RNA (rrna) Microsporum Epidermophyton

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1 ) 1, 2) 1) 2) ,000 Key words: Trichophyton, 1. Candida albicans Aspergillus fumigatus 2, ) Trichophyton ( ) 359 Microsporum Epidermophyton (teleomorph: Arthroderma) 1 RNA (rrna) 3 2 E. floccosum Epidermophyton 2) (anthropophilic dermatophytes), (zoophilic dermatophytes) (geophilic dermatophytes) 1 3 Trichophyton rubrum T. mentagrophytes ) T. rubrum a b Vol. 21 No

2 2 1. rrna 18S 2. rrna intergenic non-transcribed sequence 1, ITS1 2 Vol. 21 No

3 1. Microsporum fulvum M. canis Epidermophyton floccosum M. gypseum M. gallinae T. concentricum M. nanum T. equinum T. mentagrophytes Trichophyton ajelloi T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale T.

3 3 1. Microsporum fulvum M. canis Epidermophyton floccosum M. gypseum M. gallinae T. concentricum M. nanum T. equinum T. mentagrophytes Trichophyton ajelloi T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale T. terrestre var. mentagrophytes T. rubrum T. verrucosum T. schoenleinii T. tonsurans T. violaceum 3 Trichophyton rubrum T. mentagrophytes (a) T. rubrum (b) ( T. rubrum b T. mentagrophytes (10 20 [v/v]) 80 3) Vol. 21 No

4 L- 3) ) T 10) 4. athlete s foot Vol. 21 No

5 Microsporum canis Trichophyton tonsurans (black dot ringworm; BDR) 1) mm T. tonsurans T. tonsurans (tinea corporis gladiatorum) 11 15) ) T. tonsurans 17 24) 2004 Vol. 21 No

6 ) T. tonsurans 25, 26) T. tonsurans T. tonsurans 6. (KOH) KOH KOH KOH T. tonsurans T. tonsurans 27) KOH (DNA) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) rrna PCR DNA (polymorphism) PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) 21, 28, 29) PCR 30, 31) 7. T. rubrum T. tonsurans ) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Aspergillus oryzae) 6 Vol. 21 No

7 ) T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, M. canis high through-put ) 7 45, 46) 47 49) (conditional gene expression regulation system) (essential genes) 9. 1) pp , 2) Makimura, K., Y. Tamura, T. Mochizuki, et al Phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37(4): ) (6): ) Koga, T., H. Ishizaki, T. Matsumoto, et al Enhanced release of interleukin-8 from human epidermal keratinocytes in response to stimulation with trichophytin in vitro. Acta Derm. Venereol. 76(5): ) Nakamura, Y., R. Kano, A. Hasegawa, et al Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in human epidermal keratinocytes induced by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9(4): ) Sato, K., X. L. Yang, T. Yudate, et al Dectin-2 is a pattern recognition receptor for fungi that couples with the Fc receptor gamma chain to induce innate immune responses. J. Biol. Chem. 281(50): ) Shiraki, Y., Y. Ishibashi, M. Hiruma, et al Cytokine secretion profiles of human keratinocytes during Trichophyton tonsurans and Arthroderma benhamiae infections. J. Med. Microbiol. 55(Pt 9): ) Tani, K., M. Adachi, Y. Nakamura, et al The e#ect of dermatophytes on cytokine production by human keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 299(8): ) Kobayashi, M., K. Kabashima, Y. Tokura Anti-fungal drug liranaftate suppresses fungal element-promoted production of IL-8 in normal human keratinocytes. Jpn. J. Med. Mycol. 49(4): ) Campos, M. R., M. Russo, E. Gomes, et al Vol. 21 No

8 8 Stimulation, inhibition and death of macrophages infected with Trichophyton rubrum. Microbes Infect. 8(2): ) Stiller, M. J., W. P. Klein, R. I. Dorman, et al Tinea corporis gladiatorum: An epidemic of Trichophyton tonsurans in student wrestlers. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 27: ) Beller, M., B. D. Gessner An outbreak of tinea corporis gladiatorum on a high school wrestling team. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 31: ) Hradil, E., K. Hersle, P. Nordin, et al An epidemic of Tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans among wrestlers in Sweden. J. Acta Derm. Venereol. 75: ) El Fari, M., Y. Gräser, W. Presber, et al An epidemic of tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans among children (wrestlers) in Germany. Mycoses 43(5): ) Kohl, T. D., M. Lisney Tinea gladiatorum: wrestling s emerging foe. Sports Med. 29(6): ) Jun, J. B Trichophyton tonsurans An emerging dermatophyte causing a nation-wide outbreak of trichophytosis gladiatorum in Korea. The 12th Japan Korea Joint Meeting of Dermatology. Proceedings ) Trichophyton tonsurans 3 1: ) T. tonsurans 1 43 (Suppl. 2): ) Trichophyton tonsurans 43(Suppl. 2): ) Trichophyton tonsurans 43(Suppl. 2): ) Trichophyton tonsurans 46: ) Trichophyton tonsurans 46: ) Trichophyton tonsurans 46: ) Trichophyton tonsurans 46: ) Lucky, A. W Epidemiology, diagosis, and management of tinea capitis in 1980s. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2: ) Gupta, A. K., R. C. Summerbell Tinea capitis. Med. Mycol. 38: ) T. tonsurans ) RNA ITS 114: ) Mochizuki, T., M. Kawasaki, H. Tanabe, et al Molecular epidemiology of Trichophyton tonsurans isolated in Japan using RFLP analysis of non-transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 60: ) Arabatzis, M., L. E. B. van Coppenraet, E. J. Kuijper, et al Diagnosis of common dermatophyte infections by a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction detection/ identification scheme. Br. J. Dermatol. 157(4): ) Bergmans, A. M., M. van der Ent, A. Klaassen, et al Evaluation of a single-tube realtime PCR for detection and identification of 11 dermatophyte species in clinical material. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16(6): ) Brouta, F., F. Descamps, M. Monod, et al Secreted metalloprotease gene family of Microsporum canis. Infect. Immun. 70(10): ) Descamps, F., F. Brouta, M. Monod, et al Isolation of a Microsporum canis gene family encoding three subtilisin-like proteases expressed in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119(4): ) Jousson, O., B. Léchenne, O. Bontems, et al Multiplication of an ancestral gene encoding secreted fungalysin preceded species di#erentiation in the dermatophytes Trichophyton and Microsporum. Microbiology. 150(Pt 2): ) Jousson, O., B. Léchenne, O. Bontems, et al Secreted subtilisin gene family in Trichophyton rubrum. Gene 339: ) Kaufman, G., I. Berdicevsky, J. A. Woodfolk, et al Markers for host-induced gene expression in Trichophyton dermatophytosis. Infect. Immun. 73: ) Wang, L., L. Ma, W. Leng, et al Analysis of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum expressed sequence tags. BMC Genomics 7: Vol. 21 No

9 9 38) Baeza, L. C., A. M. Bailao, C. L. Borges, et al cdna representational di#erence analysis used in the identification of genes expressed by Trichophyton rubrum during contact with keratin. Microbes Infect. 9: ) Liu, T., Q. Zhang, L. Wang, et al The use of global transcriptional analysis to reveal the biological and cellular events involved in distinct development phases of Trichophyton rubrum conidial germination. BMC Genomics 8: ) Maranhao, F. C. A., F. G. Paiao, N. M. Martinez- Rossi Isolation of transcripts overexpressed in human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum during growth in keratin. Microbial. Pathogen. 43: ) Zaugg, C., M. Monod, J. Weber, et al Gene expression profiling in the human pathogenic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum during growth on proteins. Eukaryot. Cell 8: ) Staib, P., C. Zaugg, B. Mignon, et al Differential gene expression in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae in vitro versus during infection. Microbiology 156(Pt 3): ) Fachin, A. L., M. S. Ferreita-Nozawa, W. Maccheroni, Jr., et al Role of the ABC transporter TruMDR2 in terbinafine, 4-nitroquinorine N-oxide and ethidium bromide susceptibility in Trichophyton rubrum. J. Med. Microbiol. 55: ) Ferreira-Nozawa, M. S., H. C. Silveira, C. J. Ono, et al The ph signaling transcription factor PacC mediates the growth of Trichophyton rubrum on human nail in vitro. Med. Mycol. 44: ) Yamada, T., K. Makimura, S. Abe Isolation, characterization, and disruption of dnr1, the area/nit-2-like nitrogen regulatory gene of the zoophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum canis. Med. Mycol. 44: ) Yamada, T., K. Makimura, A. Hirai, et al Isolation of a promoter region of a secreted metalloprotease gene from Microsporum canis. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57: ) Yamada, T., K. Makimura, K. Uchida, et al A reproducible genetic transformation system for two dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Med. Mycol. 43: ) Yamada, T., K. Makimura, K. Sato, et al Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the dermatophyte, Trichophyton mentagrophytes: an e$cient tool for gene transfer. Med. Mycol. 47: ) Yamada, T., K. Makimura, T. Hisajima, et al Enhanced gene replacements in Ku80 disruption mutants of the dermatophyte, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 298: Vol. 21 No

10 10 The Current Status of Tinea (Ringworm) and the Progress of Research on Pathogenesis of Dermatophytes Tsuyoshi Yamada, 1) 1, 2) Koichi Makimura 1) Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology 2) Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University In this review, the current problems of high prevalence of tinea (dermatophytosis) was discussed and the recent progress in molecular biological approach on pathogenesis of dermatophytes and their diagnosis was summarized. Tinea pedis (athlete s foot) is highly common disease not only in elder persons but also a type of sportsmen. For recent 10 years, tinea caused from Trichophytn tonsurans infection has widely spread in athletes playing various types of combative sports in Japan. The dermatophytes commonly gain access to the host via keratinized structures, such as skin, hair or nails, cornified tissues that form solid structural barriers against their invasion. Therefore, secreted enzymes such as keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) have been investigated extensively as candidates for virulence-related factors. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of host invasion by dermatophytes are still poorly understood. One important reason for this is a lack of gene manipulation techniques for dermatophytes, as compared with other well-known fungal pathogens. To overcome this limitation, we have developed e$cient genetic manipulation systems. They have provided us with powerful tools for evaluating gene functions. We believe that development of such molecular biological techniques will make significant contributions to our understanding of tinea in the future. Key words: tinea (ringworm), dermatophytes, Trichophyton, keratinocyte, molecular biology 10 Vol. 21 No

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