ESP. The human body. Anatomy (simplified) Class B

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1 ESP The human body Anatomy (simplified) Class B

2 The body

3 The human face

4 Input (εισαγωγή) Sensor (αισθητήρας) Visual (οπτικός) (eye) Auditory (ακουστικός) (ear) Olfactory (οσφρητικός) (nose) Taste (γευστικός) (tongue) Cutaneous (δερματικός) (skin) See smell hear taste feel Output (εξαγωγή) Shape and position Eyes Eyebrows Nose Lips Neck Expression Eyebrows, eyes Facial colour Voice Lips Neck The five senses:

5 The Skeletal System

6 The scull (το κρανίο) Satura ραφή Auditory meatus Human_skull_side_simplified. Mariana Ruiz Villarreal. Head: The skull protects the brain, the eyes, and the middle and inner ears. Τhe adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures (semi-rigid articulations formed by bony ossification, the presence of Sharpey's fibres permitting a little flexibility).

7 Thorax Thorax (ribcage= θωρακικός κλωβός) back Chest/breast Latin: cavea thoracis Manubrium Λαβή του στέρνου Ribs Spine /spaɪn/(backbone) Sternum Cartilage /ˈkɑrtɨlɨdʒ/ χόνδρος Sternum Xiphoid process Ξιφοειδής απόφυση False ribs Floating ribs Νόθες ασύντακτες πλευρές /ˈfləʊtɪŋ/ True ribs 7 Γνήσιες πλευρές False ribs 8, 9, 10 Νόθες πλευρές

8 clavicle= κλείδα Scapula= ωμοπλάτη Vertebra = σπόνδυλος Vertebrae = σπόνδυλοι Cartilage= χόνδρος

9 Clavicle/collarbone scapula/shoulder blade upper limb arm bones humeral /ˈhjuːmərəl/ humerus /ˈhjuːmərəs/, Plural: humeri elbow (arm joint) radius (bone in forearm) ulna /ˈʌlnə/ (longer bone of the forearm) Carpus/wrist metacarpus (bone of the hand) metacarpal (finger bone) μετακάρπιο οστό phalanx (bone of the finger or toe) The x-ray showed a fractured radius. Η ακτινογραφία έδειξε κάταγμα στην κερκίδα. wrist (articulation between arm and hand) The wrist joint contains many bones and is highly complex. joint (κλείδωση, άρθρωση) Helen put a bracelet on her wrist. Ian injured a finger joint when he tried to catch the ball.

10 Fracture (κάταγμα) What Are Fractures? A fracture is the medical term for a broken bone. Fractures are common; the average person has two during a lifetime. They occur when the physical force exerted on the bone is stronger than the bone itself. Your risk of fracture depends, in part, on your age. Broken bones are very common in childhood, although children's fractures are generally less complicated than fractures in adults. As you age, your bones become more brittle (εύθραυστος) and you are more likely to suffer fractures from falls that would not occur when you were young. There are many types of fractures, but the main categories are displaced, non-displaced, open, and closed. X-ray imaging is used to visualize fractures to determine the location and nature of the break. 1.Ian suffered a bad break when he went skiing. 2.Rita suffered two fractures in the accident. 3.Jim suffered a bad break in his femur when he fell off the ladder. 4.The impact of the crash fractured Robin's arm. 5.It's called breakneck speed because you will break your neck if you go that fast and fall off the motorcycle. displaced

11 Fracture (κάταγμα) Oblique = λοξό In a displaced fracture, the bone snaps* into two or more parts and moves so that the two ends are not lined up straight. If the bone is in many pieces, it is called a comminuted (συντριπτικό) fracture. In a non-displaced fracture, the bone cracks either part or all of the way through, but does move and maintains its proper alignment. Compound fracture (σύνθετο κάταγμα) : A fracture in which a bone is sticking through the skin. Also known as an open fracture. An impacted (ενσφηνωμένος) fracture is a fracture in which the bone breaks into multiple fragments which are driven into each other. Greenstick fracture (ημιτελής) occur when young, soft bones are partly broken and partly bent. *snap/snæp/= break off, σπάζω (με ξερό κρότο) (-together) = συναρμολογούμενος Transverse= εγκάρσιο displaced Fissured= σχισμένο Fissured/linear= ρηγματώδης/ ευθύς, γραμμικός Longitudinal= διαμήκης

12 Fracture (κάταγμα) A transverse fracture: A fracture in which the break is across a bone. Α fissured fracture, linear fracture = a fracture that extends parallel to the long axis of a bone but does not displace the bone tissue. A spiral fracture (a.k.a.* torsion fracture) occurs when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone. Child abuse (physical abuse) are considered differentials (=σύνολο αναφοράς, μεταβλητή, «διατρέχει» όλα τα στοιχεία) when identifying spiral or torsion fractures. It can occur in young children when they fall on an extended leg while jumping. An oblique fracture is a relatively common fracture in which the bone breaks diagonally. *a.k.a. = Also known as

13 Fractures (broken bones): First aid By Mayo Clinic Staff A fracture is a broken bone. It requires medical attention. If the broken bone is the result of major trauma or injury, call 166. Also call for emergency help if: The person is unresponsive 1, isn't breathing or isn't moving. Begin CPR 2 if there's no breathing or heartbeat. There is heavy bleeding. Even gentle pressure or movement causes pain. The limb 3 or joint 4 appears deformed. The bone has pierced the skin. The extremity 5 of the injured arm or leg, such as a toe or finger, is numb 6 or bluish 7 at the tip. You suspect a bone is broken in the neck, head or back. 1 δεν ανταποκρίνεται 2 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation /rɪˌsʌsɪˈteɪʃən/= 3 άκρο 4 κλείδωση, άρθρωση 5 άκρο, έσχατο σημείο 6 μουδιασμένο /nʌm/ 7 γαλαζωπός 1.Don't move the person except if necessary to avoid further injury. Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help: 2. Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing. 3. Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign 8 the bone or push a bone that's sticking out back in. If you've been trained in how to splint 9 and professional help isn't readily available, apply a splint to the area above and below the fracture sites. Padding 10 the splints can help reduce discomfort Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain. Don't apply ice directly to the skin. Wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material. 5. Treat for shock. If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk12 and, if possible, elevate the legs. 8 επανευθυγραμμίζω 9 νάρθηκας 10 επένδυση 11 δυσφορία, ενόχληση 12 κορμός

14 Humerus /ˈhjuːmərəs/

15

16 Lower limb (Leg Bones) Pubic symphysis (thigh bone) (shin bone) (καλάμι) (anklebone) fibula-talus tibia-fibula-talus περόνη-αστράγαλος κνήμη-περόνη-αστράγαλος

17 Achilles tendon Fibula Tibia Ankle joint Talus/ˈteɪləs/ ankle Calcaneus /kælˈkeɪniːəs/ heel Foot/feet Flat Foot (Pes Planus) Achilles' heel (Achilles's vulnerable spot) (μυθολογία) αχίλλειος πτέρνα arch/ɑːtʃ/ Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine ball Hollow Foot (Pes Cavus) Tendon (= connective tissue) Achilles tendon

18 Spine/ spinal column (Σπονδυλική στήλη) /ˈlʌmbəʳ/

19 The Pelvis = πύελος= λεκάνη (hip= γοφός) Θυροειδές τρήμα Pelvic cavity through which nerves and blood vessels pass anatomy: pelvic cavity/ hip bones She fell and suffered a fractured pelvis. Έπεσε και έπαθε κάταγμα στην πύελο. Έπεσε και έπαθε κάταγμα στη λεκάνη. The coccyx has the ability to move during pregnancy.

20 Hip Cotyloid cavity/socket Cotyloid cavity/ socket

21 Some Differences The sacrum is long, narrow, straighter. Opening is smaller Female Pelvis Opening is larger The sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved. subpubic angle in men Pubic arch is V shaped Pubic arch is U shaped pubic arch in women

22 Βιβλιογραφία Open access radiology education -Ιωάννης Η. Βλάχος, ορθοπαιδικός-χειρουργός