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Ῥούθ Βυζάντιος
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13 Volatile fatty acids (VFA) 73

21 Area (%) Global distribution 50 Shelf areas (<200 water depth) Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C)

33 E ln( k) = ln( A) + R a 1 T Q 10 = E a 10 exp RT ( T + 10)

34 Table 1. Sampling site description Sampling date Sampling device Water depth [m] Average environmental Salinity [ ] temperature [ C] Arctic Ocean (Smeerenburgfjo N E ago-07 HAPS core a a rd, Svalbard) Arctic Ocean (Isfjord, Svalbard) Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea) N E jul-05 Push core Subtidal 0 a a S W sep-07 Multi core a 34 a Wadden Sea (German Bight, N E May-07 Push core Intertidal 12 b b North Sea) Baltic Sea (Arkona Basin) Sediment description Permanently cold sediment with abundant worm burrows, soft brown colored in surface grading to clayey mottled dark grey-black over depth Seasonally freezing-thawing sediment located at the tidal-dominated fringe of a glacier moraine and consisting of black colored coarse-grained sand with abundant dead macrophytes Permanently cold sediment situated in the proximity of a methane-venting cold seep, consisting of light-grey colored stiff clay Estuary system subjected to strong seasonal temperature changes with abundant meio- and macrofauna, sediment consisting of light-brown sandy mud changing to black mud over depth Sediment subjected to seasonal N E jun-07 Multi core 9 12 b 8-9 b temperature changes consisting of darkbrown and black colored mud Arabian Sea (off the coast of Goa, 15 6 N E abr-07 Multi core a a India) Arabian Sea (Sadeyat Island, N E United Arab sep-07 Push core Intertidal 30 a 200 a Emirates) Permanently warm sediment from an upwelling system consisting of green colored soft fine-grained and watery mud Permanently warm hypersaline sediment covered by a 0.5 cm-thick microbial mat and consisting of yellow with grey-black streaks fine-grained sand Andaman Sea Permanently warm tide-dominated (Phuket Island, N E ago-07 Push core Intertidal 28 a a mangrove forest, sediment consisting Thailand) of brown colored coarse-grained sand South China Sea (Hainan Island, China) a In-situ measurements b Measurements from closest automated monitoring station Study sites Coordinates N E sep-07 Push core Intertidal 30 a a Permanently warm sediment with abundant worm burrows, consisting of dark-brown colored dry sand

38 Topt Topt Tcrit Tcrit Tcrit Topt SRR (nmol cm-3 d-1) Tcrit Topt Topt Tcrit Topt Tcrit Topt Topt Tcrit 20 Tcrit Tcrit Topt Temperature ( C)

40 Topt Ea = 58.4 kj mol -1 Topt Topt 8 Ea = 51.2 kj mol Ea = 58.0 kj mol Tcrit Temperature ( C) Tcrit Tcrit ln (SRR) Topt Ea = 67.9 kj mol -1 Tcrit Topt Topt 4 Ea = 69.1 kj mol -1 Ea = 47.1 kj mol -1 3 Tcrit Tcrit Topt 9 Topt 6 4 Ea = 44.6 kj mol -1 Topt Ea = 47.1 kj mol -1 5 Ea = 36.1 kj mol -1 Tcrit 3 Tcrit Inverse temperature (1000/K) Tcrit

42 Average environmental temperature ( C) T opt ( C) r 2 = 0.89 SRR (% of max.) Temperature ( C)

54 Arctic Temperate SRR [nmol cm -3 d -1 ] SRR [nmol cm -3 d -1 ] A B Depth [cm] Depth [cm] Sulfate [mm] Sulfate [mm]

55 Arctic Temperate 600 A 1400 B SRR [nmol cm -3 day -1 ] SRR [nmol cm -3 day -1 ] Temperature [ C] Temperature [ C] C E a 50 kj mol D E a 81 kj mol -1 ln (SRR) ln(srr) Inverse temperature [1000/K] Inverse temperature [1000/K] Temperature [ C] Temperature [ C]

56 Table 1. Sulfate reduction activities and Arrhenius parameters determined in the temperature-gradient incubation experiments for arctic sediment Sulfate reduction rates [nmol cm -3 day -1 ] Incubation Incubation % Range of T temperature time opt. At incubation At 0 C At T SRR a linearity b temperature opt E a Q 10 [ C] [months] [ C] [ C] [kj mol -1 ] i.c ± ± ± , ± 3 48 ± ± , ± 7 26 ± ± , ± 9 23 ± ± , ± ± ± , ± ± ± , ± 5 9 ± 2 48 ± , ± ± ± , ± ± ± , ± ± ± , ± 6 9 ± ± , i.c., initial conditions a % of SRR of 0 C to optimum temperature b The term "Range of linearity" refers to the linear part of the Arrhenius plot

58 Table 2. Sulfate reduction activities and Arrhenius parameters determined in the temperature-gradient incubation experiments for temperate sediment Sulfate reduction rates [nmol cm -3 day -1 ] Incubation Incubation % Range of T temperature time opt. At incubation At 0 C At T SRR a linearity b temperature opt E a Q 10 [ C] [months] [ C] [ C] [kj mol -1 ] ± 4 15 ± ± , ± 2 17 ± ± , i.c ± ± ± , ± 8 18 ± ± , ± ± ± , ± ± ± , ± 5 14 ± ± , ± ± ± , ± ± ± , ± ± ± , ± 15 9 ± ± , i.c., initial conditions a % of SRR of 0 C to optimum temperature b The term "Range of linearity" refers to the linear part of the Arrhenius plot

59 Table 3. Quantification* of bacteria by CARD-FISH in arctic and temperate sediments Arctic Temperate Incubation temperature [ C] Incubation time [months] i.c i.c DAPI Probe EUB 338 Probe DSS 658 Probe DSR 651 Probe DSB 985 Probe Sval 428 Cell number [10 9 cm -3 ] Cell number [10 9 cm -3 ] % DAPI Cell number [10 8 cm -3 ] % DAPI n.d n.d Cell number [10 8 cm -3 ] % DAPI Cell number [10 8 cm -3 ] % DAPI n.d Cell number [10 8 cm -3 ] n.d n.d n.d n.d % DAPI n.d *The results are expressed as the average of duplicate measurements i.c., initial conditions n.d., not detected

63 Arctic C 10 C 20 C A 80 SRR [% of max.] Temperature [ C] Temperate C 10 C 20 C B 80 SRR [% of max.] Temperature [ C]

70 E ln( k) = ln( A) + R a 1 T Q 10 = exp E a 10 RT( T + 10)

71 Table 4. CARD-FISH probes and hybridization conditions used in this study Probe name Specificity Sequences (5-3 ) Fa a (%) T b h ( C) Reference EUB (I-III) Bacteria Mixture of the following three probes Daims et al., 1999 EUB338 Most Bacteria GCT GCC TCC CGT AGG AGT Amann et al., 1990 EUB338P Planctomycetes GCA GCC ACC CGT AGG TGT Daims et al., 1999 EUB338V Verrucomicrobium spp. GCT GCC ACC CGT AGG TGT Daims et al., 1999 NON338 Antisense of EUB338 ACT CCT ACG GGA GGC AGC Wallner et al., 1993 DSR651 Desulfobulbaceae CCC CCT CCA GTA CTC AAG Manz et al., 1998 DSS658 Desulfosarcinales TCC ACT TCC CTC TCC CAT Manz et al., 1998 DSB985 Desulfobacter spp., Desulfobacula spp. CAC AGG ATG TCA TCT TCA AAA Manz et al., 1998 Sval428 Desulfotalea spp. CCA TCT GAC AGG ATT TTA C Sahm et al., 1999 a Formamide concentration in the hybridization buffer b Hybridization temperature

87 μ

88 Table 1. Hydrolysis activities determined in the temperature-gradient incubations Incubation Incubation a Maximum hydolysis rates T time temperature opt. Sediment type (months) ( C) (nmol monomer cm -3 h -1 ) ( C) Fresh Arctic months Fresh Temperate months a. Temperature at which maximum hydrolysis rates were measured

100 μ

101 μ

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106 Oligosaccharide degradation by anaerobic marine bacteria: Characterization of an experimental system to study polymer degradation in sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39,

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114 T 12 months T 2 months T 12 months T 2 months 20 C 10 C 0 C 20 C 10 C 0 C 20 C 10 C 0 C 20 C 10 C 0 C Temperate Sediment Arctic Sediment

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LIST OF SUPPLEMENTAL FILES Supplemental file 1. Primer sets used for qrt-pcr. Supplemental file 2. All 1305 differentially expressed genes. Supplemental file 3. All 306 mapped IDs collected by IPA program.