Croy Lesson 9. => Kind of action and time of action. using the verb λύω
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1 A - TENSE ASPECT Summer Greek Croy Lesson 9 Ω KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) TIME of action PAST CONCURRENT FUTURE using the verb λύω TENSE ASPECT => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself MOOD => => manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening PERSON => identifying subject st,, NUMBER, I We you he / she / it you (y all) they 1
2 PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE PNTMV Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect MOOD Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, Infinitive, Participle VOICE Active, Passive, Middle VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself : Conjugating PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE : Conjugating PRESENT MIDDLE INDICATIVE I am loosening, I loosen you are loosening, you loosen he/she/it is loosening he/she/it loosens we are loosening, we loosen you (pl) are loosening, you loosen they are loosening, they loosen I am loosening myself, I loosen myself you are loosening yourself, you loosen yourself he/she/it is loosening him/her/itself he/she/it loosens him/her/itself we are loosening ourselves, we loosen ourselves you (pl) are loosening yourselves, you loosen yourselves they are loosening themselves, they loosen themselves : Conjugating PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE : Conjugating PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE I am being loosened I am loosened you are being loosened, you are loosened he/she/it is being loosened he/she/it is loosened we are being loosened, we are loosened you (y all) are being loosened, you are loosened they are being loosened, they are loosened λύω λύεις λύει λύοµεν λύετε λύουσι(ν) AUG + REDUP + STEM + TENSE + THEME + ENDING 2
3 PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE PRIMARY ACTIVE ENDINGS ω ο - µεν - ω* - µεν εις ε - τε - εις* - τε ει ου - σι(ν) - ει* - σι(ν) *shown with combined theme vowel PRIMARY ACTIVE ENDINGS - ω* - µεν - εις* - ει* - τε - σι(ν) PRIMARY MIDDLE/PASSIVE PRIMARY ACTIVE Sing 1 - ω* - µεν 2 - εις* 3 - ει* - τε - σι(ν) PRIMARY MID/PASS/DEP Sing - µαι - σαι / ῃ - ται - µεθα - σθε - νται ACTIVE MIDDLE/PASSIVE ACTIVE MEMORIZE THIS! MIDDLE/PASSIVE PRIMARY ENDINGS PRIMARY MIDDLE/PASSIVE/DEPONENT PRIMARY MIDDLE/PASSIVE/DEPONENT PRIMARY ENDINGS µαι µεθα λύ-ο-µαι λυ-ό-µεθα ῃ σθε λύ-ῃ λύ-ε-σθε - ται - νται λύ-ε-ται λύ-ο-νται 3
4 PRIMARY ENDINGS PRIMARY MIDDLE/PASSIVE/DEPONENT λύοµαι λύῃ λύεται λυόµεθα λύεσθε λύονται But teacher, if the middle and passive have the same form, how will know which one it is? Mark ὁ νεκροι ἐγειρονται. The dead are raising themselves or The dead are being raised 1 Cor εὑρισκόµεθα ψευδοµαρτύρες τοῦ θεοῦ We [are finding ourselves] [are being found] to be CONTEXT! PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE to be loosening ειν λύειν PRESENT ΜID/PASS/DEP INFINITIVE to be loosening myself / to keep on being loosened ε - σθαι λύεσθαι MEMORIZE THIS! MIDDLE or PASSIVE? θελοµεν ἀκούεσθαι We are wanting to hear ourselves. We are wanting to be heard. ὁ νεκροι ἐγειρονται εὑρισκόµεθα θελοµεν ἀκούεσθαι by ὑπὸ with personal agent The passive can always be understood to be done by someone Dative of Means διδασκοµεθα τῶ λογῳ τοῦ θεοῦ We are being taught by the word of God. Αn impersonal agent usually expressed with Dative rather than ὑπο 4
5 Regular (Omega) Verbs Verbs that have active forms Dictionary form will indicate that they are omega verbs λύω, λέγω, βλέπω w Deponent Verbs Verbs that do not have active forms Middle/Passive form has an active meaning (-οµαι >> despondent DEPONENTS) Dictionary form will indicate if they are deponent ἔρχοµαι = I come, I go Middle/Passive/Deponent Verbs Most Present Middle/Passive Indicative looking verbs are Deponent Most Deponent verbs do not have the possibility of a true middle/passive meaning If the verb is regular, and it is a Present Middle/Passive Indicative, assume Passive >>> If you can translate it as a Passive, it probably is. If not, assume it is Deponent and translate it like an Active. Middle/Passive/Deponent Verbs Do you know if it is an Omega verb???? Try translating as a Passive: Make sense? NO Assume Deponent: Make sense with Active sense? NO Good! Try Middle: Make sense? NO Check a Lexicon! Compound Verbs Deponent Verbs Irregular ἔρχοµαι = I come, I go ἔρχοµαι δια δια ἔρχοµαι >> διέρχοµαι εἰσερχοµαι ἐξερχοµαι δύναµαι δύνασαι δύναται δύναµεθα δύνασθε δύνανται νται 5
6 ἀποκρίνοµαι ἄρχω ἄρχοµαι γίνοµαι διέρχοµαι δύναµαι εἰσερχοµαι ἐξέρχοµαι ἔρχοµαι πορεύοµαι Lesson 9 Vocabulary ἁµαρτωλός, ὁ οὐδέ σύν (Dat) ὑπό (Gen; Acc) Croy 9 - Exercises Do even sentences of Practice and Review Do #2 of NT Do #4 of English to Greek QUIZ on 9 QUIZ on 9 Reproduce Primary Middle/Passive Indicative Endings Reproduce Present M/P Infinitive form Analyze and Translate a sentence which includes vocabulary from Lesson 9 for INF, no person or number λυω PERSO N 1, 2, 3 NUMBER S P TENSE Pres Fut Impf Aor Perf Plpf MOOD Indic, Inf, Ptcp, Impv, Subjn VOICE Act Mid Dep Pass γινοµαι βαλλεται γινεσθαι 6
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