Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack

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1 Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack This language pack has been designed to help you get a good grasp of the basics of Ancient Greek befe coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar of Reading Greek Sections You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge. You will be expected to: identify any Greek wd from the Reading Greek list included here write down from memy any wd-table ( paradigm, also included here) as specified on page three of this document (you will be given a starter fm) write down from memy the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you will be given a starter fm) translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will find a checklist of grammatical topics on page three of this pack) This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to wk on between now and then, and to assist your Direct of Studies and us in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start. Everything you need f the assessment is here. As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself f term you will find the following resources helpful. We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W. Smyth s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN ) is the most extensive onevolume grammar in English; it can be found new used f between 25 and 30; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. W. Goodwin s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN ) f about 20, though second-hand copies can be found f as cheap as 5 on amazon.co.uk and bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than the new paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of Goodwin; you can in fact download crect versions of Smyth and Goodwin f free from textkit.com and archive.g.) There are other, perhaps me user-friendly, school grammars out there (e.g. Abbot and Mansfield Mwood), but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough infmation to help you understand Ancient Greek at the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very little help with advanced syntax the language of Homer in these). If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the wd-tables ( paradigms) to supplement your grammar (though all the fms will be found in Smyth and Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher s Outline of Greek Accidence. We will, however, provide many paradigms here and in our Faculty classes, and you will find a variety of supplementary online materials at: P.T.O.

2 In der to deal me ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our classes you may find these volumes helpful: A Student s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston English Grammar f Students of Latin, by Nma Goldman As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott s Abridged Greek Lexicon (ISBN-13: ; ISBN-10: ); the Intermediate version of this Lexicon has longer entries but it has no me entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and me expensive. The Abridged lexicon also has many entries that are meant to help beginners; these are omitted from the Intermediate version. The massive, 140 Greek-English LSJ is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary f nmal reading purposes, though you can download it f free via a PC and Mac application called Diogenes that s online (just search f it) and even load it into an iphone ipad via an app called Ancient Greek (by Paul Hudson) from the Apple App Ste. Sadly, Android is not Unicode compliant and does not display Polytonic Greek served on websites; you can however find an Android-friendly version of LSJ at philolog.us and Ben Linksey s serviceable Ancient Greek Lexicon & Syntax can be found in the Google Play ste. You will find in this pack: a checklist of grammatical topics covered in Reading Greek 1 10 a vocabulary list consisting of all the wds in Reading Greek 1-10 most of the paradigms presented in Reading Greek 1-10 (plus much me additional infmation) a list of verb principal parts in Reading Greek 1 10 We have created three online activities to complement the pack: (vocabulary tester) (vocabulary tester) (principal parts tester) Good luck with your studies and see you soon!

3 checklist of grammar topics f Intensive Greek students On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some choice): Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary from Reading Greek 1 10 (supplied here) Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memy any wd-table ( paradigm) of any wd listed on this page (you will be given a starter fm no dual fms are expected): N.B. not every paradigm required has been supplied n the pack Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memy the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in this pack (you will be given a starter fm) Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as specified below The assessment will take fm as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be me challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Direct of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark grade at all. adjectives and nouns, etc. understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives declension and use of the definite article noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the wds that appear in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (complete list and some tables supplied in this pack) fm and use of demonstratives,!"# and!$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# fm and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns fm and use of comparatives, including irregulars f +,)-*#,.).*#,.)/*#, 01,)#, and 2%/3# verbs understanding of person, number, tense, voice, and mood in verbs understanding of verbal aspect conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in the present, imperfect, aist, and future (indicative, imperative, and optative only no subjunctive), active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) conjugation of contract verbs in the present and imperfect indicative, active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) conjugation of (50" be, (60$ shall go, and %6') know in the present, past, and future; optative and imperative (no subjunctive), including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) understanding of contract futures, e.g fut. 0(78 understanding of 1st (= sigmatic) and 2nd aists (thematic e.g. 9:)/%7 and athematic [= root] e.g. 9:;7) root aists 9:;7 and 9,747, plus infinitives and participles conjugation of <;0", '37)0)$, =2">!)0)$, and '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles syntax understanding of prepositions as occasioned in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (supplied in pack) constructions with comparative adjectives fm and use of participles; understanding of participles used adverbially (= circumstantially) understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g.!?,@a74 understanding of verbs that take infinitives, e.g. :%3/%0)$ understanding of indirect speech and indirect question understanding of optative + B7 N.B. You are not responsible f every fm that appears in the tables supplied in the language pack (e.g. dual fms of any wd aist passives the poetic fms of (50" ), only those fms covered by the descriptions above. The tables are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use f future reference (e.g. when reading Homer). Note too that you will find many wds printed with both iota subscript (e.g. C) and adscript (4$) fms as an aid to recognition; sometimes long (e.g. D) and sht (E) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements.

4 conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms substantives 1. alpha stems (5 paradigms): τέχνη, ἡμέρα, θάλαττᾰ, ναύτης, νεανίας 2. omicron stems (5): ἄνθρωπος, δῶρον, νοῦς, κανοῦν, νεώς 3. consonant stems (15): ἐλπίς, γέρων, πρᾶγμα, ῥήτωρ, ἀγών, ἀνήρ, τριήρης, γένος, γέρας, ἥρως, πόλις, ἄστυ, ἰχθύς, βασιλεύς, ναῦς 4. adjectives (13): ἀγαθός, ἄξιος, ἵλεως, χρυσοῦς, ἀληθής, εὔελπις, βελτίων, ἡδύς, μέλας, χαρίεις, πᾶς, μέγας, πολύς 5. comparatives (10): ἀγαθός, κακός, καλός, μέγας, μίκρος, ὀλίγος, πολύς, ῥᾴδιος, ταχύς, φίλος 6. participles (8): λύων, λύσας, λυθείς, διδούς, δεικνύς, λελυκώς, τιμῶν, ποιῶν 7. pronouns (13): ἐγώ, αὐτός, ἐμαυτόν, ἐμός, ἀλλήλους, ὁ, ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, τίς & τις, ὅς, ὅστις 8. adverbs 9. crelatives verbs εἰμί, εἶμι, οἶδα 10. εἰμί sum (7): pres. ind., inf., ptc., subj., opt. impv., impf. 11. εἶμι ibo (5): 12. οἶδα (7): -ω verbs: λύω 13. λύω present tense stem (10): active & middle/passive, etc. 14. λύω aist tense stem (ἔλυσα: first aists) (12): active, middle, and passive 15. λύω perfect tense stem (λέλυκα: first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2): act. and m./p. 16. λύω future simple tense (λύσω) (6): active, middle, and passive contract verbs 17. τιμάω: alpha contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 18. ποιέω: epsilon contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 19. δηλόω: omicron contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 20. irregular contracts 1 (15: ζάω 5, χράομαι 5, and ῥιγόω 5) 21. irregular contracts 2 (10: πλέω 5 + δέομαι 5) root fms, etc. 22. thematic root aists: ἔλιπον (10=5x2) 23. athematic root aists: ἔβην 4, ἔγνων 4, and ἔδυν 4 (12=3x4) 24. second perfects: ἵστημι + δέδοικα (10=2x5) 25. consonant stem perfects: λέλειμμαι κτλ (12=6x2) -μι verbs: the big four & varia 26. δίδωμι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 27. ἔδωκα a. (12): active, middle, and passive 28. τίθημι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 29. ἔθηκα a. (12): active, middle, and passive 30. ἵστημι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 31. ἔστησα a. (16): active (1st and 2nd a.), middle, and passive 32. ἵημι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 33. ἧκα a. (12): active, middle, and passive 34. δείκνυμι (10): active & middle/passive 35. ἦμαι, κάθημαι, and κεῖμαι present stem fms (13=3+5+5) 36. φημί and ἠμί present stem fms (6=5+1) TOTAL 364 key paradigms

5 first!-stem declension nouns: five paradigms! "#$%& (Attic & f '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) craft sing. dual pl. nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()*!!.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) day (N.B. Ionic shows & f these wds:!.#/&) sing. dual pl. nom.!.#/'!.#/'!.#/() voc.!.#/'!.#/'!.#/() acc.!.#/'%!.#/'!.#/'* gen.!.#/'*!.#/()%!.+/,% dat.!.#/0 /!.#/()!.#/()%!.#/()*! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) sea sing. dual pl. nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()* 5 %(6"&* (Attic & f '-stem masculine =RG 1d) sail sing. dual pl. nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()* 5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) young man sing. dual pl. nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()* N.B. '-stem contracts such as! ;< (< ;+'- earth ),!.%= (<.%('- mina ), 5 >/.<* (< >/.+'- Hermes ), and 5?8//=* (<?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&,!.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases.

6 second!-stem declension nouns: five paradigms!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) man, woman, human being sing. dual pl. nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-* 12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) gift sing. dual pl. nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-*! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) mind (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted fms.) sing. dual pl. nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*) 12 <5$)6$ (contracted from <5$=)-$) basket (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted fms.) sing. dual pl. nom. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) voc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) acc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) gen. <5$)6 (< <5$=)/) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$4$ (< <5$='$) dat. <5$; / <5$4- (< <5$='-) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$):* (< <5$=)-*)! $.,* (so-called Attic declension because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) temple sing. dual pl. nom. $.,* (Ionic $?7-*) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) voc. $.,* (no special fm) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) acc. $.,$ (Ion. $?7-$) $., (Ion. $?,) $.,* (Ion. $?)B*) gen. $., (Ion. $?)6) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.,$ (Ion. $?4$) dat. $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?;) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.@* / $.,-* (Ion. $?):*) similar wds:! C.$=D.'*, " E'* dawn (Ion. F,*),! D.,* people (Ion. DG7*),! <HD'* cable (Ion. <HD)*)

7 three key stop stems: stops are labials (π, β, φ), palatals (κ, γ, χ), and dentals (τ, δ, θ) third consonant-stem declension nouns ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) hope (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ) ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) old man τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) thing (=RG 3b) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc. ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc. ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen. ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat. ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν) Cf. ἡ θρίξ hair : θρίξ, θρίξ, τρίχα, τριχός, τριχί, etc. and ὁ / ἡ ὄρνῑς bird : ὄρνῑς, ὄρνῑ, ὄρνῑν, ὄρνῑθος, ὄρνῑθι, etc. (similarly ἡ χάρις grace ). three key liquid (λ, ρ) & nasal (ν) stems ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) speaker ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) contest (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν) ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- ἀνδρ-) man sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc. ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc. ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen. ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat. ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν) three key sigma stems (stems in ες and ας with intervocalic σ disappearing; Ν.Β. Ionic generally has the uncontracted fms.) ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) trireme (=RG 3d) τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) kind (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος) τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) prize sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. τριήρης τριήρει (<εε) τριήρεις (<εες) γένος γένει γένη (<εα) γέρας γέρᾱ (<αε) γέρᾱ (<αα) voc. τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc. τριήρη (<εα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen. τριήρους (<εος) τριήροιν τριήρων (<εων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (<αος) γερῷν / γερῶιν γερῶν dat. τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (<εσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν / γερῶιν γέρασι(ν) Ν.Β. Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς, Περίκλεις, Περικλέᾱ, Περικλέους, Περικλεῖ: stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ-. N.B. ἡ αἰδώς shame is the only ος stem in Attic: αἰδώς, αἰδώς, αἰδῶ (<οα), αἰδοῦς (<οος), αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς dawn ).

8 six key semivowel stems! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) hero & '()*% ('+)*-) city (=RG 3e),-./,0 (1/,0-) town (=RG 3f) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*%./,0./,2*./,3 voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*%./,0./,2*./,3 acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*%./,0./,2*./,3 gen. "#$+% / "#$ &#6+*5 &#6$5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5./,2$% 1/,7+*5./,2$5 dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* &#6+*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5)./,2* 1/,7+*5./,2/*(5)! 9:;<% (9:;0-) fish (=RG 3h =>#<%)!?4/*)2<% king (=RG 3g) & 54@% ship sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. 9:;<% 9:;<2 9:;<2%?4/*)2<%?4/*)A?4/*)A% /?4/*)2B% later 54@% 5A2 5A2% voc. 9:;< 9:;<2 9:;<2%?4/*)2@?4/*)A?4/*)A% /?4/*)2B% later 54@ 5A2 5A2% acc. 9:;<5 9:;<2 9:;@%?4/*)7C?4/*)A?4/*)7C% /?4/*)2B% later 54@5 5A2 54@% gen. 9:;<+% 9:;<+*5 9:;<$5?4/*)7$%?4/*)7+*5?4/*)7$5 526% 52+B5 52D5 dat. 9:;<E 9:;<+*5 9:;</*(5)?4/*)2B?4/*)7+*5?4/*)2@/*(5) 53F 52+B5 540/G(5) N.B. stems in +*: & '2*;6 persuasion : '2*;6, '2*;+B, '2*;6, '2*;+@%, '2*;+B; similarly & H:6 echo and I4'>6; duals and plurals are second declension. some Homeric fms (red fms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer]) '()*%?4/*)2<% 54@% sing. pl. sing. pl. sing. pl. nom. '()*% '()*2% / -32%?4/*)2<%?4/*)A2% / -72% Hdt. 53@% 572% voc. '()* '()2*%?4/*)2@?4/*)A% /?4/*)2B% 54@ 5A2% acc. '()*5 '()J% /-*4% /-34%?4/*)A4 / -7K?4/*)A4% 5A4 / 574 5A4% / 574% gen. '()*+% / -3+% '+)G$5?4/*)A+% / -7+%?4/*)7$5 53(% / 52(% 53D5 dat. '()J / -*E / -3* '()*/*(5) / -G2//*(5)?4/*)A* / -7E?4/*)L2//* 53F 530/G(5) / 5L2//*(5) / 572//*(5) three irregular nouns & M05L woman! 0N(% (0[N]+-, 0[N]2-, 0N-) son (exclusively Homeric fms in red)! O2<% sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. nom. M05L M054BP2 M054BP2% (Com. M054G) 0N(% / 0N7+% 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2<% voc. M<54* M054BP2 M054BP2% 0N7 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2@ acc. M054BP4 (Com. M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4% (Com. M05R%) 0N(5 / 0N74 / 0Q4 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+<% / 0(N)2B% / 0N74% / 0Q4% SG4 (OA54) gen. M054*P(% M054*P+B5 M054*PD5 0(N)+@ / 0(N)7+% / 0Q+% 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)D5 / 0(N)7$5 S*(% (O35(%) dat. M054*PG M054*P+B5 M054*TG(5) 0(N)U / 0(N)2B / 0N7E / 0Q* 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)+B% / 0(N)7/*(5) / 0NR/*(5) S*F (O35G)

9 adjectives: 13 key paradigms!"#$%& ' %( good singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"#$%&!"#$'!"#$%(!"#$)!"#$*!"#$)!"#$+,!"#$#,!"#$* voc.!"#$-!"#$'!"#$%(!"#$)!"#$*!"#$)!"#$+,!"#$#,!"#$* acc.!"#$%(!"#$'(!"#$%(!"#$)!"#$*!"#$)!"#$+.&!"#$*&!"#$* gen.!"#$+/!"#$0&!"#$+/!"#$+1(!"#$#1(!"#$+1(!"#$2(!"#$2(!"#$2( dat.!"#$3 /!"#$24!"#$5 /!"#$04!"#$3 /!"#$24!"#$+1(!"#$#1(!"#$+1(!"#$+1&!"#$#1&!"#$+1& 674+& 8 +( wthy nom 674+&!7,8 674+(!7,9!7,8!7, #4 674# voc. 674:!7,8 674+(!7,9!7,8!7, #4 674# acc. 674+(!7,8( 674+(!7,9!7,8!7,9!7,+;&!7,8& 674# gen.!7,+;!7,8&!7,+;!7,+4(!7,#4(!7,+4(!7,9(!7,9(!7,9( dat.!7,< /!7,94!7,= /!7,#4!7,< /!7,94!7,+4(!7,#4(!7,+4(!7,+4&!7,#4&!7,+4& >?:9& 9( propitious ( Attic declension ) m.&f. n. m.&f. n. m.&f. n. nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:9( >?:9( dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<& / >?:94& >?:<& / >?:94& N.B. similar safe and A?-9& full ; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?. DEF@+/& 0 +/( golden (contract adjectives in :+& and ++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted fm) nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2( dat. DEF@3 / DEF@5 / DEF@3 / DEF@24 DEF@04 DEF@24 DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1& N.B. similar adjectives!e".e:+& iron, :I(++& well disposed, and JA?%+& simple.!?k$'& -& true (sigma stem with disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted fm) nom.!?k$'&!?k$-&!?k$:1 (:@-:)!?K$:1& (:@-:&)!?K$0 (:@-#) voc.!?k$-&!?k$-&!?k$:1!?k$:1&!?k$0 acc.!?k$0 (:@-#)!?K$-&!?K$:1!?K$:1&!?K$0 gen.!?k$+/& (:@-+&)!?K$+/&!?K$+1(!?K$2(!?K$2( dat.!?k$:1 (:@-4)!?K$:1!?K$+1(!?K$-@4(()!?K$-@4(() :I:?A4& 4 hopeful nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(()

10 !"#$%&' (' better nom.!"#$%&'!)#$*('!"#$%('"!"#$%('"+ /!"#$%(,+!"#$%('- /!"#$%& voc.!)#$*('!)#$*('!"#$%('"!"#$%('"+ /!"#$%(,+!"#$%('- /!"#$%& acc.!"#$%('- /!"#$%&!)#$*('!"#$%('"!"#$%('-+ /!"#$%(,+!"#$%('- /!"#$%& gen.!"#$%('(+!"#$%('(+!"#$*.'(*'!"#$*.'&'!"#$*.'&' dat.!"#$%('*!"#$%('*!"#$*.'(*'!"#$%(/*(')!"#$%(/*(') 012+ "34 2 pleasant nom " )" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- voc " )" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- acc. 012' 01"3-' )" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&' dat. 01"3 01"%7 / 01"%-* 01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(') 8)#5+ -*'4 -' black nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&' dat. 8)#-'* 8"#-%'; / 8"#-%'9* 8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(') N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)<9', $)<"*'-, $)<"' [gen. $)<"'(+, $"<"%'9+ =$#] tender ). >-<%"*+ "//4 "' graceful (stems in '$) nom. >-<%"*+ >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$voc. >-<%"' >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$acc. >-<%"'$- >-<%"//-' >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$-+ >-<*)//5+ >-<%"'$gen. >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)//9+ >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)'$&' >-<*"//6' >-<*)'$&' dat. >-<%"'$* >-<*)//; / >-<*)//9* >-<%"'$* >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<%"/*(') >-<*)//-*+ >-<%"/*(') N.B. adjectives in -."*+ and -?"*+ decline similarly (e.g. 8"#*$."*+ honied voiced ; they can contract: 8"#*$(A+). BC+ BC/4 BC' all nom. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$voc. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$acc. B:'$- BC/-' BC' dual not attested in Classical Greek B:'$-+ B:/5+ B:'$gen. B-'$.+ B:/9+ B-'$.+ B:'$&' B-/6' B:'$&' dat. B-'$% B:/; / B:/9* B-'$% BC/*(') B:/-*+ BC/*(') 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)Dnom. 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- voc. 8"D:#" 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- acc. 8)D-' 8"D:#9' 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(,+ 8"D:#5+ 8"D:#- gen. 8"D:#(, 8"D:#9+ 8"D:#(, 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' dat. 8"D:#E / 8"D:#&* 8"D:#; 8"D:#9* 8"D:#E / 8"D:#&* 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#(*+ 8"D:#-*+ 8"D:#(*+ B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 nom. B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: voc. B(#2 B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: acc. B(#2' B(##?' B(#2 B(##(2+ B(##:+ B(##: dual not attested gen. B(##(A B(##F+ B(##(A B(##6' B(##6' B(##6' dat. B(##G / B(##H / B(##G / B(##6* B(##F* B(##6* B(##(3+ B(##-3+ B(##(3+

11 comparative adjectives regular comparative fms: positive comparative superlative e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!" imptant irregular comparative fms: '(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude wth 2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiity (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability (3.;#$%!" poet.) 5&5*" bad 5&5, #!" cowardice <$,%.- <$,%01#!" insufficiency =11.- =501#!" (can also go with +05%*" and >3,(!") (rare yet adv. =501#& common) 5&3*" beautiful 5&33, #!" +4(&" great +$,?.- +4(01#!" +05%*" small size quantity +$,.- (+$A1#!" rare) (can also go with >3,(!") >3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!" >30(7#$%!" (late) B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!" also B34.- DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!" #&<C" quick )611.- #6<01#!" (#&<C1#&#!") H,3!" dear (H,3#$%!" poet.) H,3#&#!" H03&,#$%!" H03&,#&#!" (H03,.- Hom.) the declension of 2$3#,.- (watch carefully f alternate fms): m./f. sing. neut. sing. m./f. pl. neut. pl. nom. 2$3#,.- 243#0!- 2$3#,!-$" 2$3#,!-& 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,. acc. 2$3#,!-& 243#0!- 2$3#,!-&" 2$3#,!-& 2$3#,. 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,. gen. 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#0*-.- 2$3#0*-.- dat. 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!10(-) 2$3#,!10(-)

12 participles: 8 key paradigms!"#$,!"%&'(,!)%$: present active participle of!"# singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"#$!"%&'*!)%$!"%$+,!&%"'-!"%$+,!"%$+,.!"%&'*/!"%$+* voc.!"#$!"%&'*!)%$!"%$+,!&%"'-!"%$+,!"%$+,.!"%&'*/!"%$+* acc.!"%$+*!"%&'*$!)%$!"%$+,!&%"'-!"%$+,!"%$+*.!&%"'*.!"%$+* gen.!"%$+%.!&%"'0.!"%$+%.!&1$+%/$!&%"'*/$!&1$+%/$!&1$+#$!&%&'2$!&1$+#$ dat.!"%$+/!&%"'3 /!&%"'0/!"%$+/!&1$+%/$!&%"'*/$!&1$+%/$!"%&'/($)!&%"'*/.!"%&'/($)!"'*.,!"'*'(,!)'*$: aist active participle of!"# singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"'*.!"'*'*!)'*$!"'*$+,!&'4'-!"'*$+,!"'*$+,.!"'*'*/!"'*$+* voc.!"'*.!"'*'*!)'*$!"'*$+,!&'4'-!"'*$+,!"'*$+,.!"'*'*/!"'*$+* acc.!"'*$+*!"'*'*$!)'*$!"'*$+,!&'4'-!"'*$+,!"'*$+*.!&'4'*.!"'*$+* gen.!"'*$+%.!&'4'0.!"'*$+%.!&'4$+%/$!&'4'*/$!&'4$+%/$!&'4$+#$!&'*'2$!&'4$+#$ dat.!"'*$+/!&'4'3 /!&'4'0/!"'*$+/!&'4$+%/$!&'4'*/$!&'4$+%/$!"'*'/($)!&'4'*/.!"'*'/($)!&5,6.,!&5,7'(,!&58$: aist passive participle of!"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!&5,6.!&5,7'*!&58$!&58$+,!&5,6'-!&58$+,!&58$+,.!&5,7'*/!&58$+* voc.!&5,6.!&5,7'*!&58$!&58$+,!&5,6'-!&58$+,!&58$+,.!&5,7'*/!&58$+* acc.!&58$+*!&5,7'*$!&58$!&58$+,!&5,6'-!&58$+,!&58$+*.!&5,6'*.!&58$+* gen.!&58$+%.!&5,6'0.!&58$+%.!&58$+%/$!&5,6'*/$!&58$+%/$!&58$+#$!&5,/'2$!&58$+#$ dat.!&58$+/!&5,6'3 /!&5,6'0/!&58$+/!&58$+%/$!&5,6'*/$!&58$+%/$!&5,7'/($)!&5,6'*/.!&5,7'/($) :/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., a. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+* acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+* gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$ dat. :/:1$+/ :/:%"'3 / :/:%"'0/ :/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($)

13 !"#$%&',!"#$%()*,!"#$%&%: present active participle of!"+$%,-# (so.&', 2nd a. act. ptcp. of.&/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"#$%&'!"#$%()0!"#$%&%!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&)2!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&%1"'!"#$%()0#!"#$%&%10 voc.!"#$%&'!"#$%()0!"#$%&%!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&)2!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&%1"'!"#$%()0#!"#$%&%10 acc.!"#$%&%10!"#$%()0%!"#$%&%!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&)2!"#$%&%1"!"#$%&%10'!"#$%&)0'!"#$%&%10 gen.!"#$%&%13'!"#$%&)4'!"#$%&%13'!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%&)0#%!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%&%1/%!"#$%,)5%!"#$%&%1/% dat.!"#$%&%1#!"#$%&)6 /!"#$%&)4#!"#$%&%1#!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%&)0#%!"#$%&%13#%!"#$%()#(%)!"#$%&)0#'!"#$%()#(%) 7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10 acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10 gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/% dat. 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$,+; / 7"7,$,+0# 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%) 1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#-</ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10 voc. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10 acc. 1#-5%10 1#-5)0% 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%10' 1#-8)0' 1#-5%10 gen. 1#-5%13' 1#-8)4' 1#-5%13' 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-8%1/% 1#-/)5% 1#-8%1/% dat. 1#-5%1# 1#-8)6 / 1#-8)4# 1#-5%1# 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-5)#(%) 1#-8)0#' 1#-5)#(%) =3#5%, =3#3()*, =3#3(%: present active participle of =3#>/ (so!475%, pres. act. ptcp. of!47:/) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10 voc. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10 acc. =3#3(%10 =3#3()0% =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%10' =3#3&)0' =3#3(%10 gen. =3#3(%13' =3#3&)4' =3#3(%13' =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3&%1/% =3#3,)5% =3#3&%1/% dat. =3#3(%1# =3#3&)6 / =3#3&)4# =3#3(%1# =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3()#(%) =3#3&)0#' =3#3()#(%)

14 pronouns: 13 key paradigms personal pronoun!"# singular dual plural nom.!"# $% &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),-.+),- $'),- acc.!+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. * $'2- gen.!+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9&.+9& $'9& dat.!+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,&.+,& $',& N.B. The singular enclitic fms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&. intensive pronoun >?@Asingular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9& dat. >?@7 / >?@E / >?@7 / >?@9; >?@D; >?@9; >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,- F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is. reflexive pronoun!+>5@a& (no dual) singular plural acc.!+>5@a&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C-.+2- >?@3%-, C- $'2- >?@3%-, C- 1>5@3%- (>.@3%-) gen.!+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9&.+9& >?@9& $'9& >?@9& 1>5@9& (>.@9&) dat.!+>5@7, E / $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) / 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7) $':$;& >?@3,-, >,- *+,& >?@3,-, >,-.+,& >?@3,-, >,-!+>5@9;, D; $)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) 1>5@3,- (>.@3,-) possessive pronoun!+a- (no dual), declines like H">IAsingular plural m. f. n. m. f. n. 1!+A-!+B!+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3& 2 $A- $B $A&.+/@)J3-.+)@/JK.+/@)J3& 3 L- 1A- Hom. M 1B Hom. L& 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3& F.G. L- 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer. reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular) dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN> gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;- definite article Q singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. 3= / / are very rare in the feminine dual.

15 demonstrative pronoun!"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom.!"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"# dat. (7"# / (9"# / (7"# / (68"# (48"# (68"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"# N.B. other demonstratives built on!"#: (+2)2"# so much (tantus), (+8)2"# such (talis), (:;8<)2"# of such an age. demonstrative pronoun +=(+> (hic): can take deictic suffix -$: +?(+2& singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. +=(+> -@(: (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc. (+3(+/ (-1(:/ (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+B> (-1(-> (-3(- gen. (+1(+B (-1(:> (+1(+B (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ dat. (+1(C / (-1(D / (+1(C / (+1(A8 (-1(:8 (+1(A8 (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8> (-1(-8> (+1(+8> N.B. other demonstratives built on +=(+>: (+2+3(+> so much (tantus), (+8+3(+> such (talis), (:;8<+3(+> of such an age. demonstrative pronoun E<#5/+> (ille) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n. nom. E<#5/+> E<#&/: E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#5/+8 E<#5/-8 E<#5/- acc. E<#5/+/ E<#&/:/ E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/+B> E<#&/-> E<#5/- gen. E<#&/+B E<#&/:> E<#&/+B E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ dat. E<#&/C / E<#&/A8 E<#&/D / E<#&/:8 E<#&/C / E<#&/A8 E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8> E<#&/-8> E<#&/+8> interrogative pronoun (&> (quis) singular dual plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n. nom. (&> (& (&/# (&/#> (&/- acc. (&/- (& (&/# (&/-> (&/- gen. (&/+> (+3 (&/+> (+3 (&/+8/ (&/A/ (&/A/ dat. (&/8 (7 / (68 (&/8 (7 / (68 (&/+8/ (&28(/) (&28(/) indefinite pronoun (8> ([ali]quis): an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentence freq. it has none) singular dual plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n. nom. (F> (F (8/G (8/G> (8/. (sts H((-) acc. (8/. (F (8/G (8/.> (8/. (sts H((-) gen. (8/)> (+3 (8/)> (+3 (8/+5/ (8/6/ (8/6/ dat. (8/& (7 / (68 (8/& (7 / (68 (8/+5/ (82&(/) (82&(/) relative pronoun!> (qui) singular dual plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n. nom.!> '! I +, -, J acc.!/ '/! I +@> J> J gen. += K> += +L/ M/ M/ M/ dat. N / M8 O / K8 N / M8 +L/ +L> -L> +L> indefinite relative pronoun!2(8> (quicumque): o3/, "0, "0P+(# may be added: e.g. %/(8/--":-P+(-+3/ singular dual plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n. nom.!2(8> '(8>! (8 (sts!(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) acc.!/(8/- '/(8/-! (8 (sts!(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) gen. +=(8/+>!(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+>!(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/!(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/!(A/ dat. N(8/8 / M8(8/8!(C /!(A8 O(8/8 / K8(8/8 N(8/8 / M8(8/8!(C /!(A8 +L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/)!(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/)!(+8>

16 table of crelatives interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative!"# (quis)!$# ([ali]quis) 01!(2)# (uter) 01!(2)# also spelled 0)!(21# (uter[cumque]) 01/)# (quantus) 0)/1# (aliquantus) 0)-)# (qualis) 0)$1# (qualis) 067",)# 067",)# 0)4 (ubi) 0)9 (alicubi) 01;(. (unde) 0);(. (alicunde) 0)- (qu!) 0)$ (aliqu!) % Homeric &# Homeric (is) &'( (iste) )*!)# (hic) +,(-.)# (ille) &# (qui) 3!(2)# (alter) %01!(2)#!1/)# Poet.!)/1/'(!)/)4!)# (tantus)!)-)# Poet.!)$1/'(!)$)4!)# (talis)!67",)# Poet.!67$,1/'(!67$,)4!)# :.;< Poet. (e!) +.;='( (ist!, h"c) +.!<4;< (h"c, ill"c, ibi) +,(- (ill"c) :.;(. Poet. (hinc) +.;>.'( (hinc) +.!(4;(. (hinc, illinc) +,(-;(. (illinc) :.;< Poet. (ist#c, h#c) +.!<4;< (h#c, ill#c) +,(-/( (ill#c) &/)# (quantus) )5)# (qualis) indefinite relative indirect interrogative &/!$# (quisquis quicumque) %01!(2)# (uter[cumque]) %01/)# (quantuscumque) %0)-)# (qualiscumque) 87",)# %067",)# :.;< Poet. )* (qu!) :.;(. Poet. &;(. (unde) :.;< Poet. )5 (qu!) 01!( (quando) 0)!( (aliquando)!1!( (tum, tunc) &!( (quando) 06.",< 0? (qu$) 0@ (aliqu$) 0C# (qu!, qu") 0D# (aliqu!, aliqu")!6.",< Poet.!6.$,='(!6.$,<4!<!? Poet. (e$)!?'( (ist$, h$c)!<a!@ (h$c, ill$) +,(".@ (ill$) E# Poet. (e!)!f# Poet. (e!) G'( (ist!, h!c) )H!D(#) (h!c, ill!) +,(".D# (ill!) &0)9 (qu!cumque) %01;(. (undecumque) &0)$ (qu!cumque) %01!( (quandocumque) 8.",< %06.",< B (qu$) I# (qu!, qu") &0@ (qu$cumque) &0D# (qu!cumque) 0)/=,$# (quotie[n]s) 0)/=,$# (aliquotie[n]s)!1/<,$# (totie[n]s) %/=,$# (quotie[n]s) %0)/=,$# (quotienscumque) 01/!)# (which in the dinal series?) 0)/!1# %01/!)#

17 adverbs (see Smyth ) 1. Adverb-fms are often based on old case-fms, e.g.: nominative:!"#, $!%#, &'%()# accusative: (very common)!*+,-',!-.", (/0*1',,2(3*-',!-..4 genitive:!-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-<=', ;(!-<=' dative:!>,,><3,,%",?, 0-/'>,.4C*B locative: -D0-/,!-E, FAC(-E, C"*%A/, instrumental: H'I, 04,I, -J!I, K<3, 0*LM9,.4C*N ablative: O:, -P,I:, 8,Q*I: 2. Typical adverb endings: -I:: </0%)I:, 0%.+: -%: $(%, (4.%,,4R%, S0%, TR% -%0/::!-..40/:, (L*/40/:, <3040/: -<-': V'<-', ARQ<-', -,/, -A,/: ;C3.-',), 3. Place-adverbs: place where place from place towards -/, -C/, -A/ -ol -C3' -<3, -X3, -A3 -D0-/, -D0-C/ -D0-C3' -D0%<3, -Y01'<3 H..-C/, &..%R-5 H..-C3', &..%R1C3' H..-A3, &..%R1A3 &(M-,Q*IC/ &(M-,Q*IC3' &(M-,Q*IA3!%',%R-E!%',%R1C3'!%',%R1A3 %7,-5 %7,1C3' %7,1A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3' Z(1A3 GC2'%X3 [.L(!)%A/ [.L(!)%C3' [.L(!)%X3 4. Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular fms, superlatives on neuter plurals: 0%.+: 04../-' 04../A,% (4.% (\..-' (4./A,% 3] H(3/'-' H*/A,% A-M+: A-M=,3*-' A-M=,%,% H'I &'I,Q*I &'I,4,I!1**I!-**I,Q*I!-**I,4,I

18 prepositions taking 3 cases accusative genitive dative taking 2 cases taking 1 case!"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) %&$ to, toward, f on on "'() after with among, in (Epic) &*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud &'+$ round about, concerning about, because of concerning &+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to.&, under by, under under, by!/) up along, through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2*() along, over, down from, against accding to.&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of!/($ opposite to, in return f!&, from, away from '4- (%-) into, to %2, %5 out, out of, from, from within %/ in &+, befe, f 67/ (57/) with

19

20 case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some maj categies F the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol. 2 f Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr f Latin. This list is not meant to cover specific wds that govern particular cases e.g. plenus with the genitive ablative καταγιγνώσκω with acc. rei and gen. pers. accusative can be said to fall into four maj uses: 1. direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses, e.g. in Indirect Speech) 2. marking motion extent (of time place): Romam, quatt dies 3. cognate accusative: vitam viuo, δίκας δικάζομαι (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 4. adverbial accusative ( accusative of respect): quid, τι: somewhat, in respect of something ; quid?, τί: why? genitive N.B. Schwyzer s Gk categies: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING ( Pertinentiv ) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. adnominals are any genitives that qualify depend on nouns: fratris ms = ms fraterna 2. adverbials are e.g. genitive of the charge, memy (and fgetting), source of emotion 3. possessive: τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ; N.B. hominis errare est, ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4. subjective: am Dei (= amat Deus) 5. objective: am Dei (= amamus Deum) 6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7. of definition ( appositional ): Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, virtus iustitiae (Eng. the city of London but Lat. urbs Roma) 8. of description: homo eius modi 9. of price and value: magni facio, (περὶ) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10. time within which : anni, ἐνιαυτοῦ ἔτους 11. of the sphere respect : ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur. Med (does this cover verbs of fgetting, etc.?) 12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (nmally with prepositions prepositional prefixes) 13. Gk only: of comparison (Lat. abl.) dative (= Eng. to and f ) N.B. Schwyzer s Gk categies: 1. TRUE DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da 2. of reference advantage ( disadvantage): me tib i exno 3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? Tell me, what is Celsus up to? (cf. Gk τοι I tell you freq. in Homer and Plato) 5. of possession: est mihi l iber: we nmally find esse εἶναι here ( implied), but not always 6. predicative purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio m ihi es 7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.) 8. Gk only: of degree of difference: πολλῷ μείζων (Lat. abl.) 9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.) 10. Gk only: comitative: χρόνῳ with time (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. αὐτός) 11. Gk only: of manner: σπουδῇ, σιγῇ (Lat. abl.) 12. Gk only: of cause: νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat. abl.) 13. Gk only: of specification ( respect) (Lat. abl.) ablative (= Eng. from, with, by, in ) N.B. L-H-S s Lat. categies: 1. TRUE ABLATIVE 2. INSTRUMENT 3. LOCATIVE 1. of separation true ablative (Gk gen.): libera me metu 2. of agent: with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3. of material (with ex de in Classical Latin) 4. of comparison: be sure NOT to use quam ἤ as well! (Gk gen.) 5. of cause: mbo perire (Gk dat. and gen.) 6. of association: nmally with cum: this is the igin of abl. abs. (Gk dat. and gen.), a.k.a. attendant circumstance 7. of instrument: distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat.) 8. of description: vir magna sap ientia (compare the genitive of description) 9. of specification ( respect): mirabile d ictu, umero saucius 10. of degree of difference: multo mai (Gk dat.) 11. of manner: magno (cum) studio (Gk dat.) 12. of place time: die tertio (Gk dat.) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (1965/1972); Schwyzer, E. Griechische Grammatik 5 (1988); Woodcock, E. A new Latin syntax (1959)

21 conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms A B C D E F G H I J key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past fm 1!"#$ sum pres.!"#$!%&'( )& *!+,& +-.( / 2 fut. 0-1#'( 0-!-.'( 2-3#!&14 2-1$#,& 3!%#( ibo pres.!%#( "5&'( "6& +7 +1(#( +.( 8' 4 1%9' pres. 1%9'!"95&'(!"964!"9:!"9!$,& +-.( ;9, 5 fut.!+-1#'(!+-!-.'(!"-3#!&14!"-1$#,& 6 thematic verbs pres. act. <=7 <=!(& <=7& <=7 <=1(#( <>! 0<?1& 7 pres. mid./pass. <=1#'( <=!-.'( <?3#!&14 <=7#'( <?1$#,& <=1? 2<?3#,& 8 1st aists a. act. 0<?-' <>-'( <=-'4 <=-7 <=-'(#( <>-1& 9 a. mid. 2<?-B#,& <=-'-.'( <?-B#!&14 <=-7#'( <?-'$#,& <>-'( 10 a. pass. 2<=.,& <?.C&'( <?.!$4 <?.: <?.!$,& <=.,A( 11 (< a. @A!D&1& 12 (< a. act. 0E,&' EC&'( EF&'4 EF&7 EF&'(#( EC&1& 13 1st perfects perf. act. <5<?@' <!<?@5&'( <!<?@64 [<!<=@7] [<!<=@1(#(] <5<?@! 2<!<=@, 14 perf. mid./pass. <5<?#'( <!<=-.'( <!<?#5&14 [<!<=7#'(] [<!<?1$#,&] <5<?-1 2<!<=#,& 15 fut. perf. act. [<!<=G7] [<!<=G!(&] [<!<=G7&] [<!<=G1(#(] 16 fut. perf. mid./pass. [<!<=-1#'(] [<!<=-!-.'(] [<!<?-3#!&14] [<!<?-1$#,&] 17 future fut. simple act. <=-7 <=-!(& <=-7& <=-1(#( 18 fut. simple mid. <=-1#'( <=-!-.'( <?-3#!&14 <?-1$#,& 19 fut. simple pass. <?.F-1#'( <?.F-!-.'( <?.,-3#!&14 <?.,-1$#,& 20 alpha contracts pres. act. A(#B7 A(#H& A(#:& A(#: A(#I,& A$#' 2A$#7& 21 pres. mid./pass. A(#B1#'( A(#H-.'( A(#6#!&14 A(#:#'( A(#I#,& A(#: 2A(#6#,& 22 epsilon contracts pres. act. J1(57 J1(!D& J1(:& J1(: J1(1$,& J1$!( 2J1$1?& 23 pres. mid./pass. J1(51#'( J1(!D-.'( J1(1=#!&14 J1(:#'( J1(1$#,& J1(1> 2J1(1=#,& 24 omicron contracts pres. act. 9,<37 9,<1>& 9,<:& 9,<: 9,<1$,& 9F<1? 29,<1>& 25 pres. mid./pass. 9,<31#'( 9,<1>-.'( 9,<1=#!&14 9,<:#'( 9,<1$#,& 9,<1> 29,<1=#,& 26 irregular contracts KB7, LMB1#'(, N(O37, J<57, 951#'( 27 thematic root aists a. act. 0<(J1& <(J!D& <(J6& <$J7 <$J1(#( <$J! 28 a. mid. 2<(J3#,& <(J5-.'( <(J3#!&14 <$J7#'( <(J1$#,& <(J1> 29 athematic root aists a. act. 0P,& PC&'( PB4 P: P'$,& PC.( 30 a. act. 09?& 9>&'( 9=4 9=7 *9?$,& 9>.( 31 a. act. 0O&7& O&:&'( O&1=4 O&: O&1$,& O&:.( 32 2nd perfects perf. act. 959(' 9!9(5&'( 9!9(64 *9!9$7 *9!9(!$,& 959(.( 29!9$, 33 consonant stems m./p. <5<!(##'(, J5J!(-#'(, J5JM'O#'(, 2<F<!O#'(, QOO!<#'(, J5E'-#'( 34 9$97#( pres. act. 9$97#( 9(93&'( 9(91=4 9(9: 9(91$,& 9$91? 29$91?& @' a. act. 097@' 91>&'( 91=4 9: 91$,& A$.,#( pres. act. A$.,#( A(.5&'( A(.!$4 A(.: A(.!$,& A$.!( 2A$.,& 37 0.,@' a. act. 0.,@'.!D&'(.!$4.:.!$,& R-A,#( pres. act. R-A,#( S-AB&'( S-AB4 S-A: S-A'$,& R-A, R-A,& 39 0-A,-' 1st a. act. 0-A,-' -AC-'( -AF-'4 -AF-7 -AF-'(#( -AC-1& 40 0-A,& 2nd a. act. 0-A,& -AC&'( -AB4 -A: -A'$,& -AC.( 41 R,#( pres. act. R,#( S5&'( S!$4 S: S!$,& R!( R,& 42!T@' a. act.!t@'!t&'(!r4 U!R,& V4 43 9!$@&?#( pres. act. 9!$@&?#( 9!(@&=&'( 9!(@&=4 9!(@&=7 9!(@&=1(#( 9!$@&? 29!$@&?& 44 irregular E,#$ & X#$ fms in [ ] are nmally found in the periphrastic, e.g. <!<?@Y4 * f perfect subjunctive <!<=@7 * = fm rare hypothetical

22 !"#$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ) )#!( 1!,-( 2,&1/ *&2.( *+ Ion. *./#/ Ep. *&&. Hom. 1!"#$ %&#'(!"#'( Ion.!,-#!( prose!0#!( poet., Pl. *./#!( Ep. *&2! 2!0 %&&$ Hom.!03 Ion. %&24( %&2' 3 %&2$(() %&24(!"&$(() *8&/(() Hom / 6/3 *73 Hom. 3 5 / 6/ *7 Hom. *7&/(() Hom. 5&/(() Hom. :2+ late 62.( 62! 62.( )&/(() *+&/(() Ion. 2!,-3 *./3 Hom. 3!,- *./ Hom.!,-2.(!02.( Pl.!";2-(!,2-( Pl.!,-2! prose!02! poet., Pl.!,-&8( prose!0!( prose & poet., Pl. 3 *&2+ *&2+( *&2+( *&2+&8( Pl., Dem. 9(2+( Pl., inscrr. INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE!0(8/ *##!(8/, *##!(, *#!(8/, *#!( Hom. <(,.=&>, 9( %?(, %.@&8, *.( Ion. imperfect (indicative only) 1 6 6( later 68, *.(, *&A.( Hom. *8 Ion. :#-( late future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 6#!( 1 *&.#8/ :#!18 late *&&.#8/ Hom. 2 6&18 63 rare 6&183 rare *-&18 Ion. *&A!3 Ep. *83 Hdt. 6&. late 3 6( 6!(, *-(, :-(, *&A!(() Hom. 6&2. late 6&2.( 62! 6&2! rare *82! Hdt. :&2-( 6&8( *&A.( Ion. *&8( Hom. 2 *&!/ *&7 / *&-/ 3 *&28/ *&!28/ Hom. *&&!28/ Hom. %&&!B28/ Hom. not attested %&4#!18 %&.$#-( not attested %&.$#!18 *&!&1.( *&!&1! *&./. *&./&1.( *&./&1! *&!&1.( *&.(28/ *&./2. %&.$&1-( *&./(2. INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE *&!&18/ *&&!&18/ Hom. %&4#!(.3, --, -.( %&&4#!(.3 Hom.

23 !"#$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1!"#$ %#!& 1 %' %'#!& %(#!& Hom. 1 %($#$ )(*+& %($#!& 2 %,$ %-(& %-! 2!"!".,/ Hom.!"0 Hesiod %-(& %-! 2 %10 / %+$0 %1.,/ Hom. %+-(& %+-! 2 %($0 %($-(& %($-! 3 %-' %-'& )2&-'& %-'./& Xen. Pl. 3!".$(&) %-(& %/.$(&) 3 %1 / %+$ %1.$(&) Hom. INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE )3&/$ %#!&/$ %#!& Hom. )4& )(5.6 )2& %+-(& %'.$(&) 3 %($ )(*-+& %($!& imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7/ / 8$/ older 9!$& / :$!$& later :;/ Ion. 2 9!$.,/ / :$!$.,/ older 9!$0 / :$!$0 later :;!0 Hom. 7#!& / 8$#!& 9!$#!& v. late 9(#!& Hom. 7-(& / 8$-(& 7-! / 8$-! 9!$-! v. late 3 9!$(&) / :$!$(&) older 9!$ / :$!$ later :;!(&), 7!(&), %!(&) Hom. 9-+& / :$-+& %-+& Hom. 7./& / 8$./& 9!./& / :$!./& prose :;./&, %./&, :;(& Hom.

24 !"#$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (*#+ (*#+'() (*#,- Ion. (*#,-'() Ion. *#,- Hom. (%#!'() Hom. (%#- Hom. 1!"#$ %&'()!%#$'() Ion. %#'() Ion. 1 (*#(./) (*#(0'() poetry & prose (*#(./'() prose only 2 %&12 %&3!) %&3( 2!"&1$!"#$4 Ion. and late!"&1$4 Comedy %&3!)!%#$3!) Ion. and late %&3(!%#$3( Ion. and late 2 (*#54 / (*#624 (*#63!) (*#63( (%#(3( Hom. 2 (*#(./4 (*#(03!) (*#(03( poetry & prose (*#(./3( prose only 3 %&3- %&3-) %&3-) %&3-&$) late 3!"#(()) %&3!)!%#$3!) Ion. and late INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE %&$&2())!%#$&2()) Ion. and late (*#,)$2 %#'()$2, %#'() Hom. (*#74, (*#809, (*#:4 *#80$ Hom. 3 (*#5 / (*#62 (*#63!) (*#+&2()) (*#,-&2()) Ion. 3 (*#(./ (*#(.3/) (*#(0() poetry & prose (*#(./&$) prose only imperfect (indicative only) 1 ;#/ ;#(2) later ;#($ Ion. <(.#(2) Ep. =&'() ;#(2'() late ;#('() rare future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (%&!'$2 not attested (*&:'(1$ (*#>&- Ion. (*#>&!'() Ion. (*&!.'/) not attested (*&!.'(1$ 2 ;#/&1$ ;#(24 later ;#(2&1$ Attic? <(.#/4 Hom. =&3!) =&3( ;#(23( late ;#(3( rare?#,$3( Ion. 2 (%&(2 (%&@ / (%&/2 (*#>&(24 Ion. (%&(&1!) (%&(&1( (*#>&(3( Ion. (%&!2! (%&!2&1!) (%&!2&1( 3 ;#(2()) ;#((()) Ion. <(.#/ Hom. ;&3/) =&$) ;#(&$) ;#(2&$) late %&$) Ep. 3 (%&(3$2 (*#>&(2 Ion. INFINITIVE (%&(&1!) (%&!)3$2 (*#>&!8&2()) Ion. (%&(&1$2 (*#>&(2) Ion., (*#>&('() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*&:'()!4, -/, -!) (%&!23! (*&!.&1/) (%&!2)3!

25 !"# present stem fms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1!"#!"$%&' 1!"#!"#%&' 1!"$(%(!"$(%&' 2!)&!"&*$'!"&*& 1 +!,$' -!"$%&' 2!"&(.!"&*$'!"&*& 2!"/. /!"0(.!"0*$'!"0*& 2!"$(.!"$(*$'!"$(*& 3!,1*#!,1*#'!,2'*#' /!,1*#34' 2 +!,&. -!"&*$' -!"&*& 3!"&(!"&*$'!"$,3((') 3!"/ /!"0(!"0*$'!"#3((') 3!"$(!,$5*0'!"$(&' 3 +!,&(') -!,1*0' +!,$' INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE!"&('!"#',!"$,36,!)$' middle/passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1!"$%4(!,2%&7$'!,2%&74 1!"#%4(!,8%&7$'!,8%&74 1!,$5%0'!,$5%&7$'!,$5%&74 2!"$,!"&37$'!"&37& 1 -!,2%0' -!,2%&7$' -!,2%&74 2!"&( /!"/ /!"0(!"&37$'!"&37& 2!"/ /!"0(!"037$'!"037& 2!"$($!"$(37$'!"$(37& 3!,137#!,137#'!,137#' /!,137#34' 2 -!"$, -!"&37$' -!"&37& 3!"&*4(!"&37$'!"$'*4( 3!"0*4(!"037$'!"#'*4( 3!"$(*$!,$5370'!"$('*$ 3 -!"&*$ -!,1370' -!"$'*$ INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE!"&374(!,2%&'$. 0 $'

26 !"# aist stem fms active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 $!%&' (!"&')*+ 1!"&#!"&#)*+ 1!"&',),!"&',)*+ 2!-&.+!"&'/.+!"&'/* INFINITIVE!-&', 2 $!%&'0 (!"&'/.+ (!"&'/* 2!"&10 /!"&2,0 3 $!%&*(+) (!%&3/2+ $!%&'+ 3!"&1 /!"&2,!"&2/.+!"&2/* 2!"&',0 /!"&*,'0!"&2/.+!"&#&,(+) 3!"&', /!"&*,*(+)!"&',/.+!"&',/* 3!%&3/#!%&3/#+!%&3+/#+ PARTICIPLE!"&'0!"&4&5!-&5+!%&'6/2+!"&',*+ /!"&*,'+ middle INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (!%&3)2+ (!%&3)*7.+ (!%&3)*7' 1!"&#)',!%&8)*7.+!%&8)*7' 1!%&'6)2+!%&'6)*7.+!%&'6)*7' 2!-&',!"&'&7.+!"&'&7* INF.!"&'&7', 2 (!"&# (!"&'&7.+ (!"&'&7* 2!"&1 /!"&2,!"&2&7.+!"&2&7* 2!"&',.!"&',&7.+!"&',&7* 3!%&3&7#!%&3&7#+!%&3&7#+ PT.!%&3)* (!"&'/. (!%&3&72+ (!"&'+/. 3!"&2/',!"&2&7.+!"&#+/', 3!"&',/.!%&'6&72+!"&',+/. passive INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 (!"72+ (!"72)*+ 1!%79!%79)*+ 1!%7*62+!%7*:)*+ /!%7*62)*+ 2!"72/,!"72/.+!"72/* INF.!%7;+', 2 (!"720 (!"72/.+ (!"72/* 2!%7<0 /!%7;,0!%7;/.+!%7;/* 2!%7*620!%7*:/.+ /!%7*62/.+!%7*:/* /!%7*62/* 3!%7=/#!%7=/#+!%7>+/#+ PT.!%7*60!%7*:&5!%7>+ 3 (!"72 (!%7=/2+ (!"72&'+ 3!%7< /!%7;,!%7;/.+!%79&,(+) 3!%7*62!%7*6/2+ /!%7*,=/2+!%7*:*+ /!%7*62&'+