Assessment Method of the Pathogenic Microbial Exposure Caused by Aerosolization of Reclaimed Water

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol. 30,No. Jan.,2009, 3,, (,, 00084) :.. ( ),.,,.., s -, , 45 7 m 3 d -, m 3 h -.. : ;;; ; :X72 :A : (2009) Assessment Method of the Pathogenic Microbial Exposure Caused by Aerosolization of Reclaimed Water XIE Xing, HU Hong2ying, GUO Mei2ting, WU Qian2yuan (Division of Environmental Biology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 00084, China) Abstract: Inhalation is one of the main exposure routes to pathogenic microorganisms during wastewater reuse. An applicable method is introduced to assess the pathogenic microbial exposure from inhalation. Firstly, emission intensity of pathogenic microorganisms during reclaimed water spraying is determined by the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in reclaimed water, spraying intensity and aerosolizing efficiency factor. The value of the aerosolizing efficiency factor is usually between 0003 and 00. Then the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in air is calculated by referring to the model of air pollutant dispersion and considering the microorganisms decay. The value of the microbial viability decay factor is between s - and 0 s -, and that of the environmental impact factor is between 006 and 73, varied by different kinds of microorganisms. And then the exposure from inhalation route can be finally attained by multiplying inhalation rate and exposure time. The daily average inhalation rate is 4527 m 3 d -, and the hourly average inhalation rate is m 3 h -, differentiated by age, gender, and activity of susceptible population. The method proposed in this study can be directly used to assess the pathogenic microbial exposure caused by reclaimed water used for agriculture irrigation, gardening, or fountain spraying. Key words :wastewater reuse ; inhalation route ; exposure assessment ; microbial aerosol ; risk assessment.,, 00 [ ].,, [2 8 ].,, [9 ], [0 ].., 2 [ ].,,.,,.,.,, [2 4 ]., [4 ]., 200 m [5 ]. : ;: :( ) :(984 ),,,,E2mail tsinghua. edu. cn 3,E2mail edu. cn

(Division of Environmental Biology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 00084, China) Abstract: Inhalation is one of the main exposure routes to

2 : 7. Asano [6 ]. [7 9 ]. Asano,. [20 ],,,.,,.,,,.,,.,,.,..,,., [2 ],. ( ), ;,..,,,, [3].,., [22 ]. c air = Q D R + B (), c air (mass m - 3 ) ; Q (mass s - ) ; D (s m - 3 ) ; R ( ) ; B (mass m - 3 ),.,..,,,. (2) [22 ]. Q = c water q A (2), c water (mass m - 3 ) ; q (m 3 s - ) ; A ( )., c water. q,,. A ,(3) [22 ]. log 0 A = 003 t u i - 30 (3), t ( ) ; u (m s - ),,, ; i (W m - 2 ). 2.,(4) [23 ]. D = e - 2 u y z 2 y 2 y e - 2 z- H 2 z + e - 2 z+ H 2 z (4), x (m) ; y (m) ; z (m) ; u (m s - ) ; y (m) ; z (m) ; H (m). x y z H, y z [24 ].

Q = c water q A (2), c water (mass m - 3 ) ; q (m 3 s - ) ; A ( )., c water. q,,. A 0003 00,(3) [22 ].

3 R (5) [22 ]. R = I e t (5), I ( ) ; (s - ) ; t (s), x u. I,, I,. I.,. 2 [22 ]. I. R,, 2.,,25 % 75 %.,,75 %, 25 %. I >, [ ].,, R. c air. () (5) I [ 22] Table Estimation values of environmental impact factor I I ) Π% ) n % n %, 2 [ 22] Table 2 Estimation values of microbial viability decay factor Π% , (6) [25 ]. N = c air v t (6), N (mass) ; c air (mass m - 3 ) ; v (m 3 d - m 3 h - ) ; t (d h). v, 2.,

077 089 2 024 2 65 3 027 07 097 7 27 6 32 3 7 4 73 ) n % n %, 2 [ 22] Table 2 Estimation values of microbial viability decay factor Π% 0 25 40 50 60 75 90 3-09 - 0070-0023 0 44-023 - 0094-0050 -

4 : 73,. Πa < [ 25] Table 3 Values of the daily average inhalation rate 3 4,US2EPA [25 ]. t > 9 Πm 3 d ) [25 ] 4 Table 4 Values of the hourly average inhalation rate Πm 3 h ). 3 ().,,.. (2),.,,.,,,. : [ ] Ottoson J, Hansen A, Westrell T, et al. Removal of Noro2 and Enteroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden [J ]. Water Environ Res, 2006, 78(8) : [ 2 ],,,. [J ]., 2005, 2(5) : [ 3 ]. [D]. :, [ 4 ],,,. [J ]., 2006, 27() : [ 5 ] Pundsack J, Axler R, Hicks R, et al. Seasonal pathogen removal by alternative on2site wastewater treatment systems [J ]. Water Environ Res, 200, 73(2) : [ 6 ] Harwood V J, Levine A D, Scott T M, et al. Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection [J ]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2005, 7 (6) : [ 7 ] Rose J B, Dickson L J, Farrah S R, et al. Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full2scale water reclamation facility [J ]. Water Res, 996, 30() : [ 8 ] Ou W S, Lin Y F, Jing S R, et al. Performance of a constructed wetland2pond system for treatment and reuse of wastewater from campus buildings [J ]. Water Environ Res, 2006, 78 (2) : [ 9 ] Wang L S, Hu H Y, Wang C. Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection [J ]. Environ Sci Technol, 2007, 4() : [0 ],,. [J ]., 2007, 27 (4) : [ ] WHO. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture : microbial risk assessment section [ R] [2 ] Karra S, Katsivela E. Microorganisms in bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants during summer at a Mediterranean site [J ]. Water Res, 2007, 4 : [3 ] Pascual L, P rez2luz S, Y gez M A, et al. Bioaerosol emission from wastewater treatment plants [J ]. Aerobiologia, 2003, 9 : [4 ] Bauer H, Fuerhacker M, Zibuschka F, et al. Bacteria and fungi in aerosols generated by two different types of wastewater treatment plants [J ]. Water Res, 2002, 36 : [5 ] US2EPA. Guidelines for water reuse [M]. Washington DC, [6 ] Asano T, Leong L Y C, Rigby M G, et al. Evaluation of the California wastewater reclamation criteria using enteric virus monitoring data [J ]. Water Sci Technol, 992, 26 ( 728) : [7 ] Tanaka H, Asano T, Schroeder E D, et al. Estimating the safety of wastewater reclamation and reuse using enteric virus monitoring data [J ]. Water Environ Res, 998, 70() : [8 ],.

: [ ] Ottoson J, Hansen A, Westrell T, et al.

5 74 30 [J ]., 2003, 20(4) : [9 ] Ryu H, Alum A, Mena K D, et al. Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and Giardia in non2potable reclaimed water [J ]. Water Sci Technol, 2007, 55(22) : [20 ],,,. [J ]., 2006, 27 (9) : [2 ] Eisenberg J N, Edmund Y W, Olivieri A W, et al. Quantifying water pathogen risk in an epidemiological framework [ J ]. Risk Analysis, 996, 6(4) : [22 ] Camann D E. A model for predicting dispersion of microorganisms in wastewater aerosols [A]. In : Waste Water Aerosol and Disease [ C]. US2EPA, 980. [23 ],. [M]. ( ). :, [24 ] GBΠT , [S]. [25 ] US2EPA. Exposure factors handbook [M]. Washington DC, ) Z027 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z004 2) Z Z Z Z Z Z H Z Z Z T Z G Z Z Z Z Z ) : ( ) [M]. : )

Quantifying water pathogen risk in an epidemiological framework [ J ]. Risk Analysis, 996, 6(4) : 5492563. [22 ] Camann D E.

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