Lossless Image Authentication Algorithm with Minimal Expansion

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1 Journal of Chinese Computer Systems Vol 35 No com % TP391 A Lossless Image Authentication Algorithm with Minimal Expansion LI Xiang-yang Department of Computer Science Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College Guangzhou China Abstract As the existing block-wise lossless image authentication algorithms need to merge a larger image subregion to embed the watermark information and result in the degradation of the precision of locating distortions a novel lossless image authentication algorithm with minimal expansion is proposed In this algorithm an image is splitted adaptively into some authentication blocks which are composed of a number of fine-grained basic blocks A recursive trisection method and adjacent strategies are adopted to connect basic blocks in sequence into a link When the watermark payload can' t be embedded into an authentication block the algorithm tries to merge only one basic block from the basic block link into current authentication block Theoretical analysis shows that the algorithm can adaptively adjust the size of each authentication block according to the image features to optimize the scale and adjacency of the authentication block Experimental results show that compared with other algorithms the authentication block division in the algorithm is finer and the authentication block size reduced by about 19 2% in average the algorithm significantly improves the tamper localization accuracy Key words lossless image authentication minimal expansion mergence candidate extension block list recursive trisection tamper localization 1 ROI 1 5 Celik Weng CCF

2 ALIAA MLIAA 11 I bb LIAA D D LIAA 1 1 I 222 I 221 I 22 I 22 I 21 I 2 S S I = 2* S I 2 = 2 2 * S I 22 = 2 3 * S I 222 LIAA ALIAA Fig 1 1 MLIAA Binary tree representation of authentication blocks LIAA 12 2 ALIAA MLIAA ALIAA LIAA 2 12 ALIAA 2 1 LIAA 11 MLIAA m bb i 1 i m 1 I 1 I 21 I 21 I 221 I 221 I 222 n ab j 1 j n LIAA Fig 2 2 MLIAA Workflow of MLIAA algorithm D D D

3 bb i MLIAA 2 ab j 3 ab j 4 ab j MLIAA 1 4 Fig linking ways for 2 2 subregion S I x y bb i u v 0 I X Y b x = Ceil x /u b y = Ceil y /v X = b x u Y = b y v Ceil i i I b x b y bb i 1 i b x b y u v 5 3 Fig 5 Fig 3 3 Representation of recursive trisection bb 1 bb 2 bb 3 bb 4 bb 5 bb 6 bb 7 bb 8 bb 9 bb 10 bb 11 bb 12 bb 13 bb 14 bb 15 bb 16 bb 17 bb 18 bb 19 bb 20 Splitting the original image as 5 4 format bb 1 ~ bb 10 bb 11 ~ bb 15 bb 16 ~ bb 20 2 bb 1 ~ bb 5 bb 6 ~ bb 10 bb 11 ~ bb 20 MLIAA Ceil b y /3 b y 4 Ceil 4 /3 = MLIAA Ceil b x /3 = Ceil 5 / 3 =

4 P1 3 4 P2 5 P3 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 1 BIS P7 P8 P9 Table 1 Basic block listin the BIS array 6 Fig 6 6 Recursive trisection for the image P e P BIS BIS 12 4 bb bb 14 1 bb 6 bb 7 bb 2 13 BIS BIS bb 13 BIS 1 1 ~ 4 14 BIS BIS bb 12 BIS 15 BIS BIS bb BIS BIS bb BIS BIS bb 17 P BIS 18 1 P2 19 BIS BIS 18 2 BIS bb 18 bb BIS BIS bb 20 BIS 1 5 ~ P3 bb 5 bb 10 MLIAA 12 ALIAA bb 5 ALIAA MLIAA bb 15 bb BIS 1 11 ~ 15 bb 15 bb 14 bb 13 bb 12 bb 11 bb 16 bb 11 0 bb 16 bb 17 bb 18 bb 19 bb 20 1 BIS BIS 1 BIS 1 1 BIS bb 1 2 BIS BIS 2 1 bb 6 3 BIS BIS bb 7 4 BIS BIS bb 2 5 BIS BIS bb 3 6 BIS BIS bb 8 7 BIS BIS bb 9 8 BIS BIS bb 4 9 BIS BIS bb 5 10 BIS BIS bb BIS BIS bb MLIAA MLIAA ABL ab 1 BIS BIS 1 1 = 1 BIS = 1 2 i = 1 j = 1 BIS BIS READED 2 1 = 2 BIS 2 2 = 1 3 bb i i BIS bb i ABL

5 bb i 1 READ- MLIAA 34 3 ALIAA 40 9 ED ab j ABL 8 c Г-τ i + + j i MATLAB MLIAA 12 Г = X Y /λ 1 /2 X Y λ Г Г USC-SIPI Г τ τ MLIAA 40 3 ALIAA d Г τ MLIAA 37 5 ALIAA 46 4 MLIAA 19 2% MLIAA ALIAA Fig 7 7 MLIAA Baboon Authentication accuracy for various basic blocks 7 a Plane Г τ 7 b ~ MLIAA MILAA ALIAA Fig 9 Examples of authentication blocks of MLIAA 12 MLIAA MLIAA Lena Elaine ALIAA 8 a 8 8 Г-τ 12 ALIAA MLIAA 37 8 ALIAA 55 8 MLIAA ALIAA 8 b Г-τ MLIAA Fig 8 8 MLIAA ALIAA Authentication accuracy of MLIAA and ALIAA Lena Plane Elaine 265 Г MLIAA

6 Weng S W Zhao Y Pan J S Reversible watermarking resistant to MLIAA MLIAA cropping attack J IET Information Security Yeo D G Lee H Y Block-based image authentication algorithm u- sing reversible watermarking C In Computer Science and Convergence CSA 2011 and WCC 2011 Proceedings Jeju Korea MLIAA Tian J Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion J IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology MLIAA ALIAA 10 Tai W L Yeh C M Chang C C Reversible data hiding based on MLIAA histogram modification of pixel differences J IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology MATLAB MLIAA Luo Jian-gao Han Guo-qiang Wo Yan et al Lossless image authentication algorithm with dynamic adjustable tamper localization ALIAA 19 2% accuracy J Journal of South China University of Technology References 1 Zeng W Digital watermarking and data hiding technologies and applications C In Proc Int Conf Inf Syst Anal Synth Cox I J Kilian J Leighton T et al Secure spread spectrum watermarking foe multimedta J IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Huang J Shi Y Q An adaptive image watermarking scheme based on visual masking J Electronics Letters Celik M U Shnrma G snber E et a1 Hierarchical watermarking for secure image authentication with localization J IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Fridrieh J Goljan M Du R Invertible authentication C Proceedings of Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents III San Jose SPIE Celik M U Sharma G Tekalp A M Lossless watermarking for image authentication a new framework and an implementation J IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Natural Science Edition Guangzhou China Luo Jian-gao Han Guo-qiang Wo Yan et al Lossless image authentication algorithm based on adaptive combinations of image basic blocks J Journal on Communications Beijing China Signal and image processing institute university southern california los angeles image database EB /OL http / /sipi usc edu / database / 11 J J