÏΒuρ -... 3 yš tèùuρ 4 o_ WtΒ! (#θãβθà)s? βr& ( >οy Ïm uθî Νä3ÝàÏãr&!$yϑ ΡÎ) ö è% -..... 847 848 849 850

. u θç7s? 9 Zοt pgïb šχθã_ötƒ -.. 4 Ÿωρâ s? βr& uúö F{$#uρ ÏN uθ yϑ 9$# ÛÅ ôϑãƒ!$# βî) -....... 851 852 853 854 855

. & Î7 Β 5Θ$tΒÎ) þ Îû çµ uζøš Áômr& > ó x«ä.uρ -.. $wšym tβ%x. tβ u É ΖãŠjÏ9 -...... 856 857 858 859

$Vϑ yè Ρr&!$uΖƒÏ ƒr& ômn=ïϑtã $ ϑiïβ Νßγs9 $uζø)n=yz $ Ρr& (# ρttƒ óοs9uρr& -.. È Ïϑu ø9$# Ç tã $uζtρθè?ù's? Λä Ζä. öνä3 ΡÎ) (#þθä9$s% -....... 860 861 862 863 864

zνšïδ töz} ÏµÏGyè Ï ÏΒ χî)uρ -. - -. sø#tsù -........ 865 866 867 868

4!$tƒö 9$# Mø% ¹ ô s% -. -. - - -. 5 $s)ï uρ ;ο Ïã Îû (#ρãxx. t Ï%!$# È t - -........ 869 870 871 872

î n=ïg z$# ωî)!#x yδ βî) ÍοtÅzFψ$# Ï' #Ïϑø9$# Îû #x pκí5 $uζ èïÿxœ $tβ -. - -.. ë># ρr& ÿ çµ ΡÎ) ( Ï ƒf{$# #sœ yš ãρ#yš $tρy ö7tã öä.øœ$#uρ -.. - -...... 873 874 875 876

4 WξÏÜ t $yϑåκs] t $tβuρ uúö F{$#uρ u!$yϑ 9$# $uζø)n=yz $tβuρ -.. ô s)s9uρ -....... 877 878 879 880 881

A>#x tãuρ 5=óÁãΖÎ süø ±9$# z Í_ tβ oîτr& ÿ çµ u 3 yš$tρ øœî) z>θ ƒr&!$tρy ö7tã öä.øœ$#uρ -... -..... 882 883 884 885

. Í $ Ζ9$# n<î) û_í_tρθãô s?uρ Íο4θyf Ζ9$# n<î) öνà2θã Šr& þ Í< $tβ ÏΘöθs) tƒuρ -.. @ n= Ê Îû ωî) t ÍÏ x6ø9$# (#àσ tãßš $tβuρ -........ 886 887 888 889 890 891 892

.. 5Θ$ ƒr& Ïπyètö r& þ Îû $pκse uθø%r&!$pκïù u s%uρ -... -..-... 893 894 895 896

. ( $yγïf zé& ô ÏΒ çt9ò2r& } Ïδ ωî) >πtƒ#u ô iïβ ΟÎγƒÌçΡ $tβuρ -.. $JΒöθs% y Ì ôfu Ï9 «!$# tπ$ ƒr& tβθã_ötƒ Ÿω š Ï% #Ï9 (#ρãïøótƒ (#θãζtβ#u š Ï% #jï9 è% - tβθç6å õ3tƒ (#θçρ%x. $yϑî.... 897 898 899 900

... Ïµ ƒy tƒ È t. ÏΒ â ä Ψ9$# ÏMn=yz ô s%uρ -........ 901 902 903 904 905 906

öνßγn= uηùår& Êr& «!$# È Î6y tã (#ρ ¹uρ - Λàιn= yϑôãr& ÅÒãƒ n=sù «!$# È Î6y Îû (#θè=ïfè% t Ï%!$#uρ -.. s öθsù «!$# ß tƒ -...........- 907 908 909 910 911 912

( Ï&Î!θß u uρ «!$# Ä y tƒ t t (#θãβdï s)è? Ÿω (#θãζtβ#u t Ï%!$# $pκš r' tƒ -.. yìôϑ 9$# s+ø9r& ρr& ë=ù=s% çµs9 tβ%x. yϑï9 3 tò2ï%s! y7ï9 sœ Îû βî) -....... 913 914 915 916 917

µósmî7 sù È ø 9$# z ÏΒuρ É>ρãäóø9$# Ÿ ö6s%uρ Ä ôϑ ±9$# Æíθè=èÛ Ÿ ö6s% y7nîu Ï ôϑpt 2 ôxmî7y uρ -..... -..-.... 918 919 920 921 922

.. ÈβŸξs)Ẅ9$# tµ ƒr& öνä3s9 éøãøoψy -.. t ÌÅzFψ$# z iïβ Î=s%uρ t Î! ρf{$# z iïβ ' #èo - -.....- 923 924 925.- - -.- 926

. - þ Í?ß â uρ O$tΡr& t Î=øîV{ ª!$# =tfÿ2 -.. ÍνÍ θçρ ΛÉ ãβ ª!$#uρ öνîγïδ uθøùr'î «!$# u θçρ (#θä ÏôÜã Ï9 tβρß ƒìãƒ -...... 927 928 929 930

.. È ysî= ¹ $tρïš$t7ïã ô ÏΒ È ø y ö6tã MøtrB $tftρ%ÿ2 -.. tβθ 9!$ŸÒs9 $ ΡÎ) (#þθä9$s% $yδ ρr&u $ Ηs>ù -........ 931 932 933 934 935

çνtxø.r&!$tβ ß ΡM}$# Ÿ ÏGè% -... çνuœ o Ÿ Î6 9$# ΝèO -...... 936 937 938 939

çνu ³Σr& u!$x #sœî) ΝèO -. ÏµŠÏΖøóãƒ βù'x 7 Í tβöθtƒ öνåκ ]iïβ < Íö $# eè ä3ï9. -.. -.-.... 940 941 942 943 944

... Æìô_ 9$# ÏN#sŒ Ï!$uΚ 9$#uρ -.. x8tôγsß uùs)ρr& ü Ï%!$# x8u ø Íρ šζtã $uζ è Êuρuρ -.-...- 945 946 947 948

. tî$s)yϑø9$# ãλänö ã 4 Lym -......- 949 950 951 952

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87. Alistair McGrath. Historical Theology An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought (Oxford Blackwell Publishers 1998). 88. Amir Jafri and Shahid N. Shah Alim for windows release 4.5 ISL Software Corporation 1986-1996. 89. Asian Development Bank Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Atlas of the Environment. ( Publisher and publication year unknown). 90. Baqir Al-Qurashi Shareef. The Life of Imam al-hasan al-askari (Qum Ansariyan Publications 2005). 91. Barthes Roland. L ancienne rhetorique (Communications 16 1970). 92. Beaton Roderick. George Seferis Waiting for the Angel - A Biography (New Haven Yale University Press 2003). 93. Bertrand Russell. A History of Western Philosophy Simon & Schuster 1972. 94. Bien Peter. Nikos Kazantzakis and the Linguistic Revolution in Greek Literature (Princeton N.J. Princeton University Press 1972). 95. Biographies of Companions Alim for windows release 4.5 ISL Software Corporation 1986-1996.

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106. Grimal Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt (Librairie Arthéme Fayard 1988). 107. Guthrie. History of Greek Philosophy Volume 3 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1969). 108. Herbert Benario W. An Introduction to Tacitus (Athens GA University of Georgia Press 1975). 109. Hutto David. Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric in the Old and Middle Kingdom Rhetorica (California University of California Press 2002). 110. Jurjānī Al. Encyclopædia Britannica 15 th edition 1978. 111. Krumbacher Gesch. d. byz. Literatur (Munich 1897). 112. Lipson & Roberta A. Binkley Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks (New York State University of New York Press 2004). 113. Marco M. Cavallaro A. Pecchioli E. and Vernesi C. Artificial Occurrence of the Fallow Deer Dama dama dama on the Island of Rhodes (Greece) Insight from mtdna Analysis (Human Evolution 21 No. 2 2006). 114. Martin McKinsey. (translation) Late Into the Night The Last Poems of Yannis Ritsos (Oberlin College Press 1995). 115. Martin Richard. Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece (New York Oxford 1988) PP 108-130. 116. Metzger David. (2004) Pentateuchal Rhetoric and the Voice of the Aaronides. ( Publisher unknown). 117. Rawson Elizabeth. Cicero A Portrait (Allen Lane Penguin Books Ltd. 1975). Revised edition (Bristol Classical Press 1983).

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WEBSITES Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Ammianus Marcellinus..Sassine & Marwa EL Nabbout.. (httpkadmous.orgwp?p=3359) World Factbook Greece Government CIA. (www.cia.gov) 15032007. Retrieved 07042007. httpwww.arab- )...(ency.comindex.php?module=pnencyclopedia&func=display_term&id=7014.. (httpwww.rafed.netbookssearakhasaesindex.html).-.. httpwww.alfaseeh.com ).(

...( httpzahidabdulfattah.maktoobblog.com)... (httpwww.alghoraba.comtrajem35_ahmad_moharram.htm... (httpmajles.alukah.netshowthread.php?t=25778)... (httpwww.alshirazi.comworldarticle398.htm ) -. httpwww.arab-.(ency.comindex.php?module=pnencyclopedia&func=display_term&id=8838 (httpejabat.google.com)..

) -.. httparab-.(ency.comindex.php?module=pnencyclopedia&func=display_term&id=8863 ). httpouruba.alwehda.gov.sy archives.asp?filename=5555467972006020921.( 4550.( ) www.alsunah.info... httpwww.ashefaa.com.....httpwww.alshirazi.comworldarticle398.htm

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