Kinds of Water Pollution. Inorganic Pollutants Organic Pollutants Biologic Pollutants

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1 Kinds of Water Pollution Inorganic Pollutants Organic Pollutants Biologic Pollutants 1

2 VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds EU kpa 2

3 USEPA ( CO, CO 2,, H 2 CO 3 ) (Photochemical Reaction) WHO (vapour) (gas) aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons oxygenated hydrocarbons 3

4 4

5 VOCs,,,,,,,,, 5

6 VOCs 2 6

7 1) Non-chlorinated VOCs Non-halogenated hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons ( fuel oils, gasoline, hexane, idustrial solvents, alcohols, aldehydes, ketone) aromatic hydrocarbons ( - toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, styrene, phenol) VOCs VOCs 144 benzene, toluene, naphthalene propene, 1,3-butadiene, styene alkyl-substituted benzene compounds xylenes, 1-butene/2-methylpropene, propane, 2-methylbutane, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, isopropylbenzene 76.8 % VOCs 7

8 2) chlorinated VOCs halogenated hydrocarbons chlorinated VOCs (non-chlorinated VOCs) 8

9 chlorinated VOCs halogenated hydrocarbons Trihalomethanes 9

10 1 halogenated hydrocarbons 10

11 halogenated VOCs trichloroethylene (TCE) 30 TCE 11

12 VOCs 3 1) 2) - 3) (metabolism) VOCs P450 glutathione P450 VOCs CTP2E1 trichloroethylene chloral hydrate CYP2B trichloroethanol trichloroacetic acid; toluene benzyl alcohol benzoic zcid 12

13 VOCs 1. VOCs VOCs VOCs 2. 2-butanone acetone 13

14 VOCs 3. VOCs 14

15 302 ( ) Aberdeen, North Carolina Dichloroethylene (DCE) (pesticide dump sites) 4.05 ppb 2.95 ppb (p=0.01) DCE (mitoger-induced lymphoproliferativity) 15

16 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TRI) 5000 ppm 40 TRI cyclic GMP medulla oblongata % cyclic GMP

17 VOCs (dichloromethane, n-hexane), plastic compounds (isocyanates polyvinyl chloride) (65%), (53%), (46%), (43%), ( %) 14,000 Bristol, U.K. (aerosols) VOCs (Xylene, ketones aldehydes) 25%, 19%, 22 % 17

18 ( 2) 2 VOCs (carcinogen) (tumor promoter) ( ) 18

19 VOCs 3 3 VOCs CNS = Central nervous system 19

20 VOCs (additive effect) 20

21 VOCs 8 (EPA) maximun contaminant level (MCL) 21

22 VOCs oxidizers VOCs VOCs co-meatbolism method anaerobic aerobic oxidation, reduction, dehalogenation VOCs (TCE, PCE, DCM, benzene, toluene) 22

23 23

24 VOCs VOCs VOCs VOCs 24

25 There are two methods which are often used for VOCs sampling: sorbent sample tube sampling and air canister sampling. Sorbent Sample Tubes for VOCs sampling The frequently used sorbent sample tubes include charcoal tubes, Tenax tubes and XAD2 tubes. When sampling, the samples are collected by opened tubes connecting to sampling pumps. Airbourne chemicals are trapped onto the surface of the sorbent when the pumps pulling sampled air through the tubes. After sampling, the tubes need to be sealed with push-on caps and freezed during the storage and transportation. 25

Before using, the canisters need to be cleaned and pressurized with nitrogen.

26 Canisters for VOCs sampling VOCs samples are collected into stainless steel canisters which are transported to the laboratory for analysis. Before using, the canisters need to be cleaned and pressurized with nitrogen. The canisters need also to conduct leak checking just before their on-site using. The capacities of canisters include 1L, 2L, 3L, 6L and 15L. For different purposes, the sampling rate should be well controlled. 26

27 Gas Chromatography (GC) ( 450ºC) 27

28 GC 2 Gas-Solid Chromatography (GSC) Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) 28

29 Gas-Solid Chromatography (GSC) stationary phase (adsorption) molecular sieves, porous polymers, silica gel, alumina, activated carbon 29

30 Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) mobile phase stationary phase partition coefficient 30

31 Principles of Gas Chromatography Mobile phase mobile phase (carrier) (N 2 ) (He) stationary phase (diffusion) 31

32 t R t R carrier gas 32

33 Efficiency of Gas Chromatography GC HETP HETP N carrier gas H optimum velocity 33

34 Gas Chromatograph 34

Carrier Gas ( ) (Gas tank) High Pressure Steel to 2640 psi Cylinder Designati on Water Capacity (liters) Diameter (inches) Height w/ Valve (inches) Nominal Shipping Weight(lbs)*

35 Carrier Gas ( ) (Gas tank) High Pressure Steel to 2640 psi Cylinder Designati on Water Capacity (liters) Diameter (inches) Height w/ Valve (inches) Nominal Shipping Weight(lbs)* 049-HP HP HP HP HP HP *includes estimated weight of contents 35

36 Regulator 36

37 Carrier Gas ( ) N 2, He, Ar, H 2 H 2 He N 2 sensitivity 37

38 carrier gas (detector) detector carrier gas detector carrier gas 2 1. t R 2. detector carrier gas 38

39 Flow Controller 39

40 Soap bubble Flow meter 40

41 Sample Injection System (Injector port) syringe (gas sampling valve) 41

42 Gas Sampling Valve Load Inject 42

43 Syringe Micro Syringe Gas Tight Syringe 43

44 Needle 44

45 sample chamber carrier gas 45

46 pyrolysis 46

47 Column 2 Packed column oven GSC GLC 47

48 GSC,,,,, Polarpak Q, Polarpak R t R 48

49 GLC stationary phase solid support solid support diatomaceous earths (SiO 2 ) solid support

50 stationary liquid phase solid support stationary phase

51 stationary liquid phase liquid phase 5 class Class I (most polar), Class II (polar), Class III (intermediate polarity),, Class IV (low polarity), Class V (non-polar), 51

52 Open tubular column (capillary column) ( mm) ( m) packed column packed column

53 Oven Isothermal Temperature programmed 53

54 Detector reproducibility detector 2 1. detector 2. detector 54

55 detector 1 1. Nitrometer CO 2 carrier gas CO 2 CO 2 KOH 2. Automatic Recording Buret 3. Infrared Analyzer 4. Mass Spectrometer 55

56 detector 2 1. Hydrogen Flame Detector (HFD) 2. Flame Ionization Detector (FID) 3. Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) 4. Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) 5. Electron Capture Detector (ECD) 6. Detector nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) 56

57 Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD; Universal) detector (filament) carrier gas bridge bridge 57

58 Flame Ionization Detector (FID; Selective) carrier gas flame jet FID 58

59 Electron Capture Detector (ECD; Selective) ECD detector (high electronegativity) 59

60 ECD (radioactive source) (beta radiation) Ni 63 carrier gas N 2 5% CH 4 Ar 60

61 Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD; Selective) FID 61

62 Flame Photometric Detector (NPD; Selective) detector (chemiluminescence) filter photomultiplier tube 62

63 detector detector detector (high sensitivity) High reproducibility 5. carrier gas carrier gas dynamic range 8. (selectivity) 63

64 (Qualitative analysis) retention time identify peak spiking (Quantitative analysis) (recorder) integrator 64

65 1. RT (Ethanol, Iso-propanol, Tertbutanol) 2. calibration curve 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%

66 GC Column : Rt-QPLOT, 30 m, 0.32 mm ID, 10 μm Col. temp. : program from 100 to 5 C/min Inj. : 1.0 μl split 250C Carrier gas : 1.1 ml/min Detector : 270C 66

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