Welcome to 3.091 Lecture 8 September 25, 2009 Ionic Crystals; BornHaber Cycle
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Properties of Ionic Crystals solid at room temperature high melting points & boiling points transparent to visible light electrical insulators hard & brittle soluble in water & other polar solvents melt to form ionic liquids (useful in electrolytic extraction of metals) where to search for ionicity???
1.00794 259.34 252.87 0.0899 2.20 13.598 1s 1 Hydrogen 6.941 180.5 1342 0.534 0.98 5.392 [He]2s 1 Lithium 1 IA IA 22.989768 97.72 883 0.97 0.93 5.139 [Ne]3s 1 Sodium 39.0983 63.38 759 0.86 0.82 4.341 [Ar]4s 1 Potassium 85.4678 39.31 688 1.532 0.82 4.177 [Kr]5s 1 Rubidium 132.90543 28.44 671 1.879 0.79 3.894 [Xe]6s 1 Cesium (223.0197) 27 677 0.7 [Rn]7s 1 Francium 1 H 1 3 Li 1 11 Na 1 19 K 1 37 Rb 1 55 Cs 1 87 Fr 1 9.012182 1287 2471 1.8477 1.57 9.322 [He]2s 2 Beryllium 24.3050 650 1090 1.74 1.31 7.646 [Ne]3s 2 Magnesium 40.078 842 1484 1.54 1.00 6.113 [Ar]4s 2 Calcium 87.62 777 1382 2.6 0.95 5.695 [Kr]5s 2 Strontium 137.327 727 1897 3.594 0.89 5.212 [Xe]6s 2 Barium (226.0254) 700 <1140 5.8 0.9 5.279 [Rn]7s 2 Radium 2 IIA IIA 4 Be 2 12 Mg 2 20 Ca 2 38 Sr 2 56 Ba 2 88 Ra 2 3 IIIA IIIB 44.955910 1541 2830 2.989 1.36 6.54 [Ar]3d 14s2 Scandium 88.90585 1526 3336 4.469 1.22 6.38 [Kr]4d 15s2 Yttrium 138.9055 920 3455 * 6.146 1.10 5.577 [Xe]5d 16s2 Lanthanum (227.0278) 1051 3198 10.07 1.1 6.9 [Rn]6d 17s2 Actinium 21 Sc 3 39 Y 3 57 La 3 89 ** Ac 3 47.88 16 8 3287 4.5 1.54 6.82 [Ar]3d 24s2 Titanium 91.224 1855 4409 6.49 1.33 6.84 4 IVA IVB [Kr]4d 25s2 Zirconium 178.49 2233 72 4603 13.31 1.3 Hf 4 7.0 [Xe]4f 145d26s2 Hafnium (261) 104 Rf 4 [Rn]5f 146d27s2 Rutherfordium** 5 6 7 8 VA VIA VIIA VIIIA VB VIB VIIB VIII 50.9415 51.9961 54.93805 55.847 22 1910 23 1907 24 1246 25 1538 26 3,4 3407 2,3,4,5 2671 2,3,6 2061 2,3,4,6,7 2861 5.96 7.20 7.47 7.86 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 V Cr Mn 6.74 6.766 7.435 7.870 Fe 2,3 [Ar]3d 34s2 [Ar]3d 54s1 [Ar]3d 54s2 [Ar]3d 64s2 Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron 92.90638 95.94 (97.9072) 101.07 40 2477 41 2623 42 2157 43 2334 44 4744 4639 4265 4150 8.57 10.2 11.5 12.3 1.6 2.16 1.9 2.2 Nb 3,5 2,3,4,5,6 Mo Tc 7 2,3,4,6,8 Ru 6.9 7.099 7.28 7.37 [Kr]4d 45s1 [Kr]4d 55s1 [Kr]4d 55s2 [Kr]4d 75s1 Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 3017 73 3422 74 3186 75 3033 76 5458 5555 5596 5012 16.6 19.35 20.5 22.61 1.5 2.36 1.9 2.2 Ta 5 2,3,4,5,6 1,2,4,6,7 2,3,4,6,8 W Re Os 7.89 7.98 7.88 8.7 [Xe]4f 145d36s2 Tantalum [Xe]4f 145d46s2 Tungsten [Xe]4f 145d56s2 Rhenium [Xe]4f 145d66s2 Osmium (262) (263) (262) (265) 107 105 106 108 Bh Db Sg Hs [Rn]5f 146d37s2 [Rn]5f 146d47s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 Dubnium** Seaborgium** Bohrium** Hassium** Ti Zr 4 58.93320 1495 2927 8.92 1.88 7.86 [Ar]3d 74s2 Cobalt 102.90550 1964 3695 12.4 2.28 7.46 [Kr]4d 85s1 Rhodium 192.22 2446 4428 22.65 2.20 9.1 9 VIIIA VIII [Xe]4f 145d76s2 Iridium 58.6934 1455 2913 8.90 1.91 Co 2,3 Ni 7.635 [Ar]3d 84s2 Nickel 106.42 45 1554.9 46 2963 12.02 2.20 Rh 2,3,4 Pd 2,4 8.34 [Kr]4d 10 Palladium 195.08 77 1768.4 78 2,3,4,6 3825 21.45 2.28 Ir Pt 9.0 (266) [Rn]5f 146d77s2 Meitnerium** 27 109 Mt [Xe]4f 145d96s1 Platinum (269) 10 VIIIA VIII 110 Uun [Rn]5f 146d97s1 Ununnilium 63.546 28 1084.62 29 2,3 2562 8.94 1.90 Cu 1,2 7.726 [Ar]3d 104s1 Copper 107.8582 961.78 2162 10.5 1.93 7.576 [Kr]4d 105s1 Silver 196.96654 1064.18 79 2,4 2856 19.31 2.54 Au 1,3 9.225 [Xe]4f 145d106s1 Gold (272) 11 IB IB 47 Ag 1 111 Uuu [Rn]5f 146d107s1 Unununium 65.39 419.53 907 7.14 25% 1.65 9.394 [Ar]3d 104s2 Zinc 112.411 321.07 767 8.642 1.69 8.993 [Kr]4d 105s2 Cadmium 200.59 38.83 356.73 13.546 2.00 10.437 [Xe]4f 145d106s2 Mercury (277) 12 IIB IIB 30 Zn 2 48 Cd 2 80 Hg 1,2 112 Uub [Rn]5f 146d107s2 Ununbium 10.811 2075 4000 2.31 2.04 8.298 [He]2s 2p1 Boron 26.981539 660.32 2519 2.702 1.61 5.986 [Ne]3s 2p1 Aluminum 69.723 29.76 2204 6.095 1.81 5.999 [Ar]3d 104s2p1 Gallium 114.818 156.60 2072 7.30 1.78 5.786 [Kr]4d 105s2p1 Indium 204.3833 304 1473 11.85 2.04 6.108 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p1 Thallium 13 IIIB IIIA Ununtrium 5 B 3 13 Al 3 31 12.011 4492 TP 3825 SP 2.25 2.55 11.260 [He]2s 2p2 Carbon 72.61 938.25 2833 5.35 2.01 Ge 4 7.899 [Ar]3d 104s2p2 Germanium 118.710 49 231.93 50 2602 7.28 1.96 Sn 2,4 7.344 [Kr]4d 105s2p2 Tin 207.2 81 327.46 82 1,3 1749 11.34 2.33 Pb 2,4 7.416 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p2 Lead Ga 3 In 3 Tl 113 Uut (285) 14 IVB IVA 28.0855 1414 3265 2.33 1.90 8.151 [Ne]3s 2p2 Silicon 6 2, 4 C 14 Si 4 32 114 Uuq [Rn]5f 146d107s27p2 Ununquadium 74.92159 817 TP 614 SP 5.727 25o C 2.18 9.81 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 Arsenic 121.757 630.63 1587 6.684 25o C 2.05 8.641 [Kr]4d 105s2p3 Antimony 208.98037 271.40 1564 9.78 2.02 7.289 78.96 79.904 83.80 33 221 34 7.2 35 157.36 36 685 58.6 153.22 4.81 3.119 3.74 2.55 2.96 As 3,5 Se Br Kr 9.752 11.814 13.999 [Ar]3d 104s2p4 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 [Ar]3d 104s2p5 Selenium Bromine Krypton 127.60 126.90447 131.29 51 449.51 52 113.7 53 111.75 54 988 184.4 108.04 6.25 4.93 5.89 2.1 2.66 Sb Te 1,5,7 I Xe 9.009 10.451 12.130 [Kr]4d 105s2p4 [Kr]4d 105s2p5 [Kr]4d 105s2p6 Tellurium Iodine Xenon (208.9824) (209.9871) (222.0176) 83 254 84 85 302 71 86 962 337 61.7 9.196 9.73 2.0 2.2 Bi Po 2,4 1,3,5,7 At Rn 8.42 10.748 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p4 Polonium [Xe]4f 145d106s2p5 Astatine [Xe]4f 145d106s2p6 Radon [Xe]4f 145d106s2p3 Bismuth 15 VB VA 14.00674 210.00 195.79 1.25046 3.04 14.534 [He]2s 2p3 Nitrogen 30.973762 44.15 277 1.82 2.19 10.486 [Ne]3s 2p3 Phosphorus 115 Uup Ununpentium 7 2, 3,4,5 N 15 3,4,5 P (289) 16 VIB VIA 15.9994 218.79 182.95 1.429 3.44 13.618 [He]2s 2p4 Oxygen 32.066 115.21 444.60 2.07 2.58 10.360 [Ne]3s 2p4 Sulfur 8 O 2 16 2,4,6 S 116 Uuh [Rn]5f 146d107s27p4 Ununhexium 17 VIIB VIIA 18.9984032 219.62 188.12 1.69 3.96 17.422 [He]2s 2p5 Fluorine 35.4527 101.5 34.04 3.214 3.16 12.967 [Ne]3s 2p5 Chlorine 117 Uus Ununseptium 9 F 1 17 1,3,5,7 Cl 18 VIII 0 4,002602 272.226 atm 268.93 0.1785 24.587 1s 2 Helium 20.1797 248.59 246.08 0.9002 21.564 [He]2s 2p6 Neon 39.948 189.35 185.85 1.784 15.759 [Ne]3s 2p6 Argon (293) 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 118 Uuo [Rn]5f 146d107s27p6 Ununoctium * ** 58 140.115 799 3424 6.770 1.12 5.466 Ce 3,4 [Xe]4f 15d16s2 Cerium 232.0381 1750 90 4788 11.72 1.3 6.08 Th 4 [Rn]6d 27s2 Thorium 140.90765 931 3510 6.773 1.13 5.422 [Xe]4f 36s2 Praseodymium 231.03588 1572 15.37 1.5 5.89 [Rn]5f 26d17s2 Protactinium 144.24 59 1016 60 3066 7.00 1.14 Pr 3,4 5.489 Nd 3 [Xe]4f 46s2 Neodymium 238.0289 91 1135 92 4131 3,4,5,6 19.05+0.02 1.38 Pa 4,5 6.05 U [Rn]5f 36d17s2 Uranium (144.9127) 1042 3000 7.254 1.13 5.554 [Xe]4f 56s2 Promethium (237.0482) 644 20.45 1.36 6.19 [Rn]5f 46d17s2 Neptunium 61 Pm 3 62 150.36 1072 1790 7.536 1.17 5.631 Sm 2,3 [Xe]4f 56s2 Samarium (244.0642) 93 640 94 3,4,5,6 3228 3,4,5,6 19.816 1.28 5.8 Pu [Rn]5f 67s2 Plutonium Np 151.965 822 1596 5.244 1.2 5.666 [Xe]4f 76s2 Europium (243.0614) 1176 2507 13.67 1.3 5.993 [Rn]5f 77s2 Americium 63 Eu 2,3 95 3,4,5,6 Am 157.25 1314 3264 7.901 1.20 6.141 [Xe]4f 75d16s2 Gadolinium (247.0703) 1345 13.51 1.3 6.02 [Rn]5f 76d17s2 Curium 64 Gd 3 96 Cm 3 158.92534 1359 3221 8.230 1.2 5.842 [Xe]4f 96s2 Terbium (247.0703) 1050 14.78 1.3 6.23 [Rn]5f 97s2 Berkelium 65 Tb 3,4 97 Bk 3,4 162.50 1411 2561 8.551 1.22 5.927 [Xe]4f 106s2 Dysprosium (251.0796) 900 1.3 6.30 [Rn]5f 107s2 Californium 66 Dy 3 98 Cf 3 164.93032 1472 2694 8.80 1.23 6.018 [Xe]4f 116s2 Holmium (252.083) 860 1.3 6.42 [Rn]5f 117s2 Einsteinium 67 Ho 3 99 Es 3 167.26 1529 2862 9.066 1.24 6.101 [Xe]4f 126s2 Erbium (257.0951) 1527 1.3 6.50 [Rn]5f 127s2 Fermium 68 Er 3 100 Fm 3 69 168.93421 1545 1946 9.321 1.25 6.18436Tm 2,3 [Xe]4f 136s2 Thulium (258.10) 827 101 1.3 6.58 [Rn]5f 137s2 Mendelevium 173.04 824 1194 6.966 1.1 6.25394 [Xe]4f 146s2 Ytterbium (259.1009) 827 1.3 Md 2,3 No 2,3 6.65 [Rn]5f 147s2 Nobelium 70 Yb 2,3 102 174.967 1663 3393 9.84 1.27 5.42589 [Xe]4f 145d16s2 Lutetium (252.11) 1627 [Rn]5f 146d17s2 Lawrencium 71 Lu 3 103 Lr 3 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
1 1A H + H Hydride 2 2A 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A 18 8A Li + Be 2+ N 3 O 2 Nitride Oxide F Fluoride Na + Mg 2+ Al 3+ S 2 Sulfide Cl Chloride K + Ca 2+ Ga 3+ Se 2 Selenide Br Bromide Rb + Sr 2+ In 3+ Sn 2+ Sn 4+ Te 2 I Telluride Iodide Cs + Ba 2+ Tl + Pb 2+ Tl 3+ Pb 4+ Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Max Born Biography Max Born Biography Max Born was born in Breslau on the 11th December, 1882, to Professor Gustav Born, anatomist and embryologist, and his wife Margarete, nee Kauffmann, who was a member of a Silesian family of industrialists. `.. Max attended the Konig Wilhelm's Gymnasium in Breslau and continued his studies at the Universities of Breslau (where the wellknown mathematician Rosanes introduced him to matrix calculus), Heidelber, Zurich (here he was deeply impressed by Hurwitz's lectures on higher analysis), and Gottingen. In the latter seat of learning he read mathematics chiefly, sitting under Klein, Hilbert, Minkowski, and Runge, but also studied astronomy under Schwarzschild, and physics under Voigt. He was awarded the Prize of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Gottingen for his work on the stability of elastic wires and tapes in 1906, and graduated at this university.... Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Fritz Haber Biography Fritz Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Breslau, Germany, in one of the oldest families of the town, as the son of Siegfried Haber, a merchant. He went to school at the St. Elizabeth classical school at Breslau and he did, even while he was at school, many chemical experiments. From 1886 until 1891 he studied chemistry at the University of Heidelberg under Bunsen, at the University of Berlin under A.W. Hoffmann, and at the Technical School at Charlottenberg under Liebermann. After completing his University studies he voluntarily worked for a time in his father's chemical business and, being interested in chemical technology, he also worked for a while under Professor Georg Lunge at the Institute of Technology at Zurich. He then finally Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Group Classifications Allotropic Form 13 Symbol Covalent Radius 14,A Metallic Radius [Van der Waals Radius] 15, A Atomic Volume 16 cm 3 /mol Z 17 eff /Polarizability 18 Mn 1.17 1.27 7.35 2.96/9.4 144 7 VIIA VIIB Ωm at 25 o C 14.644 219.7 280.33 0.479 0.0781 Crystal Structure 12 Acid/Base Properties 11 Enthalpy of Fusion 20, kj/mol Enthalpy of Vaporization 21, kl/mol (at boiling point) Terminal Conductivity 24 W/cm/K (at 25 o C) Enthalpy of Atomization 22, kl/mol (at 25 o C) Specific Heat Capacity 23 J/g/K (at 25 o C & 100 kpa) H Sublimation Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Na 1.54 1.90 23.70 1.84/23.6 4.88 2.594 80.04 108.37 1.228 1.42 = H sublimation Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
3. Na(g) Na + (g) + e _ 495.8 kj/mol 4. Cl(g) + e _ Cl _ (g) 348.6 kj/mol 2. 1. _ 1 2 Cl 2 (g) Cl(g) Na(g) Na(g) 122 kj/mol 107.3 kj/mol 5. Na + (g) + Cl _ (g) NaCl (s) 787 kj/mol Net reaction _ Na(s) + 1 2 Cl 2 (g) NaCl (s) 411 kj/mol A Born _ Haber Cycle for NaCl Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Cation Li+ Na+ K+ Be 2 + Mg 2 + Ca 2 + Al 3 + Anion F _ Cl _ Br _ I _ O 2_ 1036 853 807 757 2925 923 787 747 704 2695 821 715 682 649 2360 3505 3020 2914 2800 4443 2957 2524 2440 2327 3791 2630 2258 2176 2074 3401 5215 5492 5361 5218 15916 Lattice energies of some Ionic solids (kj/mol) Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
o Ionic Radii (A) for Ions with Noblegas Electron Configurations Na + 0.98 Mg 2+ 0.65 Al 3+ 0.45 0 2 1.45 F 1.33 [Ne] [He] [Kr] Rb + 1.48 Sr 2+ 1.10 Y 3+ 0.90 Se 2 2.02 Br 1.96 Li + 0.68 Be 2+ 0.30 K + 1.33 Ca 2+ 0.94 Sc 3+ 0.68 S 2 1.90 CI 1.81 [Ar] [Xe] Cs + 1.67 Ba 2+ 1.31 La 3+ 1.22 Cs + 1.67 Ba 2+ 1.31 La 3+ 1.22 Te 2 2.22 I 2.19 Te 2 2.22 I 2.19 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
2 Al 3+ + 6 e 2 Al 3 O 2 1.5 O 2 + 6 e 3 O 2 + 1.5 C 1.5 CO 2 + 6 e consumable carbon anode 0.45 kg C / kg Al
aluminum produced by electrolytic reduction of Al 2 O 3 world capacity: ~40 million tonnes/year 1886 Charles Martin Hall, USA Paul L.T. Héroult, France decompose Al 2 O 3 dissolved in Na 3 AlF 6 (T = 960 C) liquid Al () and CO 2 (+) find an inert anode source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
2 Al 3+ + 6 e 2 Al 3 O 2 1.5 O 2 + 6 e 3 O 2 + 1.5 C 1.5 CO 2 + 6 e inert anode no CO2; no CF4
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.