J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys. No. +*., p..+.3,**0 * ** * *** E#ects of No-tillage Practice on Nitrate Leaching in Sugar Cane Fields in Sub-tropic Area Kei ASADA*, Akira HOSHIKAWA**, Makoto KATO* and Taku NISHIMURA*** * Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology ** JIRCAS Okinawa Subtropical Station *** Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo Abstract No-tillage cropping (NT) is considered as a better onsite counter measure to reduce runo# and soil loss than the soil conservation techniques in sub-tropic area in Japan. In this paper chemical and physical soil analysis and field survey have been conducted to clarify e#ects of NT on retention and leaching of soil nutrients at sugarcane field. Sugar cane fields under conventional tillage (CT) and the NT were the studied sites in Ishigaki, Japan. Shimajiri mahji soil, having clay content of more than /*, covers the study site. An observation ditch of +** cm in width and 1* cm deep was prepared at the boundary of the CT and NT fields. Soil samples for chemical and physical analysis were taken and PVC cores containing ion exchange resins to trap leaching ions were inserted at both side wall of the ditch. Also, observation of sugar cane root distribution was conducted. After the survey, the observation ditch was filled up by the original soil. The CT had shallow and sparse root distribution while the NT showed denser and deeper root distribution. It corresponded to higher saturated hydraulic conductivity of the NT soil. At the same time the NT showed lower dry bulk density and penetration resistance at the layer of +/,/ cm where the NT had more roots than the CT. The NT had greater nutrient flux at *,* cm deep layer, however it rapidly decreased along the depth and reached the similar rate to the CT at.* cm deep layer. Much of the nutrients in the NT could be soaked up by sugar cane roots. Development of roots may reduce the negative e#ects of the NT that may enhance leaching of nutrients by bio-macro pores. Key word : No-tillage, Conventional tillage, Nutrient leaching, Simajiri mahji + +30* * ** *** :
42 +*.,**0 +33/ Thierfelder et al.,,**/ Dao, +33- ; Dick et al., +323 ; Sugahara et al.,,**+ ; Tebrügge and Düring, +333 Gish et al., +332 Edwards et al., +33* ; Tebrügge and Düring, +333 ; Trojan and Linden, +332 Devitt and Smith,,**, ; Dick et al., +323 ; Edwards et al., +33* ; Jones et al., +33/ ; Tebrügge and Düring, +333,, +,-+ m,.,+.02- +,. *3.--*,../,,*** mm 0* cm HC : /. :,. :,, +33-,,..+ a / CT - NT CT NT +321 +331 +331,**, / CT,**, 2,/ cm 3,* cm +,
: 43 +/ cm +/* cm NT,**, 2 3 NT NPK +2 +* +.,**, ++. +,**-. +/, +-* kg ha +, +/* kg ha + CT +/ cm NT, -,**, +, CT-NT +** cm /** cm 1* cm +/,/ cm, -/./ cm,./ // cm - - * +* cm * 0* cm / cm +33* ; Pampolino et al.,,*** ; Qian and Schoenau,,**, ; +33- ;Wuet al., +330 1.2 cm,, cm Rohm & Haas IR+,*B Rohm & Haas IRA.+* CT, NT,* cm,.* cm, /* cm +/ cm / 2 -,**, +,,**- 3 +*,**- 3 NT CT NT, CT /* cm /* cm +* cm +33* ;Wuet al., +330. g + mol L + +** ml,/* ml,/* ml ph H,O EC + : / + mol L + ph 1 NC-ANALYZER NC-2*AUTO +** cm - K s +*/,**. - Reynolds and Elrick +33+ Nishimura et al.,,**-,* cm CT NT * / cm +** cm - K s - - + +,**- 3 NT CT CT,* cm NT CT,*.* cm NT
44 +*.,**0 + Fig. + NT CT * cm +** cm, Root distribution of sugar cane field under No-tillage (left) and Conventional tillage (right) Table + + NT CT Physical properties of the sugar cane field soil under No-tillage and Conventional tillage cm Mg m -,* cm sec + NT * / +/,/ -/./ +4.* +4,** +4,3.140 //40* /-4*,40 +* -,4+ +* - * 24+ +*. *./ // +4-+ /-4.,4, +* - CT * / +/,/ -/./ +4-2 +4-0 +4--.340 /+4- /,40 040 +* - -4. +*. -4+ +*../ // +4,2 /.40.4, +* - * : NT, CT + Rasse and Smucker, +332 NT -, + NT CT * / cm./ // cm NT CT +/ cm./ cm CT NT +/,/ cm +* cm CT NT Chassot et al.,,**+ ; Dao, +33- ; Eynard et al.,,**. ; Meek et al., +33* ; Osunbitan et al.,,**/ ; +333 ; Tebrügge and Düring, +333 CT NT - CT Mullins et al., +33* NT * +* cm Ks
: 45 NT,/./ cm Ks CT +/,/ cm + NT CT, NT CT CT NT Osunbitan et al.,,**/ ; +333 ; Tebrügge and Düring, +333 CT NT * +/ cm,* cm NT NT,* cm NT CT,* cm + CT NT NT,* cm -,**. - NT CT * kpa *.- kpa NT CT *.- kpa NT CT *.- kpa NT * / cm *.- kpa NT - -, NT CT CT NT +/ // cm ph 1 2 NT * +* cm ph 0.-* Naidu et al., +330 NT, Fig., NT CT * : NT, CT / ** : + : Distribution of soil hardness by Yamanaka penetrometer at the sugar cane field under No-tillage and Conventional tillage - Fig. - NT CT Hydraulic conductivity of the surface soil at sugar cane field under No-tillage and Conventional tillage
46 +*.,**0 Table,, NT CT Chemical properties of the sugar cane field soil under No-tillage and Conventional tillage cm ph H,O EC ms cm + cmol kg + Ca, Mg, K NT * +* +/,/ -/./ 04-*** 14,-* 1402 *4,*** *4++ *4+, *4,- *4+1* *4*3 +43/** +4--** *4/0** -+4+1 -*4,, -04-1** /4,.* 14,-* +42+,4,2** +4+* *4/-./ // 1420** *4+/** *4*3** *4/+** -.4.- -4/- *4/1 CT * +* +/,/ -/./ 14+/ 14-2 141* *4*3 *4*3 *4+* +4., *40. *4/* -*4+.,341. -*4/* *4,- *4+, *4+,.4/-.4+2-400 +4/* *43- *40-./ // 14/3 *4*2 *4+, *4.0 -,4/+ -4-, *40, * : NT, CT / ** : + EC * // cm CT NT *,/ cm CT +..,.+ NT Lal, +310 ; Tebrügge and Düring, +333 NT CT -/ cm, C N *,/ cm CT, NT +32+ ;,**-,**- * +* cm NT CT NT CT +/ cm CT *,/ cm NT DeMaria et al., +333 CT -/./ cm NT,. Fig.. NT CT * : NT, CT + a, b : NT, CT + : Downward inorganic nitrogen flux of the sugar cane field under No-tillage and Conventional tillage 2* -/./ cm CT-NT -.. NT CT
: 47 NT *,* cm CT.,*.* cm.* cm NT CT, + +.* 0,./ mm +0 mm +320 +,2 mm month + // cm,**, +, +,***.2.1 1/.*,,.-,/.* /*,***,,.* /2.*,**, * +* +/,*** ; +33. ; +311 02.* CT,* cm,.* cm, /* cm 2.2 -.3 /.+ -.. 1.* -.+,,.-,/.* +/ cm CT NT -+.2 +-.1 +,.0 0./ 1.1 -.- - +* NT,*.* cm NT /* cm -+.2 CT. 0* cm Dick, +32. 0* cm. NT CT * -* cm NT CT NT CT NT NT CT CT // cm NT,* cm CT..* cm /* cm CT CT NT NT
48 +*.,**0 H+. +0 B +-//0*-0 FS JIRCAS +32+ : 0* : + -/. Chassot, A., Stamp, P. and Richner, W. (,**+) : Root distribution and morphology of maize seedlings as a#ected by tillage and fertilizer placement. Plant and Soil,,-+ : +,- +-/. Dao, T.H. (+33-) : Tillage and Winter wheat residue management e#ects on water infiltration and storage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /1 : +/20 +/3/. DeMaria, I.C., Nnabude, P.C. and Castro, O.M. (+333) : Long-term tillage and crop rotation e#ects on soil chemical properties of a Rhodic Ferralsol in southern Brazil. Soil & Tillage Research, /+ : 1+ 13. Devitt, D.A. and Smith, S.D. (,**,) : Root channel macropores enhance downward movement of water in a Mojave Desert ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments, /* : 33 +*2. Dick, W.A. (+32.) : Influence of long-term tillage and crop rotation combinations on soil enzyme activities. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,.2 : /03 /1.. Dick, W.A., Roseberg, R. J., McCoy, E.L., Edwards, W. M. and Haghiri, F. (+323) : Surface hydrologic response of soils to no-tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /- : +/,* +/,0. Edwards, W.M., Shipitalo, M. J., Owens, L.B. and Norton, L.D. (+33*) : E#ect of Lumbricus Terrestris L. Burrows on hydrology of continuous no-till corn fields. Geoderma,.0 : 1-2.. Eynard, A., Schumacher, T.E., Lindstrom, M. J. and Malo, D.D. (,**.) : Porosity and pore-size distribution in cultivated ustolls and usterts. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 02 : +3,1 +3-.. Gish, T. J., Gimenez, D. and Rawls, W.J. (+332) : Impact of roots on ground water quality. Plant and Soil,,** :.1 /.. +33* :.* : +3,/. Jones, O.R., Smith, S. J., Southwick, L.M. and Sharpley, A.N. (+33/) : Environmental impacts of dryland residue management systems in the southern high plains. Journal of Environ. Qual.,,. :./-.0*. Lal, R. (+310) : No-tillage e#ects on soil properties under di#erent crops in western Nigeria. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,.* : 10, 102.,**,.2 : +,-. Meek, B.D., DeTar, W.R., Rolph, D., Rechel, E.R. and Carter, L.M. (+33*) : Infiltration rate as a#ected by an Alfalfa and No-till cotton cropping system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., /. : /*/ /*2. Mullins, C.E., MacLeod, D.A., Northcote, K.H., Tindall, J.M. and Young, I.M. (+33*) Hardsetting Soils : Behavior, Occurrence, and Management. Adv. in Soil Sci., ++ : -1 +*2. Naidu, R., McClure, S., McKenzie, N. J. and Eitzpatrick, R.W. (+330) : Soil solution composition and aggregate stability changes caused by longterm farming at four contrasting sites in South Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res., -. : /++ /,1. +320 : pp. /, /. Nishimura, T., Irshad, U., Kato, M. and Inoue, M. (,**-) : Measurement of near saturated hydraulic conductivity in situ. Proceedings of,nd Asian Conference on Unsaturated soils, -1/ -12. +33. : 0/ :.0-.1+.,*** : pp. 00 ++0,**- : +3 +.. Osunbitan, J.A., Oyedele, D. J. and Adekalu, K.O.
: 49 (,**/) Tillage e#ects on bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and strength of a loamy sand soil in southwestern Nigeria. Soil & Tillage Research, 2, : /1 0.. Pampolino, M.F., Urushiyama, T. and Hatano, R. (,***) : Detection of nitrate leaching through bypass flow using pan lysimeter, suction cup, and resin capsule. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.,.0 (-) : 1*- 1++. Qian, P. and Schoenau, J. J. (,**,) : Practical applications of ion exchange resins in agricultural and environmental soil research. Can. J. Soil Sci., 2, : 3,+. Rasse, D.P. and Smucker, J.M. (+332) : Root recolonization of precious root channels in corn and alfalfa rotations. Plant and Soil,,*. :,*-,+,. Reynolds, W.D. and Elrick, D.E. (+33+) : Determination of hydraulic Conductivity using a tension infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., // : 0-- 0-3. Romero, A. Paredes, C. +333 : 2, : // 0/. Sugahara, K., Ohwaki, Y. and Banzai, K. (,**+) : Erosion control in pineapple fields on the Island of Ishigaki. JARQ, -/ (,) :3+ 30. +33- : +,/ : +3- +32. Tebrügge, F. and Düring, R.A. (+333) : Reducing tillage intensity- a review of results from a long term study in Germany. Soil & Tillage Research, /- : +/,2. Thierfelder, C., Amezquita E.C. and Stahr. K. (,**/) : E#ects of intensifying organic manuring and tillage practices on penetration resistance and infiltration rate. Soil & Tillage Research, 2, :,++,,0. +33- : -1, : 33 ++,. Trojan, M.D. and Linden, D.R. (+332) : Macroporosity and hydraulic properties of earthworm-a#ected soils as influenced by tillage and residue management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0, : +021 +03,. +311 : +/, : 32 ++*. Wu, G., Haibara, K., Koike, T. and Aiba, Y. (+330) : Dynamics of water-soluble base cations in a forest soil measured by an in situ combined IER method. Jpn. J. For. Environment, -2 (,) :3, 31. CT NT NT +/,/ cm CT NT,* cm CT. / NT * *.- kpa CT :,**0 +. :,**0 3 +