ISBN , 2009

Transcript

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31 . xxxi ( 2007.),.,. -. (2009),. -,. -,,, (, ). -, ( ) -.,, ,. - «?», - - ( -, -, - ) ( : «?»), - (, - ), -. -

32 xxxii. - ( ), ( -, - ).., -. - ( , , -.

33 :,,.. 1

34 : -,., -., ,, :, , , -,,..., - ( ) : 1) ( ) ; 2) ( ) ; 3) ( ) ; 4) ( ).

35 1. 3,..,.,. -,. -. : 1, 0. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,,. - : 1) ; 2)... - : «-» ( ) I II III IV V VI VIIVIII IX X α β γ δ ε ς ζ η θ ι

36 4 1.., -.., : 1) ; 2)..,,, : 1) ; 2) ; 3). 1.,. -,. ( ), ,. -, ( )., , : 1) ; 2).

37 1. 5, -, I = 1.. II = = 2.. III = = 3., I 1., = = = , 1.,, :, -,, ,,,,, -.

38 , 0 1., : 1) : 1, 0 ; 2) = , 10 2 = , - ;,., = = = = 1 : - 1., (, = 10 2 ): = 10 2 ; = 11 2 ; = (.. 3).

39 , - : 10 2, 11 2 «-», : 11001,,,,» ,, - (.. 5)

40 , : 0, 1, 2,, 9..,, : 00, 01, 02,, , n- n. 6, n - 10 n n 1. 6, = = = = = = = = = = , :

41 1. 9 1) 2 0 1; 2) 4 = 2 2 : 00, 01, ; 3) 8 = ; 4) 16 = (. 6), 7 ( - ). 1 2, 1 4, 1 8.., n 1 2 n., 0 1,, -! 7, = = = = = = = = = = 2 10,,, -,.

42 10 1., -. - bit BInary element «-», BInary digit,., «-». 1, 0., , : 1 = 8., -. 8,? , = = : 256 = , -,, 1000,, , : 1024 = 2 10.

43 ?,, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) = 1 = 1 = 1 = = 1 = 1 = 1 = = 1 = 1 = 1 = = 1 = 1 = 1 = = 1 = 1 = 1 = = 1 = 1 = 1 = , -, 1024.,,... 1 = = = 2 10 = = = 2 10 = =

44 ,,.. -, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. -. -,,.,., : , -,,,. - : 1) = A; 2) F + 1 = ; 3) = 1A; 4) 1F + 1 = : (. )!

45 , A B C D E F A B C G E F

46 , , A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F A A B C D E F A B B C D E F A 1B C C D E F A 1B 1C D D E F A 1B 1C 1D E E F A 1B 1C 1D 1E F F A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20

47 1. 15, , 256.., n 16 n ( ).,,. 11, n n, n, n 2: 0, 1, 2,, n 1. n- n., 0, 1 2, 0, 1, 2 3, - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 7., -.

48 16 1., n 0, n 1.,, : 1. -, (. ). : - (. )!,,..,, n. 12 ( - ).,,. 12,.. 10-,, n n n n n n n n n n n n 10

49 , 3-, 4-, 8-, A B C D E F A B C G E F

50 ( )..,,,,»,.,,. (pixel, PICture ELement). - (.. 1)., -, ,.,,., - : - -,,. : 1) ; 2).

51 1. 19.,,, -.,.,, 2,54., -.. «dot» (), «inch» (), «dot per inch», «dpi» (, ). dpi..,. -,.,, 10 dpi 30 20,, dpi ( ) ( ) :.

52 20 1.,., -,. -. (color, colour,, ), -. (monochrome, «-»), :. (black and white,, ), - :.?,,...,,., -,,.. 2, , ,, 4. 16, 256 ( ) , , 2-,. 2 16,.

53 , 3- ( ), , = = = , High Color (, - ) , 32-, True Color (, ) ,, -,, -,... 3 :, (.. 16). 3, (.. 17)

54 (. 18). -,! , ( -,, ). : 1), R (red, ); 2), G (green, ); 3), B (blue, ).,. (.. 19).. - :,., -,, -.,. R B. 19. G

55 (color model).,,. RGB (Red, Green, Blue, ) :,.,.. (white), (black). (.. 20).. 20., C (,,, cyan), -, M (,,, magenta),, Y (yellow). RGB - (.. 21). R K Y M W G C B. 21. RGB ( )

56 24 1.., -. -., (alpha),,. RGBA (Red, Green, Blue, Alpha, «-») RGB.,,.,. :, -. 24, 1, ,, (.. 22)

57 1. 25, -.., -. -., -,,.. (. 23). R G B G B R G B R B R G B R G : : :. 23. : 1), C (cyan, ); 2), M (magenta, ); 3), Y (yellow, ). CMY CMYK. CMY. -,. CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow,») - :, -.,. (white), (black) -.

58 CMY, ; ; - (.. 24). : + : + : + : + R G B B R G B G R G B R : + : M B C R K G W Y. 25. CMY ( ) -,,., -,. CMYK. CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, black, - ) CMY,.

59 : ; ; ; ; 1000.! , ? , ? 8. «-» 50 -, 100.? , - 2, " , - 4, (. 26) -.?. 14. (. 27).?.

60 28 1. R G B R G = = = 200 = 8 25 = = : 7 = = = = = = = = = = = = = , : 2 6 = 64 < = 2 7., , : 2 9 = 512 < = 2 10., , : 2 12 = 4096 < = 2 13., B C M Y C M Y

61 1. 29, : 2 12 = 4096 < = 2 13., , 50. 4: 3 3 = 27 < = 3 4., 50-4., : 3 4 = 81 < = 3 5., , , = = = 600., 15 6,, 600 /6 = 100 dpi , /6 = 100 dpi, 600 /1 = 600 dpi. 11.,. : = 2 (256 4) + (256 3) = = = : 1280 dot/17" 75,3 dpi = , = = = ,125 22, RGB (. 21),,,,, CMY (. 25), -,,,,...

62 ,.,.,, n , 8. 2., ,, -, , - m, 2, 2 m. m, 2, , - m, 3, 3 m.

63 1. 31 m, 3, n. n, - m, n, n m. m, n, ,. -.

64 ,, Unicode: 16,4. 1) 32 2) 512 3) 64 4) , 16, Unicode: :. 1) 44 2) 704 3) 44 4) Unicode ) 384 2) 192 3) 256 4) , Unicode, ? 1) 30 2) 60 3) 120 4) 480

65 ? 1) 1 2) 8 3) 3 4) ,. (,,..) -, - ( )? 1) 80 2) 120 3) 112 4) , ( «-»)., - 50? 1) 5 2) 6 3) 25 4) , 2009.B1. - (, «-» ). -, 18? 1) 6 2) 5 3) 3 4) 4

66 , -,. -,, - 70? 1) 70 2) 70 3) 490 4) , ) 80 2) 70 3) 80 4) , -. - ( ) ) 600 2) 750 3) ) ( ), ,, ) 128 2) 2 3) 256 4) 4

67 ? 1) 16 2) 2 3) 256 4) ? 1) 256 2) 2 3) 16 4) bgcolor="# ", RGB-. -, <body bgcolor="#ffffff">? 1) 2) 3) 4) B5, 10. ( - ),, 32 -? ( ) 2007.B5 ADSL /c. 2..

68 B5 ADSL /c B7 ADSL /c

69 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , 2009.B1. 3) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) B B B B7. 40.

70 , , 2008.,,., , -, : 2) 512.., : 32., = 64. -! : 64 = 64 8 = : 2) : 1)

71 : 2) x x, 8-8x. 16x 8x = x = 480, x = , , 480 /8 = , /8 = ,..., , -.,,. 2.,. 3.,,.

72 : 1) = = 2 20 = : 4) 96.., = 32, = 64.,,, - : = : 2) 6.., -, -., -,, 50,., 50, 64: 2 6 = 64 (2 5 = 32 < = 2 6 ) , 2009.B1 : 3) 3.., -, -, : 3 2 = 9 < = 3 3.

73 : 3) 490.., : 2 6 = 64 < = 2 7.,, -, - 70, 70 7 = : 2) 70..,, 101 : ( 100, ). : 80 7 = 560 (2 6 = 64 < = 2 7 ). -! = 8 70 = : 1) (2 3 = 8 < = , : = 600.

74 , : 4) : = = = 2 8, 8, , = = 2 12 = = 2 2 = : 2) 2..,, : = = : = = 2 12., = 2 2 = 2 = = : 3) 16...

75 : 1).., : FFFFFF? 24- RGB-, -,., RGB - FF, B5 : : 10 = = 600., : 32 = 4., = B5 : B7 :

76 B7 : 40.. :., -. : /c = /c = /c. : 625 = 5 4 = , : = = 2 5 = (2 5)

77 : 1) ; 2),., 1 : ) 1; ) 01; ) 001; ) :,. -,.,.,,.,., -,,,,.,,.. : , ,

78 46 1., , , n ,.,, -., = 10 2, = 11 2, = : (=50) (=55), (=55) (=59) , ,!,,,. 1 - : (=102) (=9), (=47) (=224). 0 1, , 1-0, 1.

79 : ) == ( = 105); ) = ( = 114); ) = (102 9 = 93); ) = ( = 177) 3. 2 : (=17) (=11); (=41) (=104)., -,, : (=36) 11 2 (=3); (=143) (=13).,,., : ) = (17 11 = 187); ) = ( = 4264); ) : 11 2 = (36 : 3 = 12); ) : = (143 : 13 = 11).

80 , -., 10, 110, 340., -,,., 4, : a = a m-110 m-1 + a m-210 m a a a, m. a m-1 0, a m., 123 = , a 0 = 0. a = a m-110 m-1 + a m-210 m a , 10: a = 10(a m-110 m-2 + a m-210 m a 1). a -,,.. a = a l-12 l-1 + a l-22 l a a 02 0, l a., 2: a = a l-12 l-1 + a l-22 l a 12 1 = 2(a l-12 l-2 + a l-22 l a 1).

81 2. 49, n. a n,.. a = a k-1n k-1 + a k-2n k a 1n 1 + a 0n 0, k n a, n 2. n- - n! a = a k-1n k-1 + a k-2n k a 1n 1 = n(a k-2 k-2+ a k-3 k-3+ + a 1) l : l l., 2 l+1 1: K + 2 l 1 l + 2 = K 11 = K 00 1 = 2 l+ 1 l+ 1 l+ 1 1., = 7 = 8 1, = 31 = , k + 1 l: k 2 + K+ 2 = l l k+ 1 l+ 1 1{ K K 0 = 1{ K K 0 = (2 1) 2 = 2 2. l k+ 1 k l k+ 1 k k k 4., -., ( )., 16 : 16 = 2 4..

82 , D = , 2A = = , = D, = = 2A., , FF 16., FF FF 16, FF FF FF 16. ( )., - 8 : 8 = 2 3.., 6 8 = 110 2, 25 8 = = , = 6 8, = = 25 8., - ( ), 4 : 4 = , 3 4 = 11 2, 12 4 = = , 11 2 = 3 4, = = 12 4.

83 ,.. -,., -, 0 9. m > 0 - : m = a a a n 2 2 n 2 + a n 1 2 n 1, a n 1 = 1. a n 1 = 1, -, n, 0. - a 0, a 1,, a n 2 0, 1. : : 0 = 0., 1 = 2 0, 2 = 2 1, 3 = , 4 = 2 2., m, - m, : m = a n 1 a n 2 a 1 a 0 2, a n 1 = 1. a n 1 = 1, 1. n 1 a 0, a 1,, a n 2 0, 1.., - :., = = 18, = = 34, = = = 51, = =

84 m = a 0 + a a n 2 2 n n 1 m a 0, a 1,, a n 2 n 1. m = a 0 + 2(a a n 2 2 n n 2 ). m 2 a0, a 1 + a a n 2 2 n n 2 = a 1 + 2(a a n 2 2 n n 3 ). 2 a 1,..: a 0 m 2 1 ; a 1 m 2 2 ; a n 1 1: m 2 n... a i m 2 i+1, i, 0 n 1, n 1 -, m: 2 n 1 m < 2 n. m - : m = a n 1 a n 2 a 1 a 0 2,., : ) 20 = ; ) 30 =

85 ,,. -,,. - m > 0 m = a 0 + a a n 2 2 n n 1, n, 2 n 1 m < 2 n.. 5., < 2 3., 5 = = 5 4 = 1., < 2 1., 5 = = 1 1 = 0., 5 = ,.. 5 = < 2 6, = 22, < 2 5, = 6, < 2 3, 6 4 = 2, < 2 2, 2 2 = 0,, 54 = ,.. 51 = , - :,.

86 ,.,.,. 1. m : m = 0,a 1 a 2 a n-1 a n 2, a n = 1. a n = 1, 1. n 1 a 1, a 2,, a n 1 0, 1. a1 a2 an 1 an 1 2 n+ 1 n m = + + K+ + = a 2 + a 2 + K+ a 2 + a n+ 1 n 1 2 n , 0,001 2 = = 1/8 = 0,125, 0, = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/16 = 8/16 + 4/16 + 1/16 = 13/ m = a a a n-1 2 -n n. m a 1, a 2,, a n 1 n. m = 2-1 (a 1 + a a n 1 2 -n n+1 ). m 2 a 1, a a n 1 2 -n n+1 = 2-1 (a a n 1 2 -n n+2 ). 2 a 2,..., -. 0,125 0,25 0,5 0,8125 0,625 0,25 0,5 0,250 0,50 1,0 1,6250 1,250 0,50 1,0. 4. : ) 0,125 = 001 2; ) 0,8125 = n

87 ; ; ; , ; ; ; ( 2 ) ; ; ; /11 2; /101 2; /110 2; / D; AB; 1BA; 2D ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; D; AB; 1BA; 2D ( )? 15; 20; 25; 30; 40; 60; 80; ; 20; 25; 30; 40; 60; 80; 100.

88 ; 300; 400; ; 2000; 3000; ; 2000; 3000; D = ; AB = ; 1BA = = ; 2D8 = =

89 = = 3BD; = = 7E7; = 999; = FDB = = = 682; = = = 877; = = = 819; = = = = = = 957; = = = 2023; = = = 2457; = = = = = = 957; = = = 2023; = = = 2457; = = =

90 D 16 = = 141; 16 1 AB 16 = = 171; BA 16 = = 437; D 8 16 = = < 2 4, 4. 15, < 2 5, 5. 20, < 2 5, 5. 25, < 2 5 : 5, < 2 6 :, < 2 6 : 6, < 2 7 : 7, < 2 7 : 7, = 1111; 20 = ; 25 = ; 30 = ; 40 = = = ; 60 = = = ; 80 = = = ; 100 = = = = = = = ; 300 = = = = ; 400 = = = ; 800 = = =

91 , = = = = , = = = =

92 ,.,., ,, n n n. 2.,, ,, , n. 1. n,, 2 n. 2. n, -.

93 m : a m 1 a m 2 a 1 a 0 2 = a a a m 2 2 m 2 + a m 1 2 m 1, a m 1 = 1,. 6. n. m n : a m 1 a m 2 a 1 a 0 2 = a 0 n 0 + a 1 n a m 2 n m 2 + a m 1 n m 1, a m 1 0, ,,. 8. n -. n n,, n , -. 2.,.

94 n. 1. n. n n 1 n,. 2., m n, 2 n 1 m < 2 n., m = 2 n m, 2 n 1 : l = m 2 n 1. l 0, m - n : m = l 0, l k, 2 k 1 l < 2 k., m = 2 n k l, 2 k 1 : l l 2 k 1., l 0, m m = a n 1 a n 2 a 2 a 1 a 0 2, ai, -, 1, 0. l 0, 3.

95 ) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) ? 1) 5 2) 2 3) 3 4) ,5? 1) 5 2) 6 3) 3 4) 4 2., x y x = 1D 16, y = ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

96 x y, x = A6 16, y = ) ) ) ) ? 1) ) ) ) : = D7 16, b = c, -, a < c < b? 1) ) ) ) ,,, - ( ). -, : 1) 138 2) DBCA 3) D8 4) ,,, - ( ). -, : 1) 132 2) D2 3) ) 2D

97 ,,, - ( 00 11, - ). -, 1) 4B 2) 411 3) BACD 4) B B1 -, B1 -, B3 -, 25, 11.

98 ) ) ) 4. 2., ) ) ) ) ) ) D ) D ) 4B B B1. 6, 9, B1. 3, 7, B3. 5, 21.

99 : 1) : = , - : = = = = : =

100 , 195 2: ,5 : ,5 194,5 10 = , , , : , 1-0,5 2: 0,5 1,0.. 2., ,,, -. 3., -.

101 : 4) , 16 = 2 4, 8 = D 16 = = , 72 8 = : 3) , 16 = 2 4, 8 = = = , 10 8 = = = ,,, : = = = 32 = : 3) : 2) , -,,.

102 : 4) , 16 = 2 4, 8 = 2 3. = D7 6 = , b = = = a b. : a < b. : a < > b. : a < b. : a < < b : 3) D : : D , - 2., 3), : 2) D : 1) 4B... 2.

103 ,. 2...,, B1 : n. - n = 17, n 2 = 16. n = 4, - n ,.. n -, n 2 = 16. n = 4. 3., 17. : = = 5 < 17. : = = 10 < 17. : = = B1 : 6, 9, , 18 0., - 18., 22 4, 5. 18, 5, 6, 9, 18.

104 , > 22, 22 2,., 22 4., 22. x, n. xn + 4 = 22, xn = 18, x n -, n 5., n = 6, 9, B1 : 3, 7, B3 : 5, 21..., - 11, = 5 25., - 11, = , - 11, = 37 >

105 : 1) ; 2).. 1. ( - ) -,., , ( ) :, π = 3, e = 2, , ,, -. -, , ,000, ( ) :, π = e =

106 , -.,. - :., -. e E ( - exponential ). 10., -.,. -,. ) : = 10, +123, 0,123: 1) 123; 123,0; 123,; e 00; 0,0123e4; E 2; +00,0123E+04; 2) 0,123; 00,123; 123e 3; 00123e 03; 0,123E0; 00,00123E , - : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ;

107 ) ; 5) ( )., -,, ,,. 2..,. -, , - :, -,. -.., -., - : sin x sin 2x = sin(x)*sin(2*x)/(cos(x)*cos(2*x)) cosx cos2x

108 , ,.,, -.,,.,,., -... I : +5 = : -5 = % - %.. : 5% = 0,05. II , = , 5-2 = *. *. -, 2 * 2 = 4.

109 /. /., 5/2 = 2,5. 5. ^. ^ -., 2^5 = div,. - div., 5 div 2 = mod a mod b = a b(a div b). mod., 5 mod 2 = , -, -! I.. 1. pi ( : pi() ()) π = 3,141592, -,. ( -.) 2. random ( : rand() ()), - [0, 1). II... 1.,, abs (x) x. -, abs(-5) = 5.

110 sqrt (x) ( (x)) x., sqrt(4) = exp (x) e x., exp(0) = ln (x) ln x., ln(1) = 0, ln(exp(1)) = sin (x) sin x., sin(0) = sin(pi) = cos (x) cos x., cos(0) = 1, cos(pi) = arctan (x) ( atan (x)) arctg x., arctan(0) = int (x) ( (x)) - x., int(5,5) = 5. III (x; y) x y., (2; 5) = (x; y) - x y., (5; 2) = 1. IV sum (x; y; z; ) ( (x; y; z; ))., sum(1; 2; 3; 4) = 10, sum(2^5; exp(0)) = min (x; y; z; ) ( (x; y; z; ))., min(1; 2; 3; 4) = max (x; y; z; ) ( (x; y; z; ))., max(1; 2; 3; 4) = average (x; y; z; ) ( - (x; y; z; )) -., average(1; 2; 3; 4) = 2,5.

111 , -, -. ( ),, ,..,. -, ( - ), (.. 1). A B C D 1 A1 B1 C1 D1 2 A2 B2 C2 D2 3 A3 B3 C3 D3 4 A4 B4 C4 D4. 1..,, ,, - (.. 2).

112 ,, (.. 2). 2 -.,,. (, ) (, - ) A B C , - ) A B C , :. :, (C1 A3) (C3) 7.,.. -.,, -.,, -, -.

113 3. 81,., -,. -,.,,. - -, -,. 3, - 4. A B C A B C 1 2 A2 (B1; B3) A3 (B2; B3) A1 (B1; B2) , A B C A B C D 1 2 A2 (B1; B3) A3 (B2; B3) 2 2 B3 (C2; C4) 3 5 A1 (B1; B2) 3 3 B4 (C3; C4) B2 (C2; C3). 4..,

114 ( ), - $. ( ) - $, - ( ). (.. 5). - : $A1; A$1; $A$1. A B C A B C D 1 2 A$2 ($B$1; $B$3) A$3 ($B2; B$3) 2 2 B$2 ($B$1; $B$3) 3 5 A1 (B1; B2) 3 3 B$3 ($B3; C$3) B2 (C2; C3). 5..,,,, -.,. -,., 3: 7, 2: 2 -. : 3: 7), 3: 7), 2: 2), 2: 2).

115 ; 10 10; ; e 00, 01.01e 01, 01.01e01, 01.01e n 2 ; n 3 ; 2n 3n; ( 2) ( n) ( 3) ( n); x + y x ; 1 + x + ; 1 + x x ; x 2 3 x y 2, sqrt(x+y)-sqrt(x-y) sqrt(cos(x)) x+y/(x+y)-(x+y)/x+y 1.0+sqrt(cos((x+y)/2.0)) 5., - : B2; $B3; B$4; $C$2; C3; $C4; D$2; $D$ A B C D 1 5 A1+2 A2*2 A3/2 2 B1+3 (A2; A3; C1) (A1:D1) (A1:A4) 3 C1*1,5 (A1:A4) (A1:D1) (A2:D2) 4 D1/3 (A1:D1) (A2:D2) (A3:D3)

116 e0; 0,1e1; 10e 1. 1e 10; 0,1e 9; 10e 11. 1e10; 0,1e11; 10e9. 1e 10; 0,1e 9; 10e 11. 0; 0,101; 10,1; 0,101. n^2 n^3 2*n*3*n (-2)*(-n)*(-3)*(-n) (x^2 + y^3)/(1 - (x^2 - y^3)/2) 1 + x + (x^3)/ abs(x) + abs(1 + x) sqrt(1 + sqrt(1 - x)) 4. y x + y x + y x y ; cosx ; x + + y; x + y x 1 + x + y cos 2 5. A1; $B2; A$4; $C$2; B2; $C3; C$2; $D$3. 6. A B C D ,75 12, ,

117 e,. 2. -, e, 10, e ,.. -, * , ,,., - $..

118 A1 =D1-$D2., A1 B1? : $. 1) =E1-$E2 2) =E1-$D2 3) =E2-$D2 4) =D1-$E B1 =2*$A1. -, B1 C2? : $. 1) =2*$B1 2) =2*$A2 3) =3*$A2 4) =3*$B : A B C =A1+B$ , - 1? $. 1) 40 2) 50 3) 60 4) = (B1:B2) 5. B3, - = (B1:B3) 3? 1) 8 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

119 : 1 =B =A =B2 1 4 =A3, A1:A4.. 1) 2) 3) 4) : A B C D =C1-B1 =B1-A2*2 =C1/2 =B1+B2 A2:D2.. 1) 2) 3) 4)

120 ) =E1-$D ) =3*$A ) ) ) )

121 , $. 2., : 2) =E1-$D2. D D2, -., - A1 B1. D1 D E, A1 B1 A - B : 2) =2*$A : 2) 50.., , - 1. =A1+B$1 1 =A2+B$1 2. : =A2+B$1 = = 50. : 4)

122 90 1..,, -, : = 5, ( )/3 = = 9, 3 = ,. 2.,, : 2) = B1+1 = 2; 2 = A1+2 = 4; 3 = B2 1 = 1; 4 = 3 = 1. -,. 1) 3), 4) ) : 4)..

123 ,., -,... 2

124 ,,., -.! - A,, Z, - a,, z. : { }. 1. : A = {,, }, B = {a, b, c}, C = {1, 2, 3}. A,, B a, b c, C 1, : A, A, A; a B, b B, B; 1 C, 2 C, 3 C.

125 1. 93,, -,,.., n, n-.,, -,, - : {}., -,, -.,. 3. : D = { } {{}}; E = {{a, b}, {a, b, c}}, F = {, {a}}., { } -., { } -. E : - {a, b} {a, b, c}. F : - {a} U, -, 1 12: U = {1, 2,, 12}.

126 94 2., 1, 2, , 1, 5 6., 18, - A, B. - A B: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 5, 6}., U : A B, A B,, U. : A U, B U. U A B -, A B - U. : U A B: - - U: 1) C 0 = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}, ; 2) C 1 = {2, 3, 4}, - A 18 ; 3) C 2 = {5, 6}, - B ; 4) C 3 = {1}, A B U, A B. - : C 0 U; C 1 A U; C 2 B U; C 3 A U, C 3 B U;

127 (.. 5)., A B - U. U A 1 B C 3 C 1 C C , A B, 4,.. A B U, {1, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 2,, 12}. U A B. 7.

128 U = {1, 2,, 12} - A = {1, 2, 3, 4} U B = {1, 5, 6} U - A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},., A B - C 1, C 2 C 3, (. 8). U A B C 3 C 1 C 2 C A B, A B A B A, B,. - : x A - B., x A B, - x A B, (x A) (x B),,., x: x A B.

129 1. 97 x, 1, 2,, 12, A B a b. - a b, : 1 0. C 0 A, B, C 0 a = 0 b = 0. C 1 A B, a = 1 b = 0. C 2 A B, a = 0 b = 1. C 3 A, B, a = 1 b = 1., A B C 1, C 2 C 3, 9,., 0, 0. 9 a b a b : 1) ; 2) a b - C 0, C 1, C 2 C 3.

130 A B A B, -, (. 10): A B = {1, 2, 3, 4} {1, 5, 6} = {1} = C 3. U A B C 3 C 1 C 2 C A B, A B A B, A B,., x A B, - : x A B, (x A) (x B),,., 1, 1, x: x A B. 11 a b a b

131 A A, -, A (.. 12): A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} = C 0 C 2. U A B C 3 C 1 C 2 C A, A A U, A., x A: x A, (x A),, -., 1, 0. - x: x A., B ( B), -,. 13 a a

132 A B A B,, B A.. 14): A B = {1, 2, 3, 4} {1, 5, 6} = {1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} = C 2 C 3 C 4. U A B C 3 C 1 C 2 C A B A B A B U, A. x A B: x A B, (x A), (x B)., -., 0, a 1, - b 0 (.. 15). 15 a b a b

133 , -,, -, -,... :,. 1.. A A = A, A A = A, a a = a, a a = a. 2.. A B = B A, A B = B A, a b = b a, a b = b a. 3.. (A B) C = A (B C), (A B) C = A (B C), (a b) c = a (b c), (a b) c = a (b c). 4.. A (B C) = (A B) (A C), A (B C) = (A B) (A C), a (b c) = (a b) (a c), a (b c) = (a b) (a c). 5.. A B = A B, A B = A B, (a b) = a b, (a b) = a b. 6.. A A = U, A A =, A U = A, A =, A U = U, A = A, a a = 1, a a = 0, a 1 = a, a 0 = 0, a 1 = 1, a 0 = a. 7.. A = A, a = a.. 8. : A B = A B, a b = a b. 9.. A B C = A B C, A B C = A B C, (a b c) = a b c, (a b c) = a b c.

134 (. 16) (A B) C = A (B C). A B C A B A B C C A B C (A B) C A B C A B C A B C A B C (A B) C. 16. A B, C (A B) C, A, B C (A B) C. (A B) C (A B) C,,. 17, (a b) c = a (b c) a b c a b (a b) c b c a (b c)

135 A B = A B 2.. (a b) = a b a b = a b (a b c) = a b c 1. A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

136 a b a b (a b) a b a b a b a b a a b a b c a b (a b c) (a b c) a b c a b a b c

137 , -, - - : (1) (0). 2. -,. 1.,, -. 2., -. 3., , -.,,,,, : -, ( ). 5., -.,,,,,, (.. 9 1).,.

138 106 2., -, -,, - : 1) ; 2). 6.., (.. ),,., : 1) ; 2) ; 3).

139 X - : (X > 4) ((X > 1) (X > 4))? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) X ((X > 3) (X < 3)) (X < 1)? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) X - ((X < 5) (X < 3)) ((X < 2) (X < 1))? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) X ((X > 2) (X > 3))? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) X, (90 < X X) (X < (X 1))? X, - (50 < X X) (50 > (X + 1) (X + 1))?

140 ( A B) C? 1) (A B) C 2) A B C 3) A B C 4) ( A B) C (A B) C? 1) A B C2) ( A B) C3) ( A B) C4) A B C , - (A B C). 1) A B C 2) A B C 3) A B C 4) A B C , - A ( B C). 1) A B C 2) A B C 3) A B C 4) A B C F - : X, Y, Z. F: X Y Z F F? 1) X Y Z2) X Y Z 3) X Y Z 4) X Y Z

141 F - : X, Y, Z. F: X Y Z F F? 1) X Y Z 2) X Y Z 3) X Y Z 4) X Y Z F - X, Y, Z. F: X Y Z F F? 1) X Y Z 2) X Y Z 3) X Y Z 4) X Y Z F - : X, Y, Z. F: X Y Z F F? 1) X Y Z 2) X Y Z 3) X Y Z 4) X Y Z

142 B2 K, L, M, N, (K M) (M L N). : - K, L, M N ( )., -, 0101, K = 0, L = 1, M = 0, N = B2 ((K L) (L M N)) = 0, K, L, M, N? - K, L, M N, ( - ): = >»? 1) 5 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

143 : = >»? 1) 5 2) 2 3) 3 4) B8. - -,., &. & & & & ( & ) & & , -., &.

144 & & ,., &. 1 2 & & 3 & , -., &. 1 & & 2 & 3 4

145 ) ) ) ) ) (A B) C ) ( A B) C ) A B C ) A B C ) X Y Z ) X Y Z ) X Y Z ) X Y Z B B ) ) B

146 , , (B) : 1) 1.. X (1 > 4) ((1 > 1) (1 > 4)) 0 (0 0) , X = 1.. X = 2: (2 > 4) ((2 > 1) (2 > 4)) 0 (1 0) X = 3: (3 > 4) ((3 > 1) (3 > 4)) 0 (1 0) X = 4: (4 > 4) ((4 > 1) (4 > 4)) 0 (1 0) : 3) : 2) : 3) 3...

147 X, 1,. (90 < 1 1) (1 < (1 1)) (90 < 1) (1 < 0) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 2 2) (2 < (2 1)) (90 < 4) (2 < 1) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 3 3) (3 < (3 1)) (90 < 9) (3 < 2) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 4 4) (4 < (4 1)) (90 < 16) (4 < 3) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 5 5) (5 < (5 1)) (90 < 25) (5 < 4) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 6 6) (6 < (6 1)) (90 < 36) (6 < 5) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 7 7) (7 < (7 1)) (90 < 49) (7 < 6) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 8 8) (8 < (8 1)) (90 < 64) (8 < 7) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 9 9) (9 < (9 1)) (90 < 81) (9 < 8) 0 0 = 1. (90 < 10 10) (10 < (10 1)) (90 < 100) (10 < 9) 1 0 = 0. X -. X = 9,. 2., - (X < (X 1)). -, (90 < X X),,. X 9,. X > X, 1. (50 < 1 1) (50 > (1 + 1) (1 + 1)) (50 < 1) (50 > 4) 0 1 = 1. (50 < 2 2) (50 > (2 + 2) (2 + 2)) (50 < 4) (50 > 16) 0 1 = 1. (50 < 3 3) (50 > (3 + 3) (3 + 3)) (50 < 9) (50 > 36) 0 1 = 1. (50 < 4 4) (50 > 8 8) (50 < 16) (50 > 64) 0 0 = 1. (50 < 5 5) (50 > 10 10) (50 < 25) (50 > 100) 0 0 = 1. (50 < 6 6) (50 > 12 12) (50 < 36) (50 > 144) 0 0 = 1. (50 < 7 7) (50 > 14 14) (50 < 49) (50 > 14 14) 0 0 = 1. (50 < 8 8) (50 > 16 16) (50 < 64) (50 > 16 16) 1 0 = 0.

148 X -. X = 7, X = 1. (50 < 1 1) (50 > (1 + 1) (1 + 1)) (50 < 1) (50 > 4) 0 1 = 1.., X - (50 < X X) (50 > (X + 1) (X + 1))., X 7, -. X > 7 (50 < X X) , : 1) (A B) C.. ( A B) C. (A B) = A B: ( A B) C = ( A B) C. A = A. ( A B) C = (A B) C : 2) ( A B) C...

149 : 4) A B C.., (A B C) = A B C. (A B C) = A B C. A = A. A B C = A B C : 4) A B C : 3) X Y Z. 1. X, Y, Z - F. 1) X Y Z = = 1.. 2) X Y Z = = 1.. 3) X Y Z = = = 1.., F X Y Z.

150 ) X Y Z = = X, Y, Z - - F. 1) X Y Z: = = ) X Y Z: = = 1.. 3) X Y Z: = 0.. 4) X Y Z: = 0.. X, Y, Z. 3) X Y Z: = 1.. 4) X Y Z: = 0.. X, Y, Z. 3) X Y Z: = 1.., F X Y Z : 2) X Y Z : 1) X Y Z : 4) X Y Z...

151 B2 : K L M N K M L M L M L N (K M) (M L N) : K = 1, L = 1, M = 0, N = ,,. : 1, 0., 0, 0., M = 0, L = 1, N = 0. K 0 1 K = 1.

152 B2 : K L M N K L L M L M N (K L) (L M N) ,, -, : 1, ) K = L = 1. 1 M N 0 - : M = N = 0; M = 0, N = 1; M = 1, N = 0. 2) K = 1, L = 0. 0 M N 0 - M N,... 3) K = 0, L = 1. 1) : M = N = 0; M = 0, N = 1; M = 1, N = 0., 10.

153 ,,.. 1., -, , : 4) «= >», =», «>»,. =. = 2., = > >. > 3., = : 1) 5...

154 B8 :. 1., ( ),, - «-»,,,.,,,,.. -.,, -, ( ),, -.,,, «-», , 4 :»,,, -, -.,. ) & & & = A & B & C & D A B C D A B C D A B C D A & B A & B & C A & B & C & D

155 ) & = B & C A B C D B & C ) ( & ) = (B & C) D A B C D A B C D B & C (B & C) D ) & & = B & C & D A B C D A B C D B & C B & C & D, A & B & C & D B & C & D B & C (B & C) D, ) ) ) ). 3., -.,. -,.

156 A B C D B & C B & C & D A & B & C & D (B & C) D A & B & C & D B & C & D B & C (B & C) D, ) ) ) ) : : :

157 ,,.,., -., -., -.,., ,.,. Windows -.,. -,.,. -.,.

158 ,.exe,.txt, Word.doc... Windows.. Windows,., 8.3, - : 1) 1 8,,, , ; 2),,,,. : lekcija.doc Word. 8.3,..., 8.3, 12 : 8 -, 1, , 3. XXXXXXXX 1 8 XXXXXXXX.XX 1 X ( ) ( )

159 , ,...,. A:. -,, C: Z: (, ).!, C:. -, C:, D:.

160 fdisk..,,. -, CD DVD., -, C:, D:... : 1) A: ; 2) C:, D: E: ; 3) F: ; 4) G: H: CD ( CD- ).. -, -. CD. USB-, CD.,, ,,.. -.

161 (, ) (directory, folder).,,..,. ( ), -. :.. _. -,.,, C:\. -,,,..,,,,., -.. -,. (.. 2),. - (.. 2)., -,.. 2).

162 C:\ DIR1 DIR2 file1 file2 file3 file4 DIR3 DIR4 file5 file6 file7. 2. C:. C:\, DIR, file.., -,. \. 12. C:\file1 C:\file2 C:\DIR1\file3 C:\DIR1\file4 C:\DIR2\DIR3\file5 C:\DIR2\DIR4\file6 C:\DIR2\DIR4\file ,.

163 ,..,. : 1) - ; 2),, -, -, :, -,, -., : 1) ; 2) -, 3., -,. -, (user) , Dial-Up ( ).

164 : ) ; ), ; ) ; ) -.,.,,..,, -,. (.. 4): 1) -,, - ; 2) ; 3) -.

165 , - -,. -,. -.,. -, (, - )..,, -.,. -,.., -,.

166 , : 1). - -,, ; 2). - -,.,.., -,. -., -, IP- - IP-. IP- (, internet protocol, - ) 0 255,.,, IP- IP-. IP , ,.. 4, -.

167 IP-, -,. -.., -,. -,. 1.. : su ; ru ; ua ; us ; ca ; de ; jp. 2.. : com ; edu ; net ; org ; biz ; info. (Runet). -, -. -.,. -. : ed.gov.ru ; radiorus.ru ; microsoft.com. IP-.

168 DNS- (, domain name server), - IP-. DNS , -., -., ( - ).. 5. : ; ;. (.. 6): 1) -. - ;

169 ) -. -,., : ;,.,., (, ),,,.,, -.,. -,

170 138 2.,, -. WWW (World Wide Web), Web,,,. World Wide Web., , -. -, -., - : -., - -,. -., -.,, -, newmail.ru,. newmail.ru, matsievsky.newmail.ru.,.., - (.. ).

171 2. 139, : 1), ; 2)., matsievsky.newmail.ru,, matsievsky.newmail.ru/inf/inf.dhtml,.. inf.dhtml, inf, matsievsky.newmail.ru...,., -. (kulichki.ru). : - (km.ru)., WWW,. - WWW, -, « WWW FTP.