2001/020 OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY REPORT. Elevated temperature and high strain rate properties of offshore steels HSE

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1 HSE Health & Safety Executive Elevated temperature and high strain rate properties of offshore steels Prepared by the Steel Construction Institute for the Health and Safety Executive OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY REPORT 2001/020

2 HSE Health & Safety Executive Elevated temperature and high strain rate properties of offshore steels B Burgan Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park Buckhurst Road ASCOT SL5 7QN HSE BOOKS

3 Crown copyright 2001 Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Copyright Unit, Her Majesty s Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ First published 2001 ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. This report is made available by the Health and Safety Executive as part of a series of reports of work which has been supported by funds provided by the Executive. Neither the Executive, nor the contractors concerned assume any liability for the reports nor do they necessarily reflect the views or policy of the Executive.

4 !"#" $% &!"#" ' ()) *+,-. ' /)0 *+, !00 3 4!"#" ' ()) *+,-. /)0 *+,-. 00"5 "0 5 *,' "/0", (0/. "/0/,("6. "//61,110). "/(61, 7 1(0/.. * i

5 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i 1 SURVEY OF COMMONLY USED STEELS FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES Structural steel for topsides and sub-structures High strength steels for jack-ups Pressure vessel steels Piping in topside facilities Casing steels 10 2 TEST METHODS USED FOR MEASURING MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL Methods to measure elevated temperature material properties Methods of measuring strain rate effects 13 3 MATERIAL DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE AND EXPLOSION DESIGN Material property data for fire resistance design Material property data for explosion resistance design 17 4 EXISTING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA FOR HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL CARBON STEELS Eurocode 3 Part Quenched and tempered steels Thermo-mechanically rolled steel Fire resistant steels 32 5 EXISTING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA OF STAINLESS STEELS Grade (304) stainless steel Grade (316L) stainless steel Grade (2205) duplex stainless steel Grade (SAF 2304) duplex stainless steel 50 ii

6 6 *8 >' *?*:*4 *+A*;9;* +*;? A;=A*;< 4 ;*>'@ **? 9 *4 7=; :* *? >4 AA>' )( 6" : )( 61 A )B! *8 >' +*;? A;=A*;< ;> ;* 6"!" 6"!1 32 6(!( 6/ B >*% *?*:*4 *+A*;9;* +*;? A;=A*;< 7=;!"#" ';4* ())*+,-. >4 /)0*+,-. **? 6# B" + 6# B1 6# B( ; ' ())*+,-.!0 B/ ; ' /)0*+,-.!" B) 3!1 # >*% +*;? A;=A*;< ;> ;* 7=;!"#"D ';4* ())*+,-. >4 /)0 *+,-. **? "0( #" + "0( #1 4 "0) #( ; ())*+,-. "0) #/ ; /)0*+,-. ""0 #) 3 "") #6 7 ""6 3=4* =7 A;33* >4 >4;4 "/( ;*7*;*>3* "/! iii

7 iv

8 1 SURVEY OF COMMONLY USED STEELS FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES E D E,. 5 F 7 9G > 9 G 3 5 E 3 D A 9G + ' ; G *E 7G 1.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR TOPSIDES AND SUB-STRUCTURES Design premise E E 2 3, G!"#"D "#B# **+9 A ")0 2 1

9 7 >=; =G + "10, >. *> "011) A ; A 12?; Types of structural steel = D?!"#" *,*>. A,A. " Table 1 BS 7191 steel grades used for plates /)0*+- /)0 C /)0*+ /)0 C ())*+- ()) > ())*+ ()) > ())4 ()) > 1!)4 1!) > 7 9 G > * 2 >=; =G * ' ()) +,+?. /10 +,+?. /60 +,+?. /10 +,+?. < ()) >5 /10 >5 /60 >5 E *> "0 11) A 1 * C )00 C ))0 C 610 C 6#0 C )00 6#0 >5 2

10 1 Table 2 BS 7191 steel grades used for seamless structural tubulars ())*+ ()) > ())4 ()) > 1!)4 1!) > = A!"#" E ())4 1!)4 A )? ' 8)1 ( Table 3 BS 7191 steel grades for rolled profiles and hollow sections ())*+ ()) > ())4 ()) > 1!)4 1!) > Usage of grades of steel ""1 2 D H I I 5 I I 2 3

11 / Table 4 Steel types and grades for primary structures A /)0 *+- /)0 *+ ()) *+- ()) *+ ()) *+ ; ()) *+ 7 >,' /)0*+ /)0*+-. + /)0*+ /)0*+-,' /10 + >. = ())*+ ()) *+-,- E. D I I I I I I E I ) Table 5 Steel types and grades for primary structures A ; ()) *+ ()) 4 1!) 4 D E I I I I E I 4

12 6 Table 6 Steel types and grades for tertiary structures ; 1!) 4 D I I I I! Table 7 Steel types and grades for miscellaneous structures A ()) 4 1!) 4 1!) 4 ; 1!) Recent offshore developments that have used high strength structural steels!"#" ' /)0 BJ "#BB /0J "##) > #)J ' /10 + I B 5

13 Table 8 Amounts of high strength steel used in recent offshore projects [1]!" # $ "##1 A5 A59 5' "##( 35 A5K "##/ 54 G5 > "600 "000 "00 B000 1)000 ")000 #000 "0000 (0000 "BJ "0J "J (0J )0J ' /10 ")J /0J /0J #)J ' /10 "##) A5* ((000 #)J ' # Table 9 Other offshore projects utilising higher strength steels (Grade )! " #! " # 4 + )000 A + (000 >!000 + * ""000 3 ""000 #000 /100 " A *A * E /)0 *+- ""00, L@ ; /60-GL. 4??+8 6#0, 4. 6#0 >5 A *A 1.2 HIGH STRENGTH STEELS FOR JACK-UPS 2 H,. E 2 ")0 1)0 () B0 B00 "100 % E 6

14 2 9G3 "#B0 9G 4 * 2?, +?. 37* Chord rack steels 2 E >232+2: 7 K 9 # $#%& * K D + )"/ + )"! E E + 7 C ( ' * 32?,3?. * 7 * D 5 3? ") 47=, "#B0.!00 3;!00 ;,. )"! 73;, "##0. E >232+ 6#0 +A "0 Table 10 Yield strength of French chord rack steels ) 3 )"! 7,. 6#0 ") 47= 6#0 3!00 6#0 3 :5: 6))56#0 3 : 6#0 > 60,4. )B6 + )"! ' C,. E )"! 73;!00 ") 47= )"! 73; )"! ' C 7

15 * ' + K > 6#0 +A E %2 B0 B0 2 LB0L B0 5,B00+A. >232+2: 7 )"! B0 5 E + )"/ ' 7,. + ' 9 2?? "",/B1 +A.,6#0 +A. Table 11 Yield strengths of Le Tourneau chord rack steels ) 3 >2(02@> 610 #0 3 /B1! Steel for jack-up bracing 2 D A )? A )? 9 E A )? A E 86) 8"00,6) "00. )0,(/) +A. =? ' ++? B) 2 A 9B) E ' 1.3 PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS : *> "0 01B *> "0 01B ")0"D A "D ")0"D A 1D ")0"D 8

16 A (D "###51000 *> "0 01B A! 3 ")0" DA 1 9G *> "001B D A "D ' E A 1D >2 A (D % H A /D > A )D % 2 A 6D % E A!D = ")0" "0 01B 2 2 E A "### E ")0"D A "1 ( * = #(1BD "##" D A "D 2 E A 1D A (D 2 >2 A /D 2 % H E A )D PIPING IN TOPSIDE FACILITIES A 2 E 9 A > E. +, +. D + ((( + "06 A )? + ((( ' 6 + "06 ' 1/0 >5 A )? ',E *>"010B2( '?1/) = ("B(21 '?1/). A )? ' 86),E *>"010B2( '?/)0 = ("B(21 '?/)0. 9

17 E * D *> "010B A "D A E A 1D A E A (D A E 3 = ("B(D! A "D A 1D A A ;E 3 A A ;E (60" (601 (60( (60/ (60) " " # ))00D CASING STEELS 3 9G A "1 Table 12 Casing steels, B61 C;2"1) B61 #(" 82")) "06# ""(B 10

18 2 TEST METHODS USED FOR MEASURING MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL * 2 <M E METHODS TO MEASURE ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTIES 7 2 E! I,. $, Steady State (Isothermal) test method E, 000"2000(. 2 E 2 9 E * *> "0001D A ) Transient state (Anisothermal) test method 2 7 )#)0D A B * (D A "1 11

19 3 * = > 2 2H = 7 " Figure 1 Typical apparatus for transient state testing 1) ) " / 1 " N = B(/ + )J 12

20 ; Figure 2 Elevated temperature transient state heating test curves for various load factors " Comparison of Steady state and transient state test data G "J. ()) 1!) 2.2. METHODS OF MEASURING STRAIN RATE EFFECTS > E C2 2 "0 "0 7,"0 "0P. "0 2"0 E Quasi-static methods C2 % 13

21 H Cam and wedge plastometers "0P * Drop hammer

22 3 MATERIAL DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE AND EXPLOSION DESIGN E 3.1 MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA FOR FIRE RESISTANCE DESIGN * E, )#)0 $ % & ' () *., Simple or Codified methods Q? ;M,. 3 E E )#)0 A B ; )#)0 A B E E )#)0 A B 0)J ")J 1J 2 3 0)J ")J 1J 15

23 )#)0 B 7 ( 1.0 Strength reduction factor % strain 1.5% strain 0.5% strain Temperature C Figure 3 Relationship between strength factor and temperature for various strains - BS 5950 Part 8 * ( A "1 1J *3( A "1 <M Advanced calculation approach E 2 E D E + E

24 ' 2 7 / Figure 4 Elevated temperature stress-strain curves *3( A "1 2 *3( A "1 3.2 MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA FOR EXPLOSION RESISTANCE DESIGN + E,., Simplified methods E 222, 4= ,7 ). Figure 5 Single degree of freedom system 17

25 4=7 222 E 2 E E, 7 6. E Figure 6 Typical stress-strain curve profile at a high strain rate,. 2,47. D DIF, 2. * 3! Advanced methods E 7 E E E 2 E

26 7 2 2 ' 2 7 Figure 7 Effects of strain rate on the behaviour of mild steel 2 7 B H 2 Stress Strain rate 2 Strain rate Strain Figure 8 Linearized stress strain curve allowing for strain rate effects 19

27 20

28 4 EXISTING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA FOR HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL CARBON STEELS * D *> "0 2 *> "0""( *> A 1D 4 H5H A (D 4 2 A A 1D 4 E A (D 4 % * ( 4 A " EUROCODE 3 PART 1.2 * *3( A "1,.,. *3( A "1 1() 1!) ()) /10 2 H 2 E. * 7 1 ) "( 7 # "/ 103 D 103D & R 5 103D & R 5 103D & R, 5, 7 /1 "/ & & 21

29 103 *>: "##(2"2" Table 13 Parameters for stress-strain profile defined in EC3 Part 1.2 and shown in Figure 4.2 # f p, c (b/a) a 2 y, 2 0,5 b y, a a 2 2 0,5 y, f y, 1 t, / u, t, a 2 y, p, y, p, c /E a, b 2 c y, p, E a, c 2 c f y, f p, 2 y, p, E a, 2 f y, f p, Figure 9 Stress-strain relationship for steel at elevated temperatures 22

30 Table 14 Reduction factors at elevated temperatures for stress-strain profiles at elevated temperatures 10 "000 "000 "000 "000 "00 "000 "000 "000 " "000 0#11 0B0! 0#00 (00 "000 0B/) 06"( 0B00 /00 "000 0!!0 0/10 0!00 )00 0!B0 06") 0( /!0 0()/ 0"B0 0("0!00 01(0 0"6! 00!) 0"(0 B00 0""0 00B! 00)0 00#0 # )" 00(B 006B "000 00/0 00(/ 001) 00/) "" "! 00"( 001( " >=*D 7 Reduction factor k θ Temperature C Effective yield strength Proportional limit Slope of elastic range Figure 10 Reduction factors for the stress-strain relationship of steel at elevated temperatures 23

31 4.1.1 Stress-strain relationships at elevated temperatures ()) /60 ") "6 7 "" "1 ()) /60 > σa/fy C 200 C 300 C 400 C 500 C C C 800 C Strain Figure 11 Variation of stress-strain relationship with temperature for grade S355 steel (strainhardening not included, see section 4.1.2) C C C 400 C σ a/fy C 600 C C 800 C Strain Figure 12 Variation of stress-strain relationship with temperature for grade S460 steel (strainhardening not included, see section 4.1.2) 24

32 Table 15 Stress-strain relationship at elevated temperatures for grade S355 steel -.. /. 0&1 23 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 7&& 8&& 9&& %&& 25

33 Table 16 Stress-strain relationship at elevated temperatures for grade S460 steel -.. /. 0&1 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 7&& 8&& 9&& %&& 26

34 4.1.2 Strain-hardening of steel at elevated temperatures 7 / *3( "1 2 E 7 /003 2 D 001 S S 00/ )0,. 1 00/ 0") 0") S S 010 T" 10, 0").U D "( D S (00 3 "1) (00 3 S /00 3,1 0001). /00 3 Stress a f u, f y, f p, E = tan a, p, y, s, t, u, Strain Figure 13 Stress-strain relationship for steel, allowing for strain hardening 27

35 4.1.3 Thermal properties 5 D 103 S!)03 5 "1V"0 0/V"0 1/"6 V "0!)03 B603 5 ""V"0 B603 S " V"0 61V"0 D 103I I T3U 7 "/ D 5 "/V"0, 10. Elongation dl/l x Temperature C Figure 14 Thermal elongation of steel as a function of temperature 4.2 QUENCHED AND TEMPERED STEEL E 2 E ;C 7 ") /00W3 ;C )0" ;C 28

36 Grade 55F RQT % PS MPa Temperature C Figure 15 Effect of composition on strength of RQT 501 steel ;C 4.3 THERMO-MECHANICALLY ROLLED STEEL Grade S355 M 4,'. 2 )0 = ()) +? ()) + )00 W3 7 "6 29

37 550 Strength N/mm Temperature C Yield strength 25mm pl Yield strength 50mm pl T ensile strength 25mm pl T ensile strength 50mm pl Figure 16 Elevated temperature material properties for S355 thermo-mechanically rolled steel - Dillinger Grade S420 M ; = G 9 /10+ > *3( A "1,.,. *3( A "1 E = % ; %; = Stress-strain relationships according to EC3 Part 1.2 /10 +,, a, & E,, & E, ()" a "# "06 2 a 00001B a "0 10 S a!00 p, & p, y 30

38 & p, # "0 9 3 a 1# "06 2 a 00006/ a "0 10 S a!00 p, & y, y & y, #"0 7 2 a 0000! a "0"/ 10 S a /00 & p, 11 "0 8 3 a 00000(B2 a 00"#" a 10# /00 a!00 /10+!003 7 "! 1.0 Yield strength reduction factor k y S420 M EC3 Part Temperature C Figure 17 Yield strength reduction factor k y, for the structural steels studies at temperatures up to 700C /10+ 2 *3( A " Grade S460 M 4 2 /60 + )0? /60 + )00 W3 7 "B 31

39 Strength N/mm Yield strength 20mm pl Yield strength 50mm pl Tensile strength 20mm pl Tensile strength 50mm pl Temperature C Figure 18 Elevated temperature material properties for S460M thermo-mechanically rolled steel - Dillinger ;*42; /60+,2. : *3( 4.4 FIRE RESISTANT STEELS 7,7;. 1!) ()) 7; 2 ; G > 7; Q M > 1!), > 7;. 7; 1!) )0J 6)0W3 1!) )0J ))0W3 7 "# 32

40 Yield Strength factor FR1 S275 FR Temperature C Figure 19 Yield strength factor at elevated temperatures for fire resistant and S275 steels 33

41 34

42 5 EXISTING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA OF STAINLESS STEELS * * M * D *> "00BB ")0"D A ( *> "001B A! (60) # 4 * 3 *,. ))03,. E ' ' "/(0",(0/. ' "//0/,("6?.,2. ' "//61,4 110). '"/(61, 7 1(0/. D (0/ I ("6? E I 4 110) 7 1(0/ E "! 2 "00BB (0/ ("6 110) Table 17 Elevated temperature material properties for selected BS EN plate stainless steels &10: 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& (0/ "" "/! "(1 ""B "0B "00 #/ B# B) B" B0 (0/ (" ")! "/1 "1! ""B ""0 "0/ #B #) #1 #0 ("6 ""5"( "66 ")1 "(! "1! ""B ""( "0B "0( "00 #B ("6 ("5(( "!! "61 "/! "(! "1! "10 "") ""1 ""0 "0B 110) (60 (() (") ( ,. * 3 3,*

43 = GRADE (304) STAINLESS STEEL *3 3 2! ,. Figure 20 Elevated temperature stress-strain curves for (304) stainless steel derived from transient state tests 2 "B 7 1" 36

44 Table 18 Strength factors at elevated temperatures for grade (304) stainless steel based on transient state tests #. &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: )0 0#6) "0/( """( ""B# "(00 "00 0B!) 0#)( "01" "06" ""/# ")0 0B"0 0BB( 0#/) 0##) "06) 100 0!!0 0B() 0BBB 0#(# "010 1)0 0!/" 0!#6 0B)" 0B#6 0##0 (00 0!") 0!6) 0B1/ 0B66 0#6" ()0 06#( 0!(! 0B0" 0B/1 0#(( /00 066# 0!"( 0!B( 0B10 0#0) /)0 06/) 06#0 0!6) 0B00 0B!6 )00 06"! 066B 0!/( 0!B0 0B/B ))0 0)BB 06/( 0!") 0!)) 0B ))( 06"1 06!B 0!11 0!#0 6)0 0)"0 0)!( 061( 066B 0!/0!00 0/)0 0)"" 0)/! 0)B1 06/#!)0 0(!) 0/11 0/)) 0/!) 0)"B B00 0(00 0((B 0(6) 0(B1 0/"" B)0 011) 01)! 01B0 01#6 0(1/ Strength factor % 1.0% 1.50% 2.00% 3.00% Temperature C Figure 21 Relationship between strength factor and temperature for various strains Comparison of steady state and transient state test results 2, <M + *> "00BBD A ". 0)J "0J "# 37

45 @ 9 Table 19 Comparison of strengths at 0.5% and 1.0% strain derived from steady state and transient state tests!" # " # ; ' $ % & $ ' $ & $ ( 100 "B6 "#( 100 1"1 1"! /00 "!1 "!! "!/ "#6 "B) )00 "6) ")B "60 "!! "!/ 600 ")0 ")0 "// "6# ")# B00 "(1 #1!B #! BB Comparison of results with previously published data J 3 * Strength factor at 2% strain Ref [11] Ref [10] Temperature C Figure 22 Comparison of strength factors at 2% strain derived from SCI ECSC transient state test programme [10] with those obtained from the Helsinki transient test programme )#)0D A B "/(0",(0/. "//0",("6. 0)J 3E 38

46 1.1 Strength factor % strain BS 5950 Pt 8 1.0% strain BS 5950 Pt 8 0.5% strain SCI ECSC [10] 1.0% strain SCI ECSC [10] Temperature C Figure 23 Comparison between SCI ECSC data (transient tests) and existing guidance (steady state tests) for elevated temperature strength of grade (304) stainless steel 7 "/(0",(0/. 0)J % Proof strength (N/mm 2 ) BS EN Min values SCI ECSC data [10] Temperature C Figure 24 Comparison of minimum specified 0.2% proof strength in EN with the measured 0.2% proof strength data from the SCI ECSC transient state test programme 7 1/ 01J *> "00BBD A 1 )) >5 *> "00BB 39

47 5.1.3 Elastic modulus 4 <M *> "00BB 9 > ; 7 4 D E * B ) (0/ Reduction in elastic modulus Inco Aves ta S heffield Thyssen Ugine B S EN Nordberg [13] Temperature C Figure 25 Reduction of elastic modulus with temperature 5.2 GRADE (316L) STAINLESS STEEL *33 2 B ,. 40

48 Stress (N/mm²) Strain % 100 C 200 C 400 C 600 C 700 C 800 C Figure 26 Elevated temperature stress-strain curves for grade (316L) stainless steel derived from transient state tests Ambient temperature and steady state tests 10 # Table 20 Ambient and elevated temperature steady state tensile tests &10: &17: 41&: # - 7& ) : 10 1!/0 (0(0 ((01 )"60 (6 100 "B0( 11!# 1)// )"0( (B /00 "!/# "##/ 11/" /#"! (B )00 "6"6 "B6B 1"00 /!1! (6 600 "6(6 "B(" 10)) /1(6 /1 B00 ""B0 "1") "1)! 10#( # Transient state tests 7,. 1",. 41

49 Table 21 Temperatures for (316L) stainless steel for various critical strains and strength factors & ) " * +!, -. / # # # # # * 0) BB1 B16!66 6!) )(0 1B1 "6" B" () "0 #01 B)(!#!!1! 6/) )") ((6 ")1 B0 (! 2 2 ") 2 B6( B")!)( 6#0 )!) /0! 1"( "10 /) 1/ B6B B1(!!1!"B 61! )00 ((0 ")6 B6 /" 10 (0 2 B!/ B(0!B/!(B 6#0 6"6 /1B 1/1 ""6!6 /1 )0 2 BB# B// B00!)#!1( 6B! 6/( )66 (/# "6# "0" 01J 7 1! 1.4 Strength factor % 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% Temperature C Figure 27 Relationship between strength factor and temperature for various strains 11 "//0",("6. 7? )#)0D A B 42

50 Table 22 #. - <,7=7&> # &17: 41&: &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: Comparison of steady state and transient state test results 1( "/J Table 23 Comparison between the results measured by the steady state and transient state heating test methods # # - < > # &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: Comparison of results with previously published )#)0D A B "/(0",(0/. "//0",("6. 0)J 3E 43

51 7 1B 1.2 Strength factor % s train B S 5950 P t % s train B S 5950 P t % strain SCI ECSC % strain SCI ECSC Temperature C Figure 28 Comparison between new data (transient tests) and existing guidance on the elevated temperature strength of 316 stainless steels "//0/,("6?. 0)J Strength factor EN Min vals SCI ECSC [10] Temperature C Figure 29 Comparison of minimum specified 0.2% proof strength in EN with the measured 0.2% proof strength data from the SCI ECSC transient state test programme 7 1# 01J *> "00BBD A 1 )) >5 *> "00BB 44

52 5.2.5 Elastic modulus 4 *> "00BB 9 > ; 7 > (0/ D E * B (0 (" Reduction in elastic modulus Inco Avesta Sheffield Thyssen Ugine BS EN Nordberg [13] Temperature C Figure 30 Reduction of elastic modulus with temperature 5.3 GRADE (2205) DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL * D *>"00BB21 01 J ; 1)03 4 ;%@ 3 3 *33,. * ' 9 45

53 5.3.1 Steady state tests results 4 ;%@ 1/ Table 24 Elevated temperature material properties for (2205) stainless steel obtain by RWTH [10] - (Steady state tests) # )66 )#1!!( )66 6(# 100 "B)000 (## /(0 616 /0( /)( /00 "!6000 ()1 /0) 6(( (6/ /(" 600 "/!000 16! (0B /"# 1B" (1/!00 "1)000 "6! "BB 1B0 "!) 1()!)0 B(000 "/( "!0 1(B "/B 1"" B00 "00000 "11 "!" 100 "1! "BB #00!)000 6#!0 "(0!0 "1! 4 1) Table 25 Elevated temperature material properties for (2205) stainless steel obtain from various sources [13] - (Steady state tests) # A, - 4&&%% # B +. B /)0 ) )0 2 2 /10 /") 6/0 660 "00 (60 /"0 (60 ( ")0 (() 2 (/0 2 )#) (") ()1 (10 ("0 )B0 )!0 1)0 (00 2 ("0 2 )B0 2 (00 2 ()( 2 1B0 2 )60 )00 2 (( ( !00 2 "(# B00 2 "" J,;.,;. *> "00BB 21 ;%@ 9 7 (" (1 46

54 Rp0.2 (N/mm 2 ) SCI ECSC B S EN Thyssen [12] Aves ta S heffield [12] Temperature C Figure 31 Comparison of 0.2% proof stress values for Grade (2205) duplex steel from various sources [13] 900 Ultimate strength (N/mm 2 ) SCI ECSC [10] Avesta Sheffield [12] Ugine [12] Temperature C Figure 32 Comparison of ultimate strength values for grade (2205) duplex steel from various sources [13] Transient state tests ;%@ 3 *33 ' "//61,110).!003 7 (( 47

55 Strength factor % strain 2.00% strain 1.50% strain 1.00% strain 0.50% strain Temperature C Figure 33 Grade (2205) duplex steel - relationship between strength factor and temperature for various strains - SCI ECSC [10] tests Comparison between steady state and transient state test results ;%@ 16 7 (/ > ; ; 0)J 10J Table 26 Comparison of results between steady state and transient state tests for grade (2205) stainless steel # # 100 /0( /)( /1# /#" /00 (6/ /(" (!" /0/ 600 1B" (1/ 1!! (10!00 "!) 1() ")! 1(6 48

56 600 Strength (N/mm 2 ) % Is o' tes t 2.0% Is o' tes t 0.5% anis o' tes t 2.0% anis o tes t Temperature C Figure 34 Comparison of data obtained from steady state and transient state tests, which were performed by RWTH % Elastic modulus "//61,110). ;%@ 4 (003 7 () > ; 7 )003 Reduction factor for elastic modulus Ugine [12] Nordberg [13] SCI ECSC [10] Temperature C Figure 35 Reduction of elastic modulus with temperature for Grade (2205) stainless steel 49

57 5.4 GRADE (SAF 2304) DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL >? 7 1(0/ ( J "0J 16 Table 26 Avesta Sheffield elevated temperature data for Grade (SAF 2304) # 10 /00 /)0 6/0 )0 (60 /"0 600 "00 (") (B0 )! !) (10 )(0 ( (00 )00 * M "" (6 Table 27 Elevated temperature material properties for Grade (SAF 2304) stainless steel taken from Avesta research report [17] # 10 /B/ )/( 6B6 )0 /(! /B# 6)" "00 (#! /(! )#/ ")0 (6B /06 ) ((0 (66 )(6 1)0 (11 ()! )(" (00 (06 (/) )(( /00 1#( ((1 )"" /)0 ((" (!6 )11 )00 1#) (1# /6B ))0 11" 1/6 ( "!) "#! (01 6)0 ")( "B6 1!!!00 "1" "/( 11)!)0 B# B# "() B00!1!B ""1 #00 (") () 66 "000 ""# "( () ""00 /( 6 "# 50

58 Stress N/mm % P S T yp 1.0%P S T yp Ult s trength T yp 0.2% P S Min 1.0% P S Min Ult s trength Min Temperature C Figure 36 Elevated temperature properties for Grade (SAF 2304) stainless steel based on steady state tests Elastic modulus * ' "/(61, 7 1(0/. *> "00BB 2" (003 1B 7 (! Table 28 Elastic modulus at various temperatures for Grade (SAF 2304) stainless steel # 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& + '>5 100 "#/ "B6 "B0 ; " 0#! 0#( 0# Reduction factor B S E N Temperature C Figure 37 Reduction of elastic modulus with temperature for Grade (SAF 2304) stainless steel 51

59 52

60 6 EXISTING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA FOR HIGH STRENGTH STEEL USED FOR VESSELS AND PIPING 6.1 VESSEL STEELS * *> "001BD ")0"D A (D *> "001B ")0"D A " 1 *> "0 01B ")0"D A ( ")0"D A 1D 9G "0 01B ")0" D *> "0 01B A /D *> "0 01B A )D *> "0 01B A 6D >2 % 2 % E * E 4 01J *> "001B E ")0" BS EN Part 2 steels *> "0 01B A 1D - 1# I 2 Table 29 BS EN Part 2 alloy steels and equivalent BS 1501 steels, - 4& &0% 0 -C., 47&4 +# 4 +# 0 A())'@ 2 2 "" 3 + #2" )") * (0 (" 53

61 Table 30 Elevated temperature material properties for BS EN Part 2 alloy steels #' &10: 7& 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& A())'@ 60 ("B 1#0 1!0 1)) 1() 1") 100 "B0 O60"00 1#B 1!0 1)) 1/ "#0 "6) O"00") 1!B 1)0 1/0 1(0 1"0 "#) "!) ")) Table 31 Elevated temperature material properties for BS EN Part 2 steels #' &10: 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 1!" 1) /10 /06 (#B (B# (!/ (6( ()" (/! ("/ 2 O1)!) /01 (B# (B0 (!1 ()/ (/( ((1 (1# (0" 2 O!)")0 (6( (/# (/" ((1 ("0 (0" 1#1 1B# B" 1) /10 /06 (#B (B# (!/ (6( ()" (/! ("/ 2 O1)!) /01 (B# (B0 (!1 ()/ (/( ((1 (1# (0" 2 O!)")0 (6( (/# (/" ((1 ("0 (0" 1#1 1B# " 1) (") (0) 1#" 1B )) 1)" 1/) 1(B 11! O1)!) (00 1#0 1!! 16) 1)0 1(B 1(/ 11B 11" 1"" O!)")0 1#0 1B0 16B 1)6 1(# 11! 111 1"! 1"" 10" BS EN Part 3 steels *> "0 01B A (D. (1 ' A())> A())>@ A())>?" 2 E A())>?1 A/60 2 Table 32 BS EN Part 3 weldable fine grain normalized steels and equivalent BS 1501 steels, - 4& 5, 47&4> +# 4 A())> 11)2/#0?10 A ()) >@ 11) 2 /#0? 10 A ()) >?" 11) 2 /#0? )0 A ()) >?1 11) 2 /#0? )0 A /60 > 2 A /60 >@ 2 A /60 >?" 2 A /60 >?1 2 A()) > E 54

62 * (( Table 33 Elevated temperature material properties for BS EN Part 3 weldable fine grain normalized steels and equivalent BS 1501 steels #' &10: + # 7& 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& *> "0 01B A () ((6 (0/ 1B/ 1/) 116 1"6 "#6 "6! O()!0 ("( 1#/ 1!) 1/) 116 1"6 "#6 "6! O!0"00 (00 1!) 1)) 1() 1"6 "#6 "!! "/! O"00")0 1B0 1)) 1() 1"6 "#6 "!! ")! "1! ")0" 2 11) 2 " B/ 1)B 1/ "#) O"6/ B/ 1)B 1/ "#) O/06( 2 2 1B/ 1)B 1/ "#) " " 1(! 11" 101 "#0 "!# ") (( 1"1 "#! "B0 "6# "60 *> "0 01B A () 2 /01 (!( ((( ("/ 1#/ 16) 1() O()!0 2 (#1 (6( ((( ("/ 1#/ 16) 1() O!0"00 2 (!( (/( (1/ 1#/ 1!) 1/) 1"6 O"00")0 2 ()( (1/ (0/ 1!) 1)) 116 "#6 ")0" >= 3=;;* A=>4>' ';4* E "001B A / = #(1B A /? = (/ 4 01J /003 Table 34 Elevated temperature material properties for ISO weldable fine grain steels with high proof stress supplied in the normalised or quenched and tempered condition &10: + # 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& A@5A?@ ()) > 1B/ 1/) 116 1"6 "#6 "6! A@5A?@ (#0 > ("/ 1!) 1)) 1/) 1"6 "B6 A@5A?@ /10 > (/0 (0/ 1!) 16) 1() 106 A@5A?@ /60 > (!( ((( ("/ 1#/ 16) 1() BS EN Part 4 steels *> "0 01B A /D -& BS EN Part 5 steels *> "0 01B A )D 55

63 6.1.5 BS EN Part 6 steels *> "0 01B A 6D / () Table 35 Elevated temperature material properties for BS EN Part 6 weldable fine grain quenched and tempered steels &10: + # 7& 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& *> "0 01B A ()) C@ (/0 ("0 1B) 160 1() 1") *> "0 01B A /60 C@ //) /1) /0) (B0 (60 (/0 *> "0 01B A )00 C@ /#0 /!0 /)0 /10 /00 (B0 *> "0 01B A 6#0 C@ 6!0 6/) 6") )#) )!) )!0 4 01J (003 E "001B A 6 = #(1B A /? = (6 4 01J /003 Table 36 Elevated temperature material properties for ISO weldable fine grain steels with high proof stress supplied in the normalised or quenched and tempered condition &10: + # 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& A@5A?@ /60 C (6/ (/! ((B (1B (") 1#" A@5A?@ )00 C /") (#B (BB (!# ()/ ((# A@5A?@ ))0 C /66 //# /(# /1# /"( (B! A@5A?@ 610 C )(! )10 )"0 )00 /B" /)( A@5A?@ 6#0 C )B! )!0 )60 ))0 )(0 ) BS EN Part 7 steels *> "0 01B A!D ; ")0" A (D (! 56

64 Table 37 Elevated temperature material properties for BS 1501 Part 3 corrosion and heat resisting steels &10: 0& 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& (0/ "" "B0 "1" "0B #B #0 B1!6!/!"!0 6B 6! 2 2 (0/ (" "#) "(1 "10 "0# "00 #( B! B/ B"!#!B!6 2 2 (0/ )" "#) "(1 "10 "0# "00 #( B! B/ B"!#!B!6 2 2 (0/ 6" 1!0 "#6 "6# ")) "/( "() "1# "1( ""# "") ""( ""0 "0B "06 (0# "6 10) "/0 "1B ""6 "0B "00 #/ #" B6 B) B/ B1 2 2 ("0 "6 10) "/0 "1B ""6 "0B "00 #/ #" B6 B) B/ B1 2 2 ("6 "" "#0 "/1 "(0 "10 "0# "0" #6 #0 B! B/ B"!#!B!! ("6 "( "#0 "/1 "(0 "10 "0# "0" #6 #0 B! B/ B"!#!B!! ("6 (" 10) ")) "// "(1 "1" ""( "0! "0" #B #) #1 #0 B# BB ("6 (( 10) ")) "// "(1 "1" ""( "0! "0" #B #) #1 #0 B# BB ("6 )" 10) ")) "// "(1 "1" ""( "0! "0" #B #) #1 #0 B# BB ("6 )( 10) ")) "// "(1 "1" ""( "0! "0" #B #) #1 #0 B# BB ("6 6" 1B0 10/ "!B "6/ ")/ "/6 "/0 "(6 "(1 "1# "16 "1/ "11 ""B ("6 6( 1B0 10/ "!B "6/ ")/ "/6 "/0 "(6 "(1 "1# "16 "1/ "11 ""B (10(" 1"0 "6) ")0 "(! "1B "11 ""! ""1 "0# "0) "01 "00 #! #6 (1" (" 100 ")/ "/# "// "(# "() "1# "1/ ""# ""6 """ "0B "0) "01 (1" )" "!) "1B "1( ""! ""/ ""0 "0) "00 #) #( #0 BB B6 B/ (/! (" 10) "!" "61 ")( "/! "(# "(( "1# "16 "1/ "11 "1" 2 2 (/! )" 10) "!" "61 ")( "/! "(# "(( "1# "16 "1/ "11 "1" 2 2 ("B "( /B0 (60 (() ("0 1#) 1B) #0/ "( 110 "!) "6) ")) "/) "() "(0 "1) "10 ""0 "0) Commentary on vessel steels * E ))03 E 7 (003 5,A'@. E 2 01J,A>@ J ' 1!" X4X 2 % E,AC@. 6#0 >5 * (003 * /003 57

65 * 1!" E 7 (B % Proof Strength N/mm /281 P 355 NH P 460 QH P 690 QH Temperature C Figure 38 Elevated temperature material properties for a selection of pressure vessel steels 6.2 PIPING STEELS A )? *> "010B 7 (60" 3 (601 3 (60( 3 (60/ 7 (601 (60/ 01J (60) "0J (B /0 7 (# 58

66 Table 38 Elevated temperature material properties for BS 3602 Part 1 pipe steels &10: 0& 7& 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& 67& )00> (/( ((( ("( 1#" 16! "// ( "BB "!! 4 Table 39 Elevated temperature material properties for BS 3604 pipe steels &10: 0& 7& 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 61#2)#0 (#B (B6 (6( (/B ((/ ((0 (16 (11 ("6 ("" 1#0 1()!61 //B /(1 /06 (BB (!/ (60 (/B (/0 (16 (0# 1B" 1/( )#" 2 2 /11 /"1 /01 (#1 (B1 (!( (/( B0 1!0 1)B 1/! 11B 1") 1"" " 2 2 (") (0) 1#" 1B )) 1)" 1/) #1 1B( 1!) )1 1/) 1(" 2 2 Table 40 Elevated temperature material properties for selected BS 3605 pipe steels 41&: 4&& 47& 0&& 07& 5&& 57& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& (0/ "" "6B ")0 "(! "1B "11 ""6 ""0 "0B (0/ ("5)" "!B "60 "/! "(# "(1 "1) "10 ""! ("6 ""5"( "!! "6" "/# "(# "(( "1! "1( ""# ("6 ("5((5)"5) "B# "!1 ")# ")0 "/( "(! "(( "1# "1) "1" ""# ""6 Min 0.2% Proof Strength N/mm B S Nb B S B S B S Temperature C Figure 39 Elevated temperature material properties for a selection of pipeline steels 59

67 60

68 7 EXISTING MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA AT HIGH STRAIN RATES "#B6 3 * ',3*'. 7 * A ; 9 * * + * * + 3 * >*, > *. "#B02"##B 4?=' "#B02"##B = A Q= M *8A?=+* Q % +M ;, +;. 7.1 STRUCTURAL CARBON STEELS,., 1/021!) >5., (/)2/60 +A. 3 :, *> "001). 3 ' 7 * A "##" /(60 ' )04 "##" /(60 *> "001) 0!"#" %,2 E., /)0+A. 61

69 7.1.1 Strain rate sensitivity in structural steels 2, 1/) +A. E2 7 /0 2 2 Figure 40 Effects of strain rate on the behaviour of mild steel ; 2 4 = 7 /", + (6 1)0 +A. E, + )"/!60 +A. 62

70 Dynamic increase factor A 36 A Strain rate s -1 Figure 41 Dynamic increase factor for yield strength of mild and high strength steel versus strain rate 7.2 COWPER-SYMONDS RELATIONSHIP ; 32 D d " 1 q 4 E 7 E 4R /0 ER),12/J. 4R(00 ER1) )J 3 3 4R6B// ER(#" 4 4 E 63

71 7 1 + ED t 1)1"0 1 q,+a. 4 E ()) +A!"#"D' /)0 *+ *> "001)D /10 / STAINLESS STEELS A E E ' (0/ 4R "00 ER"0 ; 9? 3 I ' "//0/,("6?. ' "/(61, 7 1(0/. ' "//61,110). I, 01J. 7 /1 /( 2 "//0/,("6?. "//61,110). 0 10J ε ε ε ε Figure 42 Effect of strain rate on the stress-strain characteristics of grade (316L) 64

72 ε ε ε ε Figure 43 Effect of strain rate on the stress-strain characteristics of grade (2205) 7 // 2 2 ε ε Figure 44 Typical strain-time curve for a dynamic tensile test on stainless steel 01J "J,* *.,*. *> "00BBD A 1 QM *> "0001D A " *> "0001D A " D S1)"0 * * * SB0"0 "0J 65

73 7 01J D dyn y,2 SR. 0.2 /",G. 2 01J Table 41 Strain rate enhancement factor, (K SR ) &6 548) & D 017&E4& 4 017&E4& 4 017&E4& 4 F; F; F; B6("0 "0/ ))0"0 "01 ))("0 "01 "!B"0 "0! """"0 "0( ""1"0 "0( BB0"0 ""( 0" "0! 0"1 "0#!/1 "1B )(# "") 6/B ""B 3 2,!1. 7 /) 01J 32 ("6? 71(0/ 110) 0.2% Proof stress Strain rate s S AF D=240s -1; q=4.74 D=3489s -1; q=5.77 D=5958s - 1;q=6.36 Figure 45 Variation of 0.2% proof stress with strain rate and the Cowper-Symonds relationship which best describe the effect for 316L, SAF22304 and 2205 stainless steels 66

74 32 4 E E /1 ("6? 0"J Table 42 Cowper - Symonds constants for stainless steels? C /!" )!6 16( 01J 1/0 /!/ 1!! 7 1(0/ 0"J 110 6(),. 1)" /0/,. )"6 01J (/B# )!! )1! 110),("B. 0"J!6# )"( )// 01J )#)B 6(6 )!) /( // G 0"J 01J "J,,G.,G.,G.. 2 : G,,G /( // H 2 2 2,>?7*. 7 /6 H 2 σ σ Figure 46 Linearized stress strain curve allowing for strain rate effects 67

75 Table 7.3 Strain rate enhancement for 0.1%, 0.2% and 1.0 % proof strengths D D D "//0/,("6?. "/(61,1(0/. "//61,110) # 0#( 1!6 0#1 ("6 0#/ 000"! 1B! 0## 1#6 0## ((1 0## 0001) 1#" "00 (00 "00 (() "00 000B6 (0/ "0/ ("( "0/ (/6 "0( 00"!B ("" "0! (1" "0! ()1 "0) 00BB0 (1! ""1 ((B ""( (66 "0#!/100 (!1 "1B (B) "1B /0/ "1" "(B20/ )1) 0#! )/B 0#6 6") 0#! )(6 0## )61 0#B 616 0## 0001) )/( "00 )!1 "00 6(/ "00 000)) )/# "0" )B" "01 6/" "0" 00""" ))) "01 )BB "0( 6/! "01 0"000 )!1 "0) 6"( "0! 666 "0) )(#00 60/ """ 6)6 "")!00 "" )6) 0#) )#6 0#) 6B0 0#6 0001/ )#" "00 61! "00!0) " ) )#1 "00 61! "00!0) "00 000)) 60" "01 6(B "01!") "0" 00""1 6"0 "0( 6/B "0(!1( "0( 0"1(0 6(# "0B 6B1 "0#!)" "0! 6/B00 6BB ""6!(! ""B!#! ""( "//0/,("6?. "/(61,1(0/. "//61,110). Table 44 Strain rate enhancement for ultimate tensile strength D )G 8& : 0000( )#! 0#! )B! 000B0 6") " ")# 6"# "0" /#( 00#6( 61B "01 )0( 0"!#0 6(1 "0( )00 "!000 6// "0) )"0 1"1000 6)B "0! )1! 0000(!(# 0#B (60 000B0!)/ " "66!)B "0" 1B0 00#)/!66 " "B10!6# "01 1#! "!!00!!# "0( 1#0 "6!000!#0 "0) (0! 0000( B"( 0#! (/( 000B0 B/" " "61 B/! "0" 1#0 00#/# B61 "0( 1#( 0"B"0 B6! "0( (00 "!600 BB! "0) (00 ")6000 #0) "0B 1B( 68

76 8 NEW ELEVATED TEMPERATURE MATERIAL PROPERTY FOR BS 7191 GRADE 355EM(Z) AND 450EM(Z) STEELS!"#"D ())*+,-. /)0*+,-. )#)0DA B 8.1 MATERIAL AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION D!"#"D()) *+,-. 2!"#"D/)0*+,-. E 3 ())*+,-. "1 ( "") 3 /)0*+,-. "0 / "0 / E 8.2 TEST PROGRAMME *> "0001DA " H * 3 3 *> "0001DA ), 5 01J. "

77 )26J LL,. 8.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR GRADE 355EM(Z) STEEL /" 7 /! )0 2 6J Strength factors vs temperature 7 I 7,. 01J 7 0) )0J /1 /) 7 )" )/ 0)J ")J 10J "0J (0J )0J )J 7 /! )0 4 )J 7 )) 0)J 10J )J /6 7 )6 : /6 6( "1 +3; /) 7 /! "1 "0J 10 70

78 8.3.2 Comparison of strength factors with existing data in BS 5950: Part 8 )#)0DA B 7 )! /(60D' /( )0 +3; Stress strain relationships 7 7 )B 6"!00 3 /! ) ; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR GRADE 450EM(Z) STEEL )" / 2 6J Strength factors vs temperature 7 I 7,. 01J 7 0)J )J )1 )/ 7 6) 6! 7 0)J ")J 10J "0J (0J )0J )J / 4 )J "0 6 "6 7 /0 60 /") 71

79 >5 1) S!) 0)J 10J )0J 7 6B / J 6J /0 60 / # )) Comparison of strength factors with existing data in BS 5950: Part 8 7!0,. )#)0D A B /(60 ' /( )0 = ' /)0 /( )0 6)03 ' /) Stress strain relationships 7 7!"!(!003 )6 )B 7 /0 60 ' /)0 1) S!) 7!/ )# 8.5 CONCLUSIONS!"#"D' ())*+,-. +3;!"#"D'/)0*+,-. E D EM(Z) steel. 1003! (. "1 +3; E ; "0J 72

80 . +3; )#)0DA B.! EM(Z) steel.! J. /0 60 ' /)0 1) S!). = 2 )#)0D A B ' /)0 E.!003 /0 60 1) S!) 73

81 Table 41 Ambient temperature tensile properties of the plates supplied &10: # - : "1!"# /0B ()) )1/ / ! 10 (0!"# (B/ (/) )"! / (! 10 60!"# (#1 (/0 /## / (# 10 "1!$%&'# /"# ()) )0/ / (0 10 Table 42 Strength factors at various critical strains for Grade 355EM(Z), 12mm plate (Normalised) # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 0#BB 0#BB 0#B# 0#B# 0##( "0#" )0 0#"0 0#/( 0#)( 0#)) 0##" "0)0 "00 0B11 0B)) 0B60 0B!/ 0#B0 "0)0 ")0 0B0) 0B0! 0B"0 0B6) 0#6) "0) !)) 0!!) 0!#( 0B)/ 0#)) "0)0 1)0 06#B 0!)0 0!B0 0B/! 0#)0 "0)0 (00 06(# 0!10 0!B( 0B/0 0#/) "0/) ()0 06"! 0!"1 0!)( 0B"B 0#(0 "0(( /00 0)!) !1B 0!B6 0B#0 "00) /)0 0)16 060! 06)( 0!0( 0!!6 0BB! )00 0/)B 0)11 0)6) 0)#! 06() 06B1 ))0 0(6/ 0/"# 0//# 0/!1 0)0( 0)/! ! 0(0! 0((" 0(/# 0(!( 0(#) 6)0 0"B6 01"6 01(" 01/1 01)# 01!B!00 0""! 0"/1 0")# 0"!0 0"!# 0"#1 74

82 Table 43 Strength factors at various critical strains for Grade 355EM(Z), 30mm plate (Normalised) # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 "000 "000 "000 "000 "01( ""61 )0 0#/B 0#)! 0#61 0#61 "0"0 """) "00 0#"( 0#1/ 0#1) 0#1! 0##) ""0" ")0 0B/) 0B)B 0B)! 0#"1 0##) "0## 100 0!B/ 0!#B 0B0/ 0#0B 0##) "0#/ 1)0 0!10 0!B/ 0B0! 0B#! 0#B0 "0#1 (00 06!! 0!)B 0B"0 0B!! 0#)) "0B0 ()0 06/" 0!(1 0!B) 0B/B 0#() "0!) /00 060# 06#0 0!)" 0B01 0B#/ "0)) /)0 0)6) 06() 06B! 0!(" 0B0! 0#1B )00 0/#! 0)6" (1 06!/ 0!1( ))0 0(#6 0/)1 0/B6 0)0B 0)(B 0)!B B/ 0((0 0()B 0(!) 0(#) 0/1/ 6)0 0"!B 01"( 01(/ 01/# 01!/ 0(00!00 0"0( 0"(1 0"/6 0")) 0"6B 0"B" Table 44 Strength factors at various critical strains for Grade 355EM(Z), 60mm plate (Normalised) # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 0#!) 0#!) 0#!) 0#!) "0/B ""!1 )0 0#"" 0#"B 0#(" 0#/0 0##0 ""!0 "00 0B/( 0B)B 0B61 0B6) 0#B1 ""!0 ")0 0!!) 0!B) 0!#B 0B/B 0#6# ""6# 100 0!"0 0!"! 0!6) 0B(( 0#6" ""6B 1)0 06)0 06#) 0!)B 0B1/ 0#)/ ""6) ( #0 0!)0 0B") 0#/) ""60 ()0 0)!/ 06!1 0!1# 0!B# 0#") ""(" /00 0))! 06(6 06#B 0!60 0B!) ""00 /)0 0)11 0)#( 06/1 06B) 0!6( 0BB/ )00 0/)# 0)"" 0)/B 0)6# 061) 06B0 ))0 0(!B 0/1( 0/)0 0/!0 0)00 0)/ !0 0("1 0((/ 0(/# 0(!( 0/0/ 6)0 0"!# ) 01(B 01)B 01!(!00 0"0/ 0"1( 0"(B 0")0 0"61 0"!B 75

83 Table 45 Strength factors at various critical strains for Grade 355EM(Z), 12mm plate (TMCR) # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 0#B0 0#B1 0#B6 0##0 0##0 "0B0 )0 0)10 0#)! 0#)# 0#60 0#6" "0)0 "00 0#(B 0#/( 0#// 0#/) 0#/6 "0)0 ")0 0#"B 0#1" 0#1" 0#11 0#/0 "0) BBB 0B#" 0B#/ 0B#6 0#(/ "0)0 1)0 0B0B 0B/! 0B!1 0B#/ 0#(0 "0() (00 0!"B 0!#1 0B/1 0B!0 0#1! "010 ()0 06#0 0!60 0B11 0B)) 0#"1 "00) / !(/ 0!B) 0B16 0BBB 0##0 /)0 06") 06B/ 0!1# 0!66 0B"! 0B#6 )00 0)1# 060/ 06/0 066# 0!00 0!/) ))0 0/"6 0/6( 0/#/ 0)10 0))6 0)#) 600 0((1 0(60 0(!B 0(#( 0/"0 0/(0 6)0 016/ 01B# 0(00 0(0B 0(11 0(((!00 0"#! 01"6 011) 01(1 01/" 01)6 Table 46 Strength factors for Grade 355EM(Z), (Normalised) applicable to plates up to 63mm # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 0#!) 0#!) 0#!) 0#!) 0##( "0#" )0 0#"0 0#"B 0#(" 0#/0 0##0 "0)0 "00 0B11 0B)) 0B60 0B6) 0#B0 "0)0 ")0 0!!) 0!B) 0B"0 0B/B 0#6) "0) !"0 0!"! 0!6) 0B(( 0#)) "0)0 1)0 06)0 06#) 0!)B 0B1/ 0#)0 "0)0 ( #0 0!)0 0B") 0#/) "0/) ()0 0)!/ 06!1 0!1# 0!B# 0#") "0(( /00 0))! 06(6 06#B 0!60 0B!) "00) /)0 0)11 0)#( 06/1 06B) 0!6( 0BB/ )00 0/)B 0)"" 0)/B 0)6# 061) 06B0 ))0 0(6/ 0/"# 0//# 0/!0 0)00 0)/ ! 0(0! 0((" 0(/# 0(!( 0(#) 6)0 0"!B (" 01(B 01)B 01!(!00 0"0( 0"1( 0"(B 0")0 0"61 0"B" 76

84 Table 47 Stress strain data from transient tests for Grade 355 EM(Z), 12 mm plate (Normalised) I. : 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& !B "6! 00B! ((! 2 00# )B # "16! "06) B"! " "/) "#) 0"1( /" "1) ")"6 "(!! "")/ #"1 6)! /0) 1"! 0"(" 2 2 1)1" "(# 2 1!6# ") )B/ 10#) ")66 "/(B "11) #6#!"0 /// 1(6 0"!" ()) "!) ()0! 1#/! 16"6 1"1( "6"1 "/#" "1B) "0")!/6 /!1 1)/ 0100 ()0! 1#!B 16(/ 1"// "6)/ ")(! "((B "0)"!!0 /#! 1!" 011) ()0! 1##( 16/) 1")B "6#( ")B0 "(BB "0!#!#1 )"B 1B! 01)0 ()0! (000 16)1 1"6# "!(1 "611 "/1! ""0/ B0# )/0 (01 01!) ()0! (000 16)) 1"B0 "!6B "6)B "/)6 ""1) B1! ))! ("6 0(00 ()0! (000 16)# 1"#0 "B0( "6#0 "/B0 ""/! B/) )!) ((0 0()0 ()0! (00( 166( 110B "B!" "!)0 ")1! ""B6 B!! 60/ ()) 0/00 ()0! (00! "#() "!#6 ")66 "11) #0) 61) (!6 0/)0 ()0! (0"0 16!( 11(! "##1 "B() ")#B "160 #(0 6/( (#B 0)00 ()0! (0"/ 16B0 116B 10/" "B6! "616 "1#1 #/B 660 /") 0600 ()0! (0"B 16#" 1(1# 1"1( "#() "6!# "()( #B( 6B# /// 0!00 ()0! (01) 1!0) 1(B6 1"#0 "### "!1# "(## "0")!"/ /61 0B00 ()0! (01B 1!"# 1//1 11/! 10)) "!!) "/(/ "0//!() /!6 0#00 ()0! (0(1 1!(/ 1/#6 1(00 1"0# "B"B "/6( "06#!)( /#0 "000 ()0! (0() 1!)" 1)/) 1()0 1")) "B)( "/B! "0#0!6! )0/ "1)0 ()"" (0/1 1!B! /!" 11)/ "#() ")// ""/0!#) )(6 ")00 ()"" (0)( 1B") 1!B0 1)B/ 1(/" 1006 ")#/ ""!) B10 )6/ "!)0 ()"" (0!B 1#(1 1BB( 16#" 1/10 10!0 "6(! "10! B/" )B ()"" ("0( (0(1 1#B1 1!#0 1/#6 1""# "6!6 "1(# B)# 60/ 1)00 ()") (1#/ (110 ("!/ 1#B1 16(/ 1"#/ "!/0 "1#1 BBB 61" (000 ()") (/!# ((#0 (()) ("60 1!)) 11)/ "!B6 "(1/ #"1 6() ("00 ()"B (100 ()) ()00 (6/1 (60( (/#! (/#! ((0# 1B!6 1("" "B(1 "(/# #(! 6)0 /000 (!6( (!1B ()#( (6"0 (/// 1#!) 1(6" "B!" "(6! #)# 66 )000 (B!( (!1B (!1B (!"0 ()6B ("/# 1/1" "#/1 "/01 #B! 6B1 77

85 Table 48 Stress strain data from transient tests for Grade 355 EM(Z), 30 mm plate (Normalised) I. : 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )* + ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (, ( - ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( * ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ** ( ( (,- ( ( ( ( ( ( * ( ( ( (,* ( ( ( ( ( )), ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (,-, + )+, ( ( ( ( - ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( *+ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( + ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( - ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( +* -*- ++, ), - ( *,, ), ), ) -- ) + ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( + )- ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( *- ),*,- +* )+), - --, - )--), -, *, +++ -* ) -+, (,,- *+ * --, + * -** +) (, +*,- *, - -* *) * ) ( ) +, )*,* ) * *- *) ) ( ) +, ),-, -, * *++ ),) ) ( )+ +-+ )*,* *-+ +,-, ) - ( ), + ), ** +- )*,) * )* - ( )+ +, ), +, +* )),,+, )- ( ) ))+,-, )++,* +- ) + ( )+, )+) + - ) - +- )* ( )*- -) - + * ) - * ( )*- * *+) -,- * +, -*, ( )** ) + )) -,, * - * -)+ ( )** ) + )*,,), ), ) - ( ), +) )+ -, *- +,- ) -*) ( ), - *-), ) + ) * - + ( (, ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ), ))+,), +*- - )+ * *) ( ),* ))) )+ + * ),- *, ) ( ),* ), )+-,, + + ** )),-, + ( ) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( *) )--) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ), )-)) )-)) ), )*- *- ) *+ )+),- * ) )+,* ), )- )-+ ))), ),) ),,+,, - )*+ ), )+ ), )) ), -,) -*,,- + -, ),* )- )+ )+- ) -,-,,- -+) ) +- 78

86 Table 49 Stress strain data derived from transient tests for Grade 355 EM(Z), 60 mm plate (Normalised) I. : 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& 79

87 Table 50! "" #$%& ' ($) I. : 0& 4&& 0&& 07& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& 80

88 Table 51 *+, -.! " #$% ' &10: # - : "0 /B/ )6/ 1B /0 /!B ))( //B) )// (" Table 52 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 10 mm Grade 450 EMZ plate # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 "00/ "010 "0/! "06/ ""00 ""/1 )0 0##" "0") "0(0 "0/! "0)0 "0)0 "00 0#!B "0"" "010 "0(0 "0)0 "0)0 ")0 0#60 "00/ "0"B "01B "0)0 "0) #)" "000 "0") "01) "0)0 "0)0 1)0 0#(0 0##) "0"0 "010 "0)0 "0)0 (00 0#"( 0#B6 "000 "0"0 "0)0 "0)0 ()0 0B#/ 0#60 0#!) 0##0 "0)0 "0)0 /00 0B)" 0#11 0#)) 0#!) "00) "0)0 /)0 0!#) 0B6" 0BB( 0#00 0#16 0#/) )00 06## 0!6) 0!B/ 0B00 0B"/ 0B(0 ))0 0))! 061! 06)6 06!0 06B! 0!0B 600 0/06 0/6B 0/#) 0)0B 0)1! 0))0 6)0 01)! 0(0# 0((( 0()0 0(!) 0(#1!00 0"// 0"!6 0"#/ 01" )0 81

89 Table 53 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 40 mm Grade 450 EMZ plate # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 "0"0 "0)( "0)B "0)B ""0B ""!/ )0 0#60 "001 "00! "0(0 "0#/ ""00 "00 0#)" 0#60 0#6) "00) "0B0 ""00 ")0 0#/6 0#)) 0#61 0##0 "0!) "" #(( 0#)" 0#6" 0#B0 "0!0 ""00 1)0 0#10 0#/6 0#)/ 0#!) "0)/ ""00 (00 0#0) 0#/0 0#)" 0#!0 "0/" ""00 ()0 0B!B 0#1! 0#/! 0#6) "010 ""00 /00 0B"! 0#0( 0#(( 0#)( 0#B) "0!B /)0 0!)/ 0B/( 0BB6 0#0B 0#(6 0#)# )00 06!1 0!/! 0!!B 0B06 0B1( 0B/0 ))0 0)!/ 06(6 06!" 06#0 0!0) 0!"! 600 0/)( 0)0( 0)(1 0))0 0)6( 0)B( 6)0 0(0! 0()# 0(B1 0(#) 0/"" 0/(0!00 0")! 010" 01"6 011B 01/# 01B0 Table 54 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 60 mm Grade 450 EMZ plate # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 "000 "000 "000 "006 "0!) ""/6 )0 0#!" 0#!" 0#!" "00( "0!( ""00 "00 0#/( 0#/( 0#/( "000 "0!0 ""00 ")0 0#1B 0#1! 0#1B 0##! "06B "" #"0 0#1( 0#1) 0##/ "06) ""00 1)0 0B#" 0#10 0#1( 0##0 "061 ""00 (00 0B6/ 0#0B 0#10 0#B1 "060 ""00 ()0 0B(6 0B#1 0#"/ 0#!0 "0/# "0B1 /00 0B0) 0B66 0B#B 0#)6 "011 "0)) /)0 0!)1 0B(0 0B61 0B#0 0#/0 "0"0 )00 06B) 0!)) 0!B0 0!## 0B(1 0B6# ))0 0)#/ 06)" 06!1 06B6 0!0! 0!( /6" 0)"0 0)1! 0)/0 0))B 0)B" 6)0 0(11 0(!1 0(B# 0/00 0/") 0/(#!00 0"#0 011) 01/1 01)6 01!" 01B# 82

90 Table 55 Strength factors at various critical strains for Grade 450 EMZ, combined data from 40 mm and 60 mm plates for thickness range 25 mm < T 75 mm # ( H &17: 41&: 417: 01&: 51&: 71&: 10 "000 "000 "000 "006 "0!) ""/6 )0 0#!" 0#!" 0#!" "00( "0!( ""00 "00 0#/( 0#/( 0#/( "000 "0!0 ""00 ")0 0#1B 0#1! 0#1B 0##! "06B "" #"0 0#1( 0#1) 0##/ "06) ""00 1)0 0B#" 0#10 0#1( 0##0 "061 ""00 (00 0B6/ 0#0B 0#10 0#B1 "060 ""00 ()0 0B(6 0B#1 0#"/ 0#!0 "0/# "0B1 /00 0B0) 0B66 0B#B 0#)6 "011 "0)) /)0 0!)/ 0B/( 0BB6 0#0B 0#(6 0#)# )00 06!1 0!/! 0!!B 0B06 0B1( 0B/0 ))0 0)!/ 06(6 06!" 06#0 0!0) 0!"! 600 0/)( 0)0( 0)(1 0))0 0)6( 0)B( 6)0 0(0! 0()# 0(B1 0(#) 0/"" 0/(0!00 0")! 010" 01"6 011B 01/# 01B0 83

91 Table 56 Stress strain data derived from transient tests for Grade 450 EM(Z), 10mm plate I. : 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& 84

92 Table 57 Stress strain data derived from transient tests for Grade 450 EM(Z), 40mm plate. : 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& 85

93 Table 58 Stress strain data derived from transient tests for Grade 450 EM(Z), 60mm plate. : 0& 4&& 0&& 5&& 6&& 67& 7&& 77& 8&& 87& 9&& 86

94 Table 59 Stress strain data for Grade 450 EM(Z), for plate thickness range 25mm < t 75mm derived from transient tests B (! 0" )! 0"(# )60 2 0") /( ((1 0") "0!# 2 2 0")! )/ "6"# ")# B( "6# BBB "! )( "!) (B6 1""! "!6/ "166!!6 (6) 0"!! "B0 2 ()#B ((! /")0 (6// (/") 1##6 16)6 1/# "B6B "(#0 B/! (#/ 011) /")0 (6#/ (/6) (0!) 1!(# 1)!! 11#" "#)# "/!( #"! /1! 01)0 2 (!(# ()0! (")0 1B"0 16)6 1(6" 10(/ ")/B #!) //B 01!) 2 (!B" ()/B (110 1B!6 1!1! 1/1/ 10#1 "6"0 "01# /!! 0(00 2 (B"0 ()B6 (1!# 1#(B 1!B# 1/!B 1"(! "660 "0!) )01 0()0 2 (B/! (660 ((B1 (0)/ 1B#! 1)6# 1110 "!/( ""/" )// 0/00 2 (BB0 (!(" (/6# ("61 1#BB 16)6 11#" "B0" ""#) )B" 0/)0 (#0) (!)6 ()(6 (1)B (06( 1!1! 1(/) "B/! "1/" 6"B 0)00 /")0 (#"( (!!! ()B6 ((/" ("1# 1!B# 1(B1 "BB0 "1!/ 6) (#"B (B06 (6/B (/") (1(! 1BBB 1/// "#(B "(1B!"/ 0! (B"B (6B) (/6# ((10 1#6( 1/#B "#B/ "(!B!)) 0B (B11 (!"/ ()") ((#" (01" 1))1 101) "/"#!B# 0# (B16 (!/( ())! (//# (06! 1)#B 10)B "/)! B"( "000 /")0 (#"B (B(0 (!6B ()#/ (/#B ("00 16(# 10B! "/#0 B(/ "1)0 2 2 (B(# (B0" (66/ (601 ("!" 1!"B 1")B ")/B B!1 ")00 /")0 (#11 (B(# (B"B (!1! (6!! (11# 1!B) 110B ")B) B#6 "!)0 /")0 /0/6 /016 (#B/ (B16 (!1! (1!# 1B(0 11/# "6"# #1" 1000 /"!0 /")0 /"1) /0!) (#6! (!6B ((10 1B6/ 11B( "6(# #/6 1"00 /1! )00 /(!0 2 2 /1(! /"1" (B(# ((!/ 1#0) 1("1 "6!! ##6 (000 //60 ///" //10 /(## /1/" (BB/ (/") 1#16 1((6 "!06 "0(( /000 /6(0 /)6) /)// //#0 /((! (#(B (/)( 1#)) 1(B1 "!)) ""0/ )000 /!)0 /)6) /)6) /)6) /(!B (#B0 (/B6 1#!6 1/"# "!B) ""60 87

95 Total Strain % SR = 0.10 SR = 0.15 SR = 0.20 SR = 0.30 SR = 0.40 SR = 0.50 SR = 0.60 SR = 0.70 SR = 0.80 SR = 0.95 SR = Temperature ( o C) Figure 47 Elevated temperature transient tests, Grade 355 EM(Z) 12 mm plate (Normalised) Total Strain % SR = 0.07 SR = 0.1 SR = 0.15 SR = 0.2 SR = 0.3 SR = 0.4 SR = 0.5 SR = 0.6 SR = 0.7 SR = 0.8 SR = 0.91 SR = 0.96 SR = SR = Temperature ( o C) Figure 48 Elevated temperature transient tests, Grade 355 EM(Z) 30 mm plate (Normalised) 88

96 Total Strain % SR = 0.07 SR = 0.10 SR = 0.15 SR = 0.20 SR = 0.30 SR = 0.40 SR = 0.50 SR = 0.60 SR = 0.70 SR = 0.80 SR = 0.96 SR = SR = SR = Temperature ( o C) Figure 49 Elevated temperature transient tests, Grade 355 EM(Z) 60 mm plate (Normalised) Total Strain % SR = 0.10 SR = 0.15 SR = SR = 0.20 SR = 0.25 SR = 0.30 SR = 0.40 SR = 0.50 SR = 0.60 SR = 0.70 SR = 0.80 SR = 0.90 SR = 0.95 SR = Temperature ( o C) Figure 50 Elevated temperature transient tests, Grade 355 EM(Z) 12 mm plate (TMCR) 89

97 1.2 1 Strength Factor % 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 5.0% Temperature ( o C) Figure 51 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 12 mm Grade 355 EMZ plate (Normalised) Strength Factor % 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 5.0% Temperature ( o C) Figure 52 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 30 mm Grade 355 EMZ plate (Normalised) 90

98 1.2 1 Strength Factor % 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 5.0% Temperature ( o C) Figure 53 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 60 mm Grade 355 EMZ plate (Normalised) Strength Factor % 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 5.0% Temperature ( o C) Figure 54 Strength factors v temperature at various critical strains for 12 mm Grade 355 EMZ plate (TMCR) 91

99 1.2 1 Srength Factor % (12 mm) 2.0% (12 mm) 5.0% (12 mm) 0.5% (30 mm) 2.0% (30 mm) 5.0% (30 mm) 0.5% (60 mm) 2.0% (60 mm) 5.0% (60 mm) Temperature ( o C) Figure 55 ( 40/ 5& 8& Strength Factor % 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 3.0% 5.0% Temperature o C Figure 56Strength factors at elevated temperatures for Grade 355 EM)Z) Normalised plates up to 63mm 92