ΟΙΚΙΑ. A Beginner s Course in Ancient Greek
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- Κυβηλη Βενιζέλος
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1 ΟΙΚΙΑ A Beginner s Course in Ancient Greek Susanne Bramming & Christian Høgel Copenhagen 2017
2 OIKIA A Beginner s Course in Ancient Greek Susanne Bramming, Christian Høgel & Lars Kroman 2017 (4th edition) Artwork: Lars Kroman ii Page
3 Contents Chapter 1: Alphabet Chapter 2: ἡ οἰκία ἐν ταῖς Ἀθήναις.. 2 Chapter 3: τὰ ἔργα Chapter 4: ἡ ἀγορά 27 Chapter 5: τὸ γυμνάσιον. 35 Chapter 6: ἡ Ἀκρόπολις. 40 Chapter 7: τὸ θέατρον 47 Chapter 8: οἱ Δελφοί 53 Chapter 9: ἡ Ἐλευσίς 58 iii Page
4 Chapter 3 τὰ ἔργα 14 Page
5 τὰ ἔργα ὁ Νικήρατος πρὸς τὸ ἐργαστήριον ἔρχεται. ὁ Νικήρατος καὶ ὁ Ὀνήσιμος πρὸς τὸ ἐργαστήριον ἔρχονται. Image 2 placeholder ὁ Νικήρατος καὶ ὁ Ὀνήσιμος νῦν ἐν τῷ ἐργαστηρίῳ εἰσίν ἐργάζονται. πίθους οἱ μὲν ποιοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ γράφουσιν. ἔργον ου το job, task, employment ἐργαστήριον ου τό workshop πίθος ου ὁ jar οἱ μέν οἱ δέ some... others ποιoῦσιν create, make γράφουσιν paint, inscribe 15 Page
6 ἡ Κλεονίκη καὶ αἱ δοῦλαι πρὸς τὴν κρήνην ἔρχονται. πρός to, towards κρήνη ης ἡ spring, fountain ὁ Αὐτόλυκος καὶ ὁ παιδαγωγὸς ἔρχονται πρὸς τὸν διδάσκαλον. παιδαγώγος ου ὁ pedagogue, tutor διδάσκαλος ου ὁ teacher 16 Page
7 ὁ διδάσκαλος ὁ Αὐτόλυκος καὶ οἱ φίλοι, οἳ πρὸς τὸν διδάσκαλον ἔρχονται, δέλτους ἔχουσιν. οἱ μὲν μύθους ποιοῦσι καὶ γράφουσιν, οἱ δὲ βιβλία ἀναγιγνώσκουσιν. τοτὲ μὲν σπουδαῖοί εἰσι, τοτὲ δὲ παίζουσιν. ὁ δὲ διδάσκαλος τά τέκνα γράμματα διδάσκει. ὁ μὲν διδάσκαλος μῦθον, ὃς πολὺ καλός ἐστι, λέγει, τὰ δὲ τέκνα ἀκούει. κόραι δ οὐκ πρὸς τὸν διδάσκαλον ἔρχονται, ἀλλ ὑφαίνουσι. ἐνίοτε δὲ πρὸς τὴν κρήνην ἔρχονται. φίλος ου ὁ friend ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which (rel.pron.) δέλτος ου ἡ writing tablet οἱ μέν οἱ δέ some others μῦθος ου ὁ history, myth γράφουσιν write βιβλίον ου τό book ἀναγιγνώσκουσιν read τοτὲ μέν... τοτὲ δέ sometimes sometimes σπουδαῖος α ον diligent, serious παίζουσιν play δέ and, but (2nd word in sentence) γράμμα ατος το letter διδάσκει teach πολύ much καλός beautiful ἀκούουσιν listen κόρη, -ης ἡ girl ἐνίοτε sometimes 17 Page
8 περὶ τοῦ ἐργαστηρίου ὁ Νικήρατος πολλοὺς δούλους, οἳ ἐργάζονται, ἔχει. οἱ μὲν ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ κέραμον ὀρύττουσιν καὶ πολὺν χρόνον ἔργάζονται. ἔπειτα δὲ τὸν κέραμον πρὸς τὸ ἐργαστήριον φέρουσιν. οἱ δὲ πίθους πρῶτον μὲν ποιοῦσιν καὶ γράφουσιν, ἔπειτα δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἰπνὸν φέρουσιν. τήμερον δ ὑδρίας γράφουσιν. καὶ ἄλλος τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν γράφει, ἄλλος γάμον. περί om πολλοί mange ὅς, ἥ, ὅ som, der (rel.pron.) ἔχει har ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ i marken κέραμος ου ὁ ler ὀρύττουσιν graver πολὺν χρόνον længe ἔπειτα derefter φέρω bærer, bringer πίθος -ου ὁ krukke πρῶτον først ποιέω laver γράφω tegner, skriver ἰπνός οῦ ὁ ovn τήμερον i dag ὑδρία ας (vand)krukke ἄλλος.. ἄλλος en.. en anden Ἀθηνᾶ -ᾶς ἡ (gudinden) Athene γάμος -ου ὁ bryllup ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ θεὰ ἐργαστική ἐστιν. καὶ ἐν ταῖς Ἀθήναις ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἱερὸν ἐν τῇ Ἀκροπόλει ἔχει. θεὰ γὰρ μεγίστη ἔστιν. ἐν δὲ τῇ ὑδρίᾳ, ἣν οἱ ἐργάται ποιοῦσιν, ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ δόρυ καὶ κόρυν ἔχει. ἔστι δὲ καὶ γλαῦξ ἐν τῷ ὤμῳ. ἐργαστικός -η -ον håndværks- ἱερόν τό temple μέγιστος -η -ον størst ἐργάτης -ου ὁ håndværker δόρυ ατος τό spyd κόρυν (akk.) hjelm γλαῦξ αυκος ἡ ugle ἐν τῷ ὤμῳ på skulderen 18 Page
9 ἐν δὲ τῷ γάμῳ εἰσὶ νύμφη καὶ νυμφίος. ἡ μὲν νύμφη νέα ἐστίν, ὁ δε νυμφίος οὔ. ὁ νυμφίος τὴν νύμφην πρὸς τὸν οἶκον ἄγεται. Διάλογος αʹ: οἱ ἐργάται Γλαυκῶν ποῦ ἐστιν ἡ μεγάλη ὑδρία; Ἱππίας τὴν ὑδρίαν γράφω. γράφω δὲ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν. Γλαυκῶν ἔχει ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἀεὶ δόρυ καὶ κόρυν; Ἱππίας ἔχει πολλάκις. ἐστὶ γὰρ ἡ θέα τῆς μάχης. Γλαυκῶν τί δὴ ἡ γλαῦξ; Ἱππίας ἡ δὲ γλαῦξ σῆμα τῆς σοφίας ἐστίν. ἐστὶ γὰρ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ θέα σοφωτάτη. Κρίτων ἀλλὰ ἐστὶ καὶ παρθένος. οὐ γὰρ νυμφεύει. ἐγὼ δὲ γάμον γράφω. ἐν δὲ τῷ γάμῳ ἡ νύμφη, ἣ καθίζει ἐν τῷ μέσῳ, δέχεται τὰ δῶρα, ἃ καλά ἐστιν. Ἱππίας ποῦ γράφεις τόν νύμφιον; Κρίτων τὸν δὲ νυμφίον παρὰ τῇ νύμφῃ γράφω. καὶ πολλοὶ ξένοι ἐν τῷ γάμῳ πάρεισιν. Ἱππίας ἀλλὰ τί ποιοῦσιν οἱ ξένοι; Κρίτων δῶρα δὲ καλὰ φέρουσιν. Γλαυκῶν τὸν γάμον κάλλιστα γράφεις. ἐν τῷ γάμῳ ved brylluppet νύμφη ης ἡ brud νυμφίος ου ὁ brudgom νέος η ον ung ἄγομαι hjemfører ἐργάτης ου ὁ håndværker ποῦ hvor μέγας μεγάλη μέγα stor ἀεί altid πολλάκις ofte τῆς μάχης krigs-, krigens τί hvorfor δή dog σῆμα ατος τό tegn, symbol τῆς σοφίας på visdom γάρ for, nemlig σοφός η ον klog καί og, også παρθένος ου ἡ jomfru νυμφεύω gifter mig ὅς ἥ ὅ som, der καθίζω sidder ἐν τῷ μέσῳ i midten δέχομαι modtager δῶρον ου τό gave παρά τῇ νύμφῃ ved siden af bruden πολλοί mange ξένος ὁ gæst, fremmed πάρειμι er til stede τί hvad κάλλιστα meget smukt 19 Page
10 Διάλογος βʹ: ὁ διδάσκαλος Διδάσκαλος ἀτταταῖ, ὕστεροι ἔρχεσθε. Τέκνα βραδέως ἐρχόμεθα. ὁ γὰρ παιδαγωγὸς γέρων ἐστὶ καὶ βραδύς. Διδάσκαλος δέλτους καὶ καλάμους ἔχετε; Τέκνα ἔχομεν. Διδάσκαλος ἀκούετε. ἐγὼ μὲν μῦθον λέγω, ὑμεῖς δὲ τὸν μῦθον γράφετε. Τέκνα ὁ δὲ μῦθος δεινός ἐστιν; Διδάσκαλος πάνυ γε. ἀκούετε καὶ γράφετε ἀτταταῖ åh, for søren ὕστερος α ον sen βραδέως langsomt παιδαγωγός οῦ ὁ opdrager (subst.) γέρων οντος ὁ gammel (mand) βραδύς εῖα ύ langsom κάλαμος ου ὁ pen ἀκούω hører μῦθος ου ὁ historie ὑμεῖς I δεινός ή όν uhyggelig, farlig πάνυ γε i høj grad, ja Πάρις καὶ αἱ θεαί ὁ Πάρις ποιμήν ἐστιν. ὁ μὲν Ἑρμῆς πρὸς τὸν Πάριδα ἔρχεται. καὶ δὲ τρεῖς θεαὶ ἔρχονται. Πάρις δὲ πρὸς τὰς θεὰς τὴν Ἥραν, τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν καὶ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην - βλέπει. Πάρις Θεαί Ἑρμῆς Πάρις Ἑρμῆς Πάρις Ἑρμῆς Πάρις Ἑρμῆς ἆρ οὐ θεαί ἐστε; καλαὶ θεαί ἐσμεν. καλαί εἰσιν, ἀλλ ἐρίζουσιν. ἀλλὰ διὰ τί ἐρίζουσιν αἱ θεαί; ἐρίζουσιν δὲ διὰ χρυσοῦν μῆλον. τὸ δὲ μῆλον γραφὴν ἔχει ΤΗΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΣΤΗΙ τίς θεὰ καλλίστη ἐστίν; οὐκ οἶδα ἀλλὰ σὺ ἐκλέγεις. οἴμοι, φεῦ, φεῦ. οὐκ οἶδα τίς ἡ καλλίστη. μόνον γὰρ ἄνθρωπός εἰμι. ἀλλὰ μὲν γὰρ κελεύει σε ὁ Ζεύς. ποιμήν ένος ὁ hyrde Πάριδα akk. af Paris τρεῖς tre βλέπω ser ἆρ οὐ mon ἐρίζω skændes ἀλλ = ἀλλά men διὰ τί på grund af hvad, hvorfor μῆλον ου τό æble χρυσοῦς -ῆ -οῦν af guld γραφή -ῆς ἡ indskrift κάλλιστος smukkest ΤΗΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΣΤΗΙ til den smukkeste τίς hvem, hvilken οἶδα (jeg) ved ἐκλέγω udvælger οἴμοι jamen φεῦ φεῦ uha, uha μόνον kun ἄνθρωπος ου ὁ menneske ἀλλὰ μὲν γάρ jamen κελεύω befaler σε dig 20 Page
11 (Πάρις λέγει πρὸς τὰς θεάς.) Πάρις χαῖρε, ὦ Ἥρα. σὺ ἡ καλλίστη εἶ; Ἥρα πάνυ γε. ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ἰσχυρά εἰμι. παρέχω οὖν σοι δῶρον, στρατιάν. Πάρις τὸ δὲ δῶρον οὐ καλόν ἐστιν. αἱ γὰρ στρατιαὶ φέρουσι κινδύνους. χαῖρε, ὦ Ἀθηνᾶ, τί σὺ παρέχεις; Ἀθηνᾶ σοφίαν παρέχω. Πάρις τὸ δὲ δῶρον οὐ καλόν ἐστιν. ἡ γὰρ σοφία οὐ φέρει ἡδονάς. χαῖρε, ὦ Ἀφροδίτη, τί σὺ λέγεις; Ἀφροδίτη ἐγὼ παρέχω τὴν Ἑλένην τὴν καλήν. ἆρ οὐ καλὸν δῶρόν ἐστιν; Πάρις καλόν ἐστιν. καλλίστη οὖν εἶ καὶ σοὶ παρέχω τὸ μῆλον. (ἡ μὲν Ἀφροδίτη χαίρει, ἡ δὲ Ἥρα καὶ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ οὐ χαίρουσιν.) ὦ (bruges ved tiltale; oversættes ikke) πάνυ γε i høj grad, ja ἰσχυρός ά όν magtfuld παρέχω giver σοί (til) dig δῶρον ου τό gave στρατιά ᾶς ἡ hær κίνδυνος ου ὁ fare τί hvad ἡδονή ῆς ἡ nydelse οὖν altså, dermed χαίρω har det godt, er glad 21 Page
12 Grammar Morphology Nouns and the definite article now also appear in the accusative case: (ὁ δοῦλος) (ἡ κρήνη) (τὸ τέκνον) Accusative sing τὸν δοῦλον τὴν κρήνην τὸ τέκνον Accusative pl τοῦς δούλους τὰς κρήνας τὰ τέκνα Forms of nouns Language study 2.1 -η -α mixed nom sing τιμ ή honour χώρα land θάλαττ α sea acc sing τιμ ήν χώραν θάλαττ αν gen sing τιμ ῆς χώρας θαλάττ ης dat sing τιμ ῇ χώρᾳ θαλάττ ῃ nom pl τιμ αί χῶραι θάλαττ αι acc pl τιμ άς χώρας θαλάττ ας gen pl τιμ ῶν χωρῶν θαλαττ ῶν dat pl τιμ αῖς χώραις θαλάττ αις Language study 2.2 masc./(fem.) neuter nom sing λόγ ος word δῶρ ον gift acc sing λόγ ον δῶρ ον gen sing λόγ ου δώρ ου dat sing λόγ ῳ δώρ ῳ nom pl λόγ οι δῶρ α acc pl λόγ ους δῶρ α gen pl λόγ ων δώρ ων dat pl λόγ οις δώρ οις 22 Page
13 Forms of the definite article Language study 4 masc. fem. neut. nom sing ὁ ἡ τό acc sing τόν τήν τό gen sing τοῦ τῆς τοῦ dat sing τῷ τῇ τῷ nom pl οἱ αἱ τά acc pl τούς τάς τά gen pl τῶν τῶν τῶν dat pl τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς Adjectives The same changes apply to adjectives, which follow the pattern of the nouns. In addition to the basic form, which is called positive, some adjectives are now seen in the superlative form, which can be recognised by the ending -τατος. Language study 3.5 Many regular adjectives are formed as follows: positive comparative τερος (1+2 decl.) superlative τατος (1+2 decl.) δίκαιος righteous δικαιό-τερος more righteous δικαιό-τατος most/very righteous Some superlatives forms are irregular, e.g.. κάλλιστος most beautiful. 23 Page
14 The relative pronoun Like adjectives, the relative pronoun changes in number, gender and case. The relative pronoun follows the pattern of the adjectives, and can generally be distinguished from the definite article because unlike the definite article it has an accent. Language study 6.1 masc. fem. neut. nom sing ὅς ἥ ὅ acc sing ὅν ἥν ὅ gen sing οὗ ἧς οὗ dat sing ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ nom pl οἵ αἵ ἅ acc pl οὕς ἅς ἅ gen pl ὧν ὧν ὧν dat pl οἷς αἷς οἷς 24 Page
15 Verbs will now appear in all persons, both in the active and the middle. Present tense (regular verbs) Language study Active Middle Singular 1 st person -ω -ομαι 2 nd person -εις -ει/ῃ 3 rd person -ει -εται Plural 1 st person -ομεν -ομεθα 2 nd person -ετε -εσθε 3 rd person -ουσι(ν) -ονται In addition is the imperative (command) form of the verb. In Greek this is found in the singular and the plural. Imperative Language study 7.9 Active Middle Singular 2 nd person -ε -ου Plural 2 nd person -ετε -εσθε 25 Page
16 Syntax The direct object and adverbs are the new syntactical concepts in this chapter. Direct object in the accusative The direct object in a sentence is in the accusative case. Language study 11.3 and Preposition + accusative The accusative case is also used with prepositions. A preposition with a noun or a pronoun constitutes a prepositional phrase, which in syntactical analysis is adverbial. Language study The relative pronoun In relation to the relative pronoun, one talks about an antecedent. The antecedent is the word to which the relative pronoun refers. The relative pronoun is the same gender and number as the antecedent, but the case of the relative pronoun depends on its own role in the sentence. A relative pronoun starts a relative clause. In syntactical analysis, a relative clause is the same part of speech as its antedecent. Language study 6.1 and Word building Note that based on a word-stem, e.g. εργ-, several words can be formed with related meanings: ἔργον task, work, ἐργάζομαι (I) work, ἐργαστήριον workshop, ἐργάτης (a) worker, labourer. Note that the article and noun οἱ ἐργάται (Διάλογος αʹ) are masculine. However, it follows the 1st declension. Language study Page
17 Exercises 1. Insert the correct form of the noun (nominative or accusative). Use each word only once. ἡ κρήνη ὁ δούλος τὸ τέκνον ὁ μῦθος ἡ ὑδρία ὁ ἄνθρωπος a.... μεγάλη ἐστιν. b. ὁ διδάσκαλος... λέγει. c. ὁ κύριος πολλοὺς... ἔχει. d. ὁ Νικήρατος καὶ ἡ Κλεονίκη... ἔχουσιν. e. ὁ Πάρις... ἐστιν. f. αἱ δοῦλαι πρὸς... ἔρχονται. 2. Insert words in the accusative case, and translate the sentences. τὸ μῆλον ὁ γάμος δεινὸς -η -ον ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἡ θεά τὸ δῶρον a. οἱ ξένοι πολλὰ... φέρουσιν. b.... οὐκ οἶδα. c. αἱ θεαὶ διὰ... ἐρίζουσιν. d. ὁ ἐργάτης... γράφει. e. ὁ Πάρις... βλέπει. f. τὰ τέκνα τὸν... μῦθον ἀκούουσιν. 27 Page
18 3. Insert the correct form of the relative pronoun. Use each pronoun only once. ὅς, ὅ, οἵ, ὅν, αἵ, ἥν, ἅς, ὅ, ἅ, ἡ, ἅ, a. τὸ μῆλον,... ὁ Πάρις παρέχει, χρυσοῦν ἐστίν. b. αἱ θεαί,... καλαί εἰσιν, ἐρίζουσιν. c. γράφω τὸν γάμον,.... βλέπετε. d. οἱ πίθοι,... ἔχομεν, ἀγαθοί εἰσίν. e. ἡ Ἀθήνη ἱερὸν ἔχει,... ἐν τῇ Ἀκροπόλει ἐστίν. f. τὰ δῶρα,... οἱ ξένοι φέρουσιν, καλά ἐστίν. g. ἡ γλαῦξ,... ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἐν τῷ ὠμῷ ἔχει, σῆμα τῆς σοφίας ἐστίν. h. ὁ διδάσκαλος,... τὰ τέκνα διδάσκει, τὸν μῦθον λέγει. i. ἡ νύμφη,... νέα ἐστίν, ἐν τῷ μέσῳ καθίζει. j. τὰ τέκνα,... δέλτους ἔχει, γράφει. k. αἱ ὑδρίαι,... οἱ ἐργάται ποιοῦσι, καλαί εἰσιν. l. τοὺς ξένους βλέπομεν,... δῶρα φέρουσιν. 28 Page
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Declension of the definite article
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