Χρήση συστημάτων πληροφορικής στην οδική υποδομή

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1 ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΕΜΠ Εργαστήριο Συγκοινωνιακής Τεχνικής Χρήση συστημάτων πληροφορικής στην οδική υποδομή Στόχοι Βύρωνας Νάκος Καθηγήτης ΕΜΠ

2 Άδεια χρήσης Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό υπόκειται σε άδειες χρήσης Creative Commons. Για εκπαιδευτικό υλικό, όπως εικόνες, που υπόκειται σε άδεια χρήσης άλλου τύπου, αυτή πρέπει να αναφέρεται ρητώς. 2

3 Συστήματα Γεωγραφικών Πληροφοριών & Μεταφορές Στόχοι Βύρωνας Νάκος, Καθηγητής Ε.Μ.Π.

4 Contents Why do we use GIS? / The value of GIS GIS & transportation technology - Applications - Communication - Decision making - World wide web The unique character of GIS technologies - Spatial dependency & heterogeneity GIS-T & software environments

5 Why do we use GIS? Automate mapping Using digitally stored information we create maps quickly, relatively simply, and flexibly Spatial queries Retrieving information from a spatial database Spatial analysis Quantitative analysis of one or more geographic themes Spatial modeling More complex examination of processes which allow predictions based on quantitative analysis

6 The value of GIS It lets us do a range of tasks better and quicker than we could do manually It allows a range of tasks that could not be achieved manually We can repeat tasks and update information rapidly and inexpensively

Transportation exists to overcome geographic discrepancies in: resources goods services GIS technology + Transportation technology by moving material, people or information between things are and

7 Transportation exists to overcome geographic discrepancies in: resources goods services GIS technology + Transportation technology by moving material, people or information between things are and where things are wanted (or vice versa) By overcoming these geographic discrepancies for certain locations and regions, transportation systems dramatically alter accessibility (Miller & Shaw 2001)

8 GIS-T users are applying GIS tools in: (transportation analysts, decision makers,...) Infrastructure planning, design & management Public transit planning & operations Traffic analysis & control Transportation safety analysis Environmental impacts assessment Hazards mitigation Configuring & managing complex logistics systems...

9 Integration of GIS-T & communication technologies Intelligent transportation systems / services: Intelligent vehicle haighway systems Automatic vehicle location systems (Waters 1999)

10 GIS-T role in transportation decision making: Widening the range of information integration based on location Providing a holistic perspective on complex land-use & transportation problems Allowing analytical & computational tools to be used in conjuction with detailed representations of local geography Allowing analysis & problem-solving to be tailored to the local context

GIS-T technology deminishes the gap between analysis & communication Allowing greater public input into analytical decisions: choise of data modeling assumptions scenario development In

11 GIS-T technology deminishes the gap between analysis & communication Allowing greater public input into analytical decisions: choise of data modeling assumptions scenario development In addition: Transportation information becomes more accessible Transportation information becomes potentially enhancing location The participation in transportation planning process becomes wider

12 GIS-T & World Wide Web (www) / Internet Wireless GIS services are increasing with high rates (private & public organizations) Many users pose queries about transportation or trevel-related issues (intelligent transportaion systems, improvement of geographic & transportation literacy) - Additional indirect demands for GIS-T services - Greater sophistication in citizen scrutiny of transportation decisions

13 The unique character of geographic information technologies Spatial dependency The tendency for things closer in geographic space to be more related (It is meaningful to record, organize & analyze data by geographic location) Spatial heterogeneity The tendency of each location in geographic space to exihibit some degree of uniqueness (It is worthwhile to consider local geographic context rather than just global generalities)

14 Spatial dependency & heterogeneity and analysis & modeling Spatial dependency implies that data recording in the real world should occur at different locations depending on whether one wants to control or capture these relationships Analytical models & statistical estimation techniques that do not consider spatial dependencies in geographic data ignore valuable information, are not properly specified and can give misleading results Spatial heterogeneity implies that spatially aggregated measures can be artificial & arbitrary Heterogeneity also means that most boundaries are lies & create measurement artifacts that may not correspont with the geographic reality

15 Spatial dependency & heterogeneity and GISci / GISci-T Spatial dependency & heterogeneity imply that the science & tools to support geographic information processing & decision making must be tailored to recognize & exploit the unique nature of geographic information Geographic information science (GISci) refers to the theory & methods at the foundation of GIS Geographic information science for trasnportation (GISci-T) refers to the theory & methods that underlie GIS-T (A subset of GISci that develops theory & method for capturing, processing, analyzing, & communicating digital transportation information) (Goodchild 1992, Miller & Shaw 2001)

16 GIS-T & software environments GIS vendors recognize that they cannot provide all tools that every user wants for different types of analyses Interoperable & customizable software environments allow an analyst who knows particular domain well to built appropriate tools Componentware software modules allow user to develop effective GIS-T tools tailored to particular problem Information technology allow individuals to share tools freely

17 References Goodchild. M., 1992, Geographical information science, International Journal of Geographic Information Science, 6(1): Miller H.J. & Shaw S.-L., 2001, Geographic Information Systems for Transportation: Principles and Applications, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Waters N.M., 1999, Transportation GIS: GIS-T. In Geographical Information Systems. Management Issues & Applications, (Longley P.A., Goodchild M.F., Maguire D.J. & Rhind D.W. eds.), Vol. 2, (2nd ed.), New York: John Willey & Sons, pp

18 Χρηματοδότηση Το παρόν υλικό έχει αναπτυχθεί στα πλαίσια του εκπαιδευτικού έργου του διδάσκοντα. Το έργο υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος «Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» και συγχρηματοδοτείται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόρους. 1

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Χρήση συστημάτων πληροφορικής στην οδική υποδομή

ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΕΜΠ Εργαστήριο Συγκοινωνιακής Τεχνικής Χρήση συστημάτων πληροφορικής στην οδική υποδομή Ορισμοί- εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο Βύρωνας Νάκος Καθηγήτης ΕΜΠ bnakos@central.ntua.gr Άδεια