Reading Passages. Clytemnestra, Iphigenia s mother, arrives. She meets the Greek warrior Achilles and introduces herself:

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1 Reading Passages Assignment For each of the following Greek sentences: 1). Read it aloud; 2). Parse each verb and noun; and 3). Translate each sentence into English. Classical Readings 1. When Euripides died in 406 BC, he left behind several scripts of plays that were never performed during his lifetime. One of these is Iphigenia at Aulis. It is set at Aulis, where the collected forces of Greece are ready to sail to Troy to start the Trojan War. Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks in the Trojan War, is called upon to sacrifice his oldest daughter to the goddess Artemis so the Greek forces can sail to Troy. The play chronicles the controversy that ensues over whether Agamemnon s daughter, Iphigenia, should be sacrificed. Clytemnestra, Iphigenia s mother, arrives. She meets the Greek warrior Achilles and introduces herself: Λήδας µέν εἰµι παῖς, Κλυταιµήστρα δέ µοι ὄνοµα, πόσις δέ µοὐστὶν Ἀγαµέµνων ἄναξ. Ἀγαµέµνων ονος ὁ Agamemnon ἄναξ ακτος ὁ chief Λήδας (gen sg) ἡ Leda µοι (dat sg) me µοὐστίν = µοι ἐστίν πόσις (nom sg) ὁ husband Euripides Iphigenia at Aulis In another play, another member of the family arrives and introduces himself: Ἀγαµέµνονός τε καὶ Κλυταιµήστρας τόκος, ὄνοµα δ Ὀρέστης. Ἀγαµέµνων ονος ὁ Agamemnon Κλυταιµήστρας (gen sg) ἡ Clytemnestra τόκος (nom sg) ὁ offspring Euripides Andromache In a lawsuit c. 323 BC about a breach of contract, a man (possibly named Darius) alleges, among other things, that the defendant has not repaid his loans: οὔτε τὰ χρήµατα ἀποδίδωσιν οὔτε τὸ ἐνέχυρον καθίστησιν εἰς τὸ ἐµφανές. εἰς into ἐµφανές (nom/acc sg) τό plain view ἐνέχυρον (nom/acc pl) τό security (for a loan) καθίστηµι set up χρῆµα ατος τό thing; (pl) money Demosthenes 56.3

2 4. Having just made an uneasy alliance with Seuthes II, King of Thrace, the Greeks prepare for the night: ὥρα νυκτοφύλακας καθιστάναι καὶ σύνθηµα παραδιδόναι. καθίστηµι set up νυκτοφύλαξ -ακος ὁ night watchman σύνθηµα ατος τό password ὥρα (ἐστίν) (nom sg) ἡ hour Xenophon Anabasis Aristotle is studying the problem of growth and decay and gives an example of how bodies can be susceptible to change from forces through an intermediate agent: τὸν µὲν γὰρ ἀέρα τὸ πῦρ, ὁ δ ἀὴρ τὸ σῶµα θερµαίνει. ἀήρ, ἀέρος ὁ air θερµαίνει (3 rd sg) heats πῦρ, πυρός τό fire Aristotle On Generation and Corruption 327a5 6. Aristotle is preparing to analyze the parts of the bodies of animals. He discusses the theory that the physics of basic substances governed the growth and form of animals: ὁ δ ἀὴρ καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ὕλη τῶν σωµάτων ἐστίν. ἀήρ, ἀέρος ὁ air ὕλη (nom sg) ἡ wood, material, matter Aristotle Parts of Animals 640b16 7. This is from an ancient collection of problems that intellectuals and philosophers tried to solve. This particular one asks why the sound of crying is shrill (ὀξύ) but laughing is a lower sound (βαρύ). In part, the explanation is: γελῶντες θερµὸν τὸ πνεῦµα ἀφιᾶσιν, οἱ δὲ κλαίοντες τὸ πνεῦµα ψυχρότερον ἀφιᾶσιν. γελῶν -ῶντος ὁ laughing person θερµόν (nom/acc sg) τό hot κλαίων -οντος ὁ crying person ψυχρότερον (nom/acc sg) τό colder ps-aristotle Problems 900a Aristotle here is trying to establish the First Principle of everything (τῶν πρώτων ἡ ἀρχή) in the cosmos. He discusses a number of earlier philosophers, all of whom reckon this Principle as corporeal (σωµατική): ὕδωρ γὰρ καὶ πῦρ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα σώµατά ἐστιν

3 πῦρ, πυρός τό fire τοιαῦτα (nom/acc pl) τό this kind Aristotle Metaphysics 987a5 9. Aristotle explains the distribution of power in a democracy: οὐ γὰρ ὁ δικαστὴς οὐδ ὁ βουλευτὴς οὐδ ὁ ἐκκλησιαστὴς ἄρχων ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ τὸ δικαστήριον καὶ ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆµος. βουλή (nom sg) ἡ council βουλευτής (nom sg) ὁ council member δῆµος (nom sg) ὁ Demos (the democratic citizen body of the city) δικαστήριον (nom/acc sg) τό court δικαστής (nom sg) ὁ juror ἐκκλησιαστής (nom sg) ὁ assembly member Aristotle Politics 1282a35 Biblical Readings 1. Isaiah quotes God on monotheism: ἐγώ εἰµι ὁ θεός, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος. ἄλλος (nom sg) ὁ other ἐγώ (nom sg) I θεός (nom sg) ὁ god LXX Is. 45:22 2. The Pharisees question the blind man after Jesus has restored his sight, and at one point say: Σὺ µαθητὴς εἶ ἐκείνου, ἡµεῖς δὲ τοῦ Μωϋσέως ἐσµὲν µαθηταί. ἐκείνου (gen sg) ὁ that man (Jesus) ἡµεῖς (nom pl) we µαθητής (nom sg) µαθηταί (nom. pl.) ὁ student Μωϋσέως (gen sg) ὁ Moses σύ (nom. sg.) you Κατὰ Ἰωάννην 9:28 3. The names of the Apostles: τῶν δὲ δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόµατά ἐστιν ταῦτα πρῶτος Σίµων ὁ λεγόµενος Πέτρος καὶ Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ Ἰάκωβος ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ, ἀδελφός (nom sg) ὁ brother - 3 -

4 ἀποστόλων (gen pl) apostle αὐτοῦ his δώδεκα twelve λεγόµενος (nom sg) ὁ called πρῶτος (nom sg) ὁ first ταῦτα (nom/acc pl) τό these Κατὰ Μαθθαῖον 10:2 4. The names of the Apostles continued: Φίλιππος καὶ Βαρθολοµαῖος, Θωµᾶς καὶ Μαθθαῖος ὁ τελώνης, Ἰάκωβος ὁ τοῦ Ἁλφαίου καὶ Θαδδαῖος, Σίµων ὁ Καναναῖος καὶ Ἰούδας ὁ Ἰσκαριώτης ὁ καὶ παραδοὺς αὐτόν. αὐτόν him παραδούς (nom sg) ὁ who betrayed τελώνης (nom sg) ὁ tax collector Κατὰ Μαθθαῖον 10: Paul likens the individual members of a church to the limbs of a body and concludes: ὑµεῖς δέ ἐστε σῶµα Χριστοῦ καὶ µέλη... µέλη (nom/acc pl) τό limb ὑµεῖς (nom pl) y all Χριστοῦ (gen sg) ὁ Christ Πρὸς Κορινθίους α 12:27 6. Paul is discussing the Resurrection Body: ὁ δὲ θεὸς δίδωσιν αὐτῷ σῶµα καθὼς ἠθέλησεν, καὶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν σπερµάτων ἴδιον σῶµα. αὐτῷ (dat sg) ὁ him, τό it ἑκάστῳ (dat sg) ὁ, τό each ἠθέλησεν (3 rd sg) wishes θεός (nom sg) ὁ god ἴδιον (nom/acc sg) τό their own καθώς as σπέρµα ατος τό seed Πρὸς Κορινθίους α 15:38 7. From the first letter of John: καὶ τὸ πνεῦµά ἐστιν τὸ µαρτυροῦν, ὅτι τὸ πνεῦµά ἐστιν ἡ ἀλήθεια. ὅτι τρεῖς εἰσιν οἱ µαρτυροῦντες, τὸ πνεῦµα καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὸ αἷµα, καὶ οἱ τρεῖς εἰς τὸ ἕν εἰσιν. ἀλήθεια (nom sg) ἡ truth ἕν (nom/acc) τό one - 4 -

5 εἰς into µαρτυροῦν (nom/acc sg) τό bearing witness µαρτυρῶν -οῦντος ὁ bearing witness τρεῖς (nom) ὁ three Ἰωάννου α 5: