Appendix. Appendix 1: Conversion Factors

Transcript

1 Appendix Appendix 1: Conversion Factors The names of multiples and submultiples of SI units can be formed by application of the prefixes in Table A.3. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends the following rules for the use of SI prefixes: 1. Prefix symbols are printed in roman (upright) type without spacing between the prefix symbol and the unit symbol. 2. An exponent affixed to a symbol containing a prefix indicates that the multiple or submultiple of the unit is raised to the power expressed by the exponent. Example: 1cm 3 ¼ 10 6 m 3 1cm 1 ¼ 10 2 m 1 3. Compound prefixes, formed by the juxtaposition of two or more SI prefixes, are not to be used. Example: 1nmbut not: 1 mmm ISO has issued additional recommendations with the aim of securing uniformity in the use of units. According to these recommendations, 1. The product of two or more units is preferably indicated by a dot. The dot may be dispensed with when there is no risk of confusion with another unit symbol. Example: N mornmbut not: mn 2. A solidus (oblique stroke, /), a horizontal line, or negative powers may be used to express a derived unit formed from two others by division. Example: m/s, m s,orm s 1 3. The solidus must not be repeated on the same line unless ambiguity is avoided by parentheses. In complicated cases negative powers or parentheses should be used. Example: m/s 2 or m s 2 but not: m/s/s m kg/(s 3 A)orm kg s 3 A 1 but not: m kg/s 3 /A Table A.4 lists physical constants from the work of B. N. Taylor, W. H. Parker, and D. N. Langenberg [2]. Their least-squares adjustment of values of the constants depends strongly on a highly accurate (2.4 ppm) determination of e/h from the ac Josephson effect in superconductors and is believed to be more accurate than the 1963 adjustment, which appears to suffer from the use of an incorrect value of the fine structure constant as an input datum. See also NBS Special Publication 344, issued March The following tables express the definitions of miscellaneous units of measure as exact numerical multiples of coherent SI units, and provide multiplying factors for converting numbers and miscellaneous units to corresponding new numbers and SI units. The first two digits of each numerical entry represents a power of 10. An asterisk following a number expresses an exact definition. For example, the entry * expresses the fact that 1 in. ¼ m, exactly, by definition. Most of the definitions are extracted from National Bureau of Standards (NBS) documents. Numbers not followed by an asterisk are only approximate representations of definitions, or are the results of physical measurements. The conversion factors are listed alphabetically in Table A.5 and by physical quantity in M. Hurley (ed.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, DOI / , # Society of Fire Protection Engineers

2 3398 Appendix Table A.1 Names and symbols of SI units [1] Quantity Name of unit Symbol SI base units Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Electric current Ampere A Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K Luminous intensity Candela cd Amount of substance Mole mol SI-derived units Area Square meter m 2 Volume Cubic meter m 3 Frequency Hertz Hz s 1 Mass density (density) Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m 3 Speed, velocity Meter per second m/s Angular velocity Radian per second rad/s Acceleration Meter per second squared m/s 2 Angular acceleration Radian per second squared rad/s 2 Force Newton N kg m/s 2 Pressure (mechanical stress) Pascal Pa N/m 2 Kinematic viscosity Square meter per second m 2 /s Dynamic viscosity Newton-second per square meter N s/m 2 Work, energy, quantity of heat Joule J N m Power Watt W J/s Quantity of electricity Coulomb C A s Potential difference, electromotive force Volt V W/A Electric field strength Volt per meter V/m Electric resistance Ohm Ω V/A Capacitance Farad F A s/v Magnetic flux Weber Wb V s Inductance Henry H V s/a Magnetic flux density Tesla T Wb/m 2 Magnetic field strength Ampere per meter A/m Magnetomotive force Ampere A Luminous flux Lumen lm cd sr Luminance Candela per square meter cd/m 2 Illuminance Lux lx lm/m 2 Wave number 1 per meter m 1 Entropy Joule per kelvin J/K Specific heat capacity Joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg K) Thermal conductivity Watt per meter kelvin W/(m K) Radiant intensity Watt per steradian W/sr Activity (of a radioactive source) 1 per second s 1 SI supplementary units Plane angle radian rad Solid angle Steradian sr

3 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3399 Table A.2 Definitions of SI units [1] Meter (m) The meter is the length equal to wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2 p 10 and 5 d s of the krypton-86 atom Kilogram (kg) Second (s) Ampere (A) Kelvin (K) Candela (cd) Mole (mol) Newton (N) Joule (J) Watt (W) The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. (The international prototype of the kilogram is a particular cylinder of platinumiridium alloy that is preserved in a vault at Sèvres, France, by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures) The second is the duration of periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom The ampere is that constant current, which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to newton per meter of length The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/ of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/ square meter of a blackbody at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of newtons per square meter Volt (V) Ohm (Ω) Coulomb (C) Farad (F) Henry (H) Weber (Wb) The mole is the amount of substance of a Lumen system that contains as many elementary (lm) entities as there are carbon atoms in kg of carbon 12. The elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles The newton is that force that gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second The joule is the work done when the point of application of 1 newton is displaced a distance of 1 meter in the direction of the force The watt is the power that gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of 1 joule per second Radian (rad) Steradian (sr) The volt is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 watt The ohm is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 ampere, this conductor not being the source of any electromotive force The coulomb is the quantity of electricity transported in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere The farad is the capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 coulomb The henry is the inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at a rate of 1 ampere per second The weber is the magnetic flux that, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second The lumen is the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of 1 steradian by a uniform point source having an intensity of 1 candela The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius The steradian is the solid angle that, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere

4 3400 Appendix Table A.3 SI prefixes [1] Factor by which unit is multiplied Prefix Symbol Tera T 10 9 Giga G 10 6 Mega M 10 3 Kilo k 10 2 Hecto h 10 Deka da 10 1 Deci d 10 2 Centi c 10 3 Milli m 10 6 Micro μ 10 9 Nano n Pico p Femto f Atto a Table A.6. The listing by physical quantity (Table A.6) includes only relationships that are frequently encountered, and deliberately omits the great multiplicity of combinations of units that are used for more specialized purposes. Conversion factors for combinations of units are easily generated from numbers given in the alphabetical listing (Table A.5) by the technique of direct substitution or by other well-known rules for manipulating units. These rules are adequately discussed in many science and engineering textbooks and are not repeated here. Table A.4 Physical constants [2] Quantity Symbol Value Error (ppm) Prefix Unit Speed of light in vacuum c m s 1 Gravitational constant G N m 2 kg 2 Avogadro constant N A kmol 1 Boltzmann constant k J K 1 Gas constant R J kmol 1 K 1 Volume of ideal gas, standard conditions V m 3 kmol 1 Faraday constant F C kmol 1 Unified atomic mass unit u kg Planck constant h J s h/2π J s Electron charge e C Electron rest mass m e kg u Proton rest mass m p kg u Neutron rest mass m n kg u Electron charge to mass ratio e/m e C kg 1 Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ W m 2 K 4 First radiation constant 2πhc W m 2 Second radiation constant hc/k m K Rydberg constant R m 1 Fine structure constant α α Bohr radius α m Classical electron radius r e m Compton wavelength of electron λ C m λ C /2π m Compton wavelength of proton λ C,p m λ C,p /2π m (continued)

5 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3401 Table A.4 (continued) Quantity Symbol Value Error (ppm) Prefix Unit Compton wavelength of neutron λ C,n m λ C,n /2π m Electron magnetic moment μ e J T 1 Proton magnetic moment μ p J T 1 Bohr magneton μ B J T 1 Nuclear magneton μ n J T 1 Gyromagnetic ratio of protons in H 2 O γ 0 p rad s 1 T 1 γ 0 p/2π Hz T 1 Gyromagnetic ratio of protons in H 2 O γ 0 p rad s 1 T 1 Corrected for diamagnetism of H 2 O γ 0 p/2π Hz T 1 Magnetic flux quantum Φ Wb Quantum of circulation h/2m e J s kg 1 h/m e J s kg 1 Unitless Numerical ratios Value Error (ppm) Prefix (c 2 ) kg/ev (c 2 ) u/ev u/kg (c 2 ) m c /ev (c 2 ) m p /ev (c 2 ) m n /ev ev/j (h 1 ) ev/hz (hc 1 ) evm (k 1 ) ev/k (hc) (evm) (hc) R 1 /J (hc) R 1 /ev (c) R 1 /Hz (hc/k) R 1 /K m p /m e μ e /μ B μ 0 p /μ B μ p /μ B μ 0 p/μ n μ p /μ n Other important constants π ¼ e ¼ μ 0 ¼ 4π 10 7 H/m (exact), permeability of free space ¼ H/m ε 0 ¼ μ 0 1 c 2 F/m, permittivity of free space ¼ F/m

6 3402 Appendix Table A.5 Alphabetical listing of conversion factors [1] To convert from to Multiply by Abampere Ampere 10 1 (exact) Abcoulomb Coulomb 10 1 (exact) Abfarad Farad 10 9 (exact) Abhenry Henry 10 9 (exact) Abmho Siemens 10 9 (exact) Abohm Ohm 10 9 (exact) Abvolt Volt 10 8 (exact) Acre Meter (exact) Angstrom Meter (exact) Are Meter (exact) Astronomical unit (IAU) Meter Astronomical unit (radio) Meter Atmosphere Newton/meter (exact) Bar Newton/meter (exact) Barn Meter (exact) Barrel (petroleum, 42 gallons) Meter Barye Newton/meter (exact) Board foot ( ) Meter (exact) British thermal unit IST before 1956 Joule IST after 1956 Joule British thermal unit (mean) Joule British thermal unit (thermochemical) Joule British thermal unit (39 F) Joule British thermal unit (60 F) Joule Bushel (U.S.) Meter (exact) Cable Meter (exact) Caliber Meter (exact) Calorie (international steam table) Joule Calorie (mean) Joule Calorie (thermochemical) Joule (exact) Calorie (15 C) Joule Calorie (20 C) Joule Calorie (kilogram, international steam table) Joule Calorie (kilogram, mean) Joule Calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) Joule (exact) Carat (metric) Kilogram (exact) Celsius (temperature) Kelvin t K ¼ t c Centimeter of mercury (0 C) Newton/meter Centimeter of water (4 C) Newton/meter Chain (engineer or ramden) Meter (exact) Chain (surveyor or gunter) Meter (exact) Circular mil Meter Cord Meter Cubit Meter (exact) Cup Meter (exact) Curie Disintegration/second (exact) Day (mean solar) Second (mean solar) (exact) (continued)

7 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3403 Table A.5 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Day (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Degree (angle) Radian Denier (international) Kilogram/meter 10 7 (exact) Dram (avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Dram (troy or apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Dram (U.S. fluid) Meter (exact) Dyne Newton 10 5 (exact) Electron volt Joule Erg Joule (exact) Fahrenheit (temperature) Kelvin t K ¼ (5/9)(t F ) Fahrenheit (temperature) Celsius t c ¼ (5/9)(t F 32) Faraday (based on carbon 12) Coulomb Faraday (chemical) Coulomb Faraday (physical) Coulomb Fathom Meter (exact) Fermi (femtometer) Meter (exact) Fluid ounce (U.S.) Meter (exact) Foot Meter (exact) Foot (U.S. survey) Meter (1,200/3,937) Foot of water (39.2 F) Newton/meter Foot 1/2 /second 1/2 Meter 1/2 /second 1/ Percent per foot (light obscuration) Percent per meter %/m ¼ (1 (1 [%/ft])/100) Footcandle Lumen/meter Footlambert Candela/meter Free fall, standard Meter/second Furlong Meter (exact) Gal (galileo) Meter/second (exact) Gallon (U.K. liquid) Meter Gallon (U.S. dry) Meter (exact) Gallon (U.S. liquid) Meter (exact) Gallons per minute per square foot mm/min Gamma Tesla 10 9 (exact) Gauss Tesla 10 4 (exact) Gilbert Ampere turn Gill (U.K.) Meter Gill (U.S.) Meter Grad Degree (angular) (exact) Grad Radian Grain Kilogram (exact) Gram Kilogram 10 3 (exact) Hand Meter (exact) Hectare Meter (exact) Hogshead (U.S.) Meter (exact) Horsepower (550 ft lbf/second) Watt Horsepower (boiler) Watt Horsepower (electric) Watt (exact) Horsepower (metric) Watt Horsepower (U.K.) Watt (continued)

8 3404 Appendix Table A.5 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Horsepower (water) Watt Hour (mean solar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Hour (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Hundredweight (long) Kilogram (exact) Hundredweight (short) Kilogram (exact) Inch Meter (exact) Inch of mercury (32 F) Newton/meter 2 (Pa) Inch of mercury (60 F) Newton/meter 2 (Pa) Inch of water (39.2 F) Newton/meter 2 (Pa) Inch of water (60 F) Newton/meter 2 (Pa) Kayser 1/meter 10 2 (exact) Kilocalorie (International Steam Table) Joule Kilocalorie (mean) Joule Kilocalorie (thermochemical) Joule (exact) Kilogram force (kgf) Newton (exact) Kilopound force Newton (exact) Kip Newton (exact) Knot (international) Meter/second Lambert Candela/meter (1/π 10 4 ) Langley Joule/meter Lbf (pound force, avoirdupois) Newton (exact) Lbm (pound mass, avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) League (U.K. nautical) Meter (exact) League (international nautical) Meter League (statute) Meter (exact) Light-year Meter Link (engineer or ramden) Meter (exact) Link (surveyor or gunter) Meter (exact) Liter Meter (exact) Lux Lumen/meter (exact) Maxwell Weber 10 8 (exact) Meter Wavelengths Kr (exact) Micron Meter 10 6 (exact) Mil Meter (exact) Mile (U.S. statute) Meter (exact) Mile (U.K. nautical) Meter (exact) Mile (international nautical) Meter (exact) Mile (U.S. nautical) Meter (exact) Millibar Newton/meter (exact) Millimeter of mercury (0 C) Newton/meter Minute (angle) Radian Minute (mean solar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Minute (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Month (mean calendar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Nautical mile (international) Meter (exact) Nautical mile (U.S.) Meter (exact) Nautical mile (U.K.) Meter (exact) Oersted Ampere/meter (continued)

9 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3405 Table A.5 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Ounce force (avoirdupois) Newton Ounce mass (avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Ounce mass (troy or apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Ounce (U.S. fluid) Meter (exact) Pace Meter (exact) Parsec (IAU) Meter Pascal Newton/meter (exact) Peck (U.S.) Meter (exact) Pennyweight Kilogram (exact) Perch Meter (exact) Phot Lumen/meter (exact) Pica (printers) Meter (exact) Pint (U.S. dry) Meter (exact) Pint (U.S. liquid) Meter (exact) Point (printers) Meter (exact) Poise Newton second/meter (exact) Pole Meter (exact) Pound force (lbf avoirdupois) Newton (exact) Pound mass (lbm avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Pound mass (troy or apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Poundal Newton (exact) Quart (U.S. dry) Meter (exact) Quart (U.S. liquid) Meter Rad (radiation dose absorbed) Joule/kilogram 10 2 (exact) Rankine (temperature) Kelvin t K ¼ (5/9)t R Rayleigh (rate of photon emission) 1/second meter (exact) Rhe Meter 2 /newton second 10 1 (exact) Rod Meter (exact) Roentgen Coulomb/kilogram (exact) Rutherford Disintegration/second 10 6 (exact) Second (angle) Radian Second (ephemeris) Second 1.00 (exact) Second (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Section Meter (exact) Scruple (apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Shake Second 10 8 Skein Meter (exact) Slug Kilogram Span Meter (exact) Statampere Ampere Statcoulomb Coulomb Statfarad Farad Stathenry Henry Statohm Ohm Statute mile (U.S.) Meter (exact) Statvolt Volt Stere Meter (exact) Stilb Candela/meter (continued)

10 3406 Appendix Table A.5 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Stoke Meter 2 /second 10 4 (exact) Tablespoon Meter (exact) Teaspoon Meter (exact) Ton (assay) Kilogram Ton (long) Kilogram (exact) Ton (metric) Kilogram 10 3 (exact) Ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) Joule Ton (register) Meter (exact) Ton (short, 2,000 pound) Kilogram (exact) Tonne Kilogram 10 3 (exact) Torr (0 C) Newton/meter Township Meter Unit pole Weber Yard Meter (exact) Year (calendar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Year (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Year (tropical) Second (mean solar) Year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 Second (ephemeris) (exact) Year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 Second (exact) Table A.6 Listing conversion factors by physical quantity [1] To convert from to Multiply by Acceleration Foot/second 2 Meter/second (exact) Free fall, standard Meter/second (exact) Gal (galileo) Meter/second (exact) Inch/second 2 Meter/second (exact) Area Acre Meter (exact) Are Meter (exact) Barn Meter (exact) Circular mil Meter Foot 2 Meter (exact) Hectare Meter (exact) Inch 2 Meter (exact) Mile 2 (U.S. statute) Meter (exact) Section Meter (exact) Township Meter Yard 2 Meter (exact) Density Gram/centimeter 3 Kilogram/meter (exact) Lbm/inch 3 Kilogram/meter Lbm/foot 3 Kilogram/meter Slug/foot 3 Kilogram/meter (continued)

11 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3407 Table A.6 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Energy British thermal unit IST before 1956 Joule IST after 1956 Joule British thermal unit (mean) Joule British thermal unit (thermochemical) Joule British thermal unit (39 F) Joule British thermal unit (60 F) Joule Calorie (international steam table) Joule Calorie (mean) Joule Calorie (thermochemical) Joule (exact) Calorie (15 C) Joule Calorie (20 C) Joule Calorie (kilogram, international steam table) Joule Calorie (kilogram, mean) Joule Calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) Joule (exact) Electron volt Joule Erg Joule 10 7 (exact) Foot lbf Joule Foot poundal Joule Joule (international of 1948) Joule Kilocalorie (international steam table) Joule Kilocalorie (mean) Joule Kilocalorie (thermochemical) Joule (exact) Kilowatt hour Joule (exact) Kilowatt hour (international of 1948) Joule Ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) Joule Watt hour Joule (exact) Energy/area time Btu (thermochemical)/foot 2 second Watt/meter Btu (thermochemical)/foot 2 minute Watt/meter Btu (thermochemical)/foot 2 hour Watt/meter Btu (thermochemical)/inch 2 second Watt/meter Calorie (thermochemical)/cm 2 minute Watt/meter Erg/centimeter 2 second Watt/meter (exact) Watt/centimeter 2 Watt/meter (exact) Force Dyne Newton 10 5 (exact) Kilogram force (kgf) Newton (exact) Kilopound force Newton (exact) Kip Newton (exact) Lbf (pound force, avoirdupois) Newton (exact) Ounce force (avoirdupois) Newton Pound force, lbf (avoirdupois) Newton (exact) Poundal Newton (exact) Length Angstrom Meter (exact) Astronomical unit (IAU) Meter (continued)

12 3408 Appendix Table A.6 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Astronomical unit (radio) Meter Cable Meter (exact) Caliber Meter (exact) Chain (surveyor or gunter) Meter (exact) Chain (engineer or ramden) Meter (exact) Cubit Meter (exact) Fathom Meter (exact) Fermi (femtometer) Meter (exact) Foot Meter (exact) Foot (U.S. survey) Meter (1,200/3,937) Furlong Meter (exact) Hand Meter (exact) Inch Meter (exact) League (U.K. nautical) Meter (exact) League (international nautical) Meter (exact) League (statute) Meter (exact) Light-year Meter Link (engineer or ramden) Meter (exact) Link (surveyor or gunter) Meter (exact) Meter Wavelengths Kr (exact) Micron Meter 10 6 (exact) Mil Meter (exact) Mile (U.S. statute) Meter (exact) Mile (U.K. nautical) Meter (exact) Mile (international nautical) Meter (exact) Mile (U.S. nautical) Meter (exact) Nautical mile (U.K.) Meter (exact) Nautical mile (international) Meter (exact) Nautical mile (U.S.) Meter (exact) Pace Meter (exact) Parsec (IAU) Meter Perch Meter (exact) Pica (printers) Meter (exact) Point (printers) Meter (exact) Pole Meter (exact) Rod Meter (exact) Skein Meter (exact) Span Meter (exact) Statute mile (U.S.) Meter (exact) Yard Meter (exact) Mass Carat (metric) Kilogram (exact) Gram (avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Gram (troy or apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Grain Kilogram (exact) Gram Kilogram 10 3 (exact) Hundredweight (long) Kilogram (exact) Hundredweight (short) Kilogram (exact) (continued)

13 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3409 Table A.6 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Kgf second 2 meter (mass) Kilogram (exact) Kilogram mass Kilogram 1.00 (exact) Lbm (pound mass, avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Ounce mass (avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Ounce mass (troy or apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Pennyweight Kilogram (exact) Pound mass, lbm (avoirdupois) Kilogram (exact) Pound mass (troy or apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Scruple (apothecary) Kilogram (exact) Slug Kilogram Ton (assay) Kilogram Ton (long) Kilogram (exact) Ton (metric) Kilogram 10 3 (exact) Ton (short, 2,000 pound) Kilogram (exact) Tonne Kilogram 10 3 (exact) Power Btu (thermochemical)/second Watt Btu (thermochemical)/minute Watt Calorie (thermochemical)/second Watt (exact) Calorie (thermochemical)/minute Watt Foot lbf/hour Watt Foot lbf/minute Watt Foot lbf/second Watt Horsepower (550 ft.lbf/second) Watt Horsepower (boiler) Watt Horsepower (electric) Watt (exact) Horsepower (metric) Watt Horsepower (U.K.) Watt Horsepower (water) Watt Kilocalorie (thermochemical)/minute Watt Kilocalorie (thermochemical)/second Watt (exact) Watt (international of 1948) Watt Pressure Atmosphere Newton/meter (exact) Bar Newton/meter (exact) Barye Newton/meter (exact) Centimeter of mercury (0 C) Newton/meter Centimeter of water (4 C) Newton/meter Dyne/centimeter 2 Newton/meter (exact) Foot of water (39.2 F) Newton/meter Inch of mercury (32 F) Newton/meter Inch of mercury (60 F) Newton/meter Inch of water (39.2 F) Newton/meter Inch of water (60 F) Newton/meter Kgf/centimeter 2 Newton/meter (exact) Kgf/meter 2 Newton/meter (exact) Lbf/foot 2 Newton/meter Lbf/inch 2 (psi) Newton/meter (continued)

14 3410 Appendix Table A.6 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Millibar Newton/meter (exact) Millimeter of mercury (0 C) Newton/meter Pascal Newton/meter (exact) Psi (lbf/inch 2 ) Newton/meter Torr (0 C) Newton/meter Speed Foot/hour Meter/second Foot/minute Meter/second (exact) Foot/second Meter/second (exact) Inch/second Meter/second (exact) Kilometer/hour Meter/second Knot (international) Meter/second Mile/hour (U.S. statute) Meter/second (exact) Mile/minute (U.S. statute) Meter/second (exact) Mile/second (U.S. statute) Meter/second (exact) Temperature Celsius Kelvin t K ¼ t C Fahrenheit Kelvin t K ¼ (5/9)(t F ) Fahrenheit Celsius t C ¼ (5/9)(t F 32) Rankine Kelvin t K ¼ (5/9)t R Time Day (mean solar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Day (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Hour (mean solar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Hour (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Minute (mean solar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Minute (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Month (mean calendar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Second (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Year (calendar) Second (mean solar) (exact) Year (sidereal) Second (mean solar) Year (tropical) Second (mean solar) Year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 Second (ephemeris) (exact) Year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 Second Viscosity Centistoke Meter 2 /second 10 6 (exact) Stoke Meter 2 /second 10 4 (exact) Foot 2 /second Meter 2 /second (exact) Centipoise Newton second/meter (exact) Lbm/foot second Newton second/meter Lbf.second/foot 2 Newton second/meter Poise Newton second/meter (exact) Poundal second/foot 2 Newton second/meter Slug/foot second Newton second/meter Rhe Meter 2 /newton second 10 1 (exact) Volume Acre foot Meter (exact) Barrel (petroleum, 42 gallons) Meter (continued)

15 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3411 Table A.6 (continued) To convert from to Multiply by Board foot Meter (exact) Bushel (U.S.) Meter (exact) Cord Meter Cup Meter (exact) Dram (U.S. fluid) Meter (exact) Fluid ounce (U.S.) Meter (exact) Foot 3 Meter (exact) Gallon (U.K. liquid) Meter Gallon (U.S. dry) Meter (exact) Gallon (U.S. liquid) Meter (exact) Gill (U.K.) Meter Gill (U.S.) Meter Hogshead (U.S.) Meter (exact) Inch 3 Meter (exact) Liter Meter (exact) Ounce (U.S. fluid) Meter (exact) Peck (U.S.) Meter (exact) Pint (U.S. dry) Meter (exact) Pint (U.S. liquid) Meter (exact) Quart (U.S. dry) Meter (exact) Quart (U.S. liquid) Meter Stere Meter (exact) Tablespoon Meter (exact) Teaspoon Meter (exact) Ton (register) Meter (exact) Yard 3 Meter (exact)

16 3412 Appendix Conversion Factor Tables [3] Table A.7 Length (L) Multiply number of! by! to Nautical obtain # Centimeters Feet Inches Kilometers miles Meters Mils Miles Millimeters Yards Centimeters Feet ,281 6, , Inches Kilometers Nautical miles Meters ,000 1, , Mils , Miles Millimeters , Yards ,094 2, ,

17 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3413 Table A.8 Area (L 2 ) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Acres Circular mils Square centimeters Square feet Square inches Square kilometers Square meters Square miles Square millimeters Square yards Acres Circular mils ,973 Square ,361 centimeters Square feet Square inches 6,272, , ,296 Square kilometers Square meters 4, Square miles Square millimeters Square yards 4,

18 3414 Appendix Table A.9 Volume (L 3 ) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Bushels (dry) Cubic centimeters Cubic feet Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic yards Gallons (liquid) Liters Pints (liquid) Bushels (dry) Cubic centimeters ,785 1, Cubic feet Quarts (liquid) Cubic inches 2, , , Cubic meters Cubic yards Gallons (liquid) Liters , Pints (liquid) ,113 1, Quarts (liquid) ,

19 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3415 Table A.10 Plane angle (no dimensions) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Degrees Minutes Quadrants Radians Revolutions (exact) (circumferences) Seconds Degrees Minutes ,400 3, Quadrants Radians a Revolutions a (circumferences) Seconds 3, a 2π rad ¼ 1 circumference ¼ 360 by definition

20 3416 Appendix Table A.11 Linear velocity (LT 1 ) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Centimeters per second Centimeters per second Feet per minute Feet per second Kilometers per hour Kilometers per minute Knots (exact) Meters per minute Meters per second Miles per hour , ,682 Feet per minute , ,280 Feet per second Kilometers per hour Kilometers per minute Knots a Meters per minute , ,609 Meters per second Miles per hour Miles per minute a Nautical miles per hour Miles per minute

21 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3417 Table A.12 Linear acceleration (LT 2 ) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Centimeters per second per second Feet per second per second Kilometers per hour per second Meters per second per second Centimeters per second per second Feet per second per second Kilometers per hour per second Meters per second per second Miles per hour per second Note: The (standard) acceleration due to gravity (g 0 ) ¼ m/s 2 ¼ ft/s 2 ¼ km/h s ¼ mph/s Miles per hour per second

22 3418 Appendix Table A.13 Mass (M) and weight Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Grains Grams Kilograms Milligrams Ounces a Pounds a Tons (long) Grains ,000 Tons (metric) Tons (short) Grams , Kilograms ,016 1, Milligrams , Ounces Pounds ,240 2,205 2,000 Tons (long) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Note: These conversion factors apply to the gravitational units of force having the corresponding names a Avoirdupois pounds and ounces

23 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3419 Table A.14 Density or mass per unit volume (ML 3 ) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Grams per cubic centimeter Kilograms per cubic meter Pounds per cubic foot Pounds per cubic inch Grams per cubic centimeter Kilograms per cubic meter 1, Pounds per cubic foot ,728 Pounds per cubic inch Pounds per mil foot a a Unit of volume is a volume one foot long and one circular mil in cross-section area Table A.15 Force (MLT 2 ) or (F) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # Dynes Grams Joules per centimeter Newtons or joules per meter Kilograms Pounds Poundals Dynes Grams , Joules per centimeter Newtons or joules per meter Kilograms Pounds Poundals Note: Conversion factors between absolute and gravitational units apply only under standard acceleration due to gravity conditions

24 3420 Appendix Table A.16 Pressure or force per unit area (ML 1 T 2 ) or (FL 2 ) Multiply number of! by! to Baryes or dynes per square centimeter Centimeters of mercury at 0 C b Inches of mercury at Inches of 0 C b water at 4 C Kilograms per square Pounds per meter c square foot Pounds per square inch Tons (short) per square foot Pascal obtain # Atmospheres a Atmospheres a Baryes or dynes per square centimeter Centimeters of mercury at 0 C b Inches of mercury at 0 C b Inches of water at 4 C Kilograms per , square meter c Pounds per square foot 2, , Pounds per square inch Tons (short) per square foot Pascal a Definition: One atmosphere (standard) ¼ 76 cm of mercury at 0 C b To convert height h of a column of mercury at t degrees centigrade to the equivalent height h0 at 0 C, use h 0 ¼ h[1 (m l)t/(1 + mt)] where m ¼ and I ¼ if the scale is engraved on brass; I ¼ if on glass. This assumes the scale is correct at 0 C; for other cases (any liquid) see International Critical Tables, Vol. 1 (1968) c 1 g/cm 2 ¼ 10 kg/m 2

25 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3421 Table A.17 Energy, work, and heat (ML 2 T 2 ) or (FL) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # British Centimeter thermal units a grams British thermal units a Ergs or centimeter dynes Foot pounds Horsepower hours Joules b or watt seconds Kilogram Kilowatt calories a hours Meter kilograms Watt hours , , Centimeter grams Ergs or centimeter dynes Foot pounds , ,655 Horsepower hours Joules b or watt seconds 1, , ,600 Kilogram calories a Kilowatt hours Meter kilograms Watt hours , Note: The horsepower used in Tables A.17 and A.18 is equal to 550 foot pounds per second by definition. Other definitions are one horsepower equals 746 watts (U.S. and Great Britain) and one horsepower equals 736 watts (continental Europe). Neither of these latter definitions is equivalent to the first; the horsepowers defined in these latter definitions are widely used in the rating of electrical machinery a Mean calorie and Btu used throughout. One gram-calorie ¼ kilogram-calorie; one Ostwald calorie ¼ 0.1 kilogram-calorie. The IT cal, 1,000 international steam table calories, has been defined as the 1/860th part of the international kilowatt-hour (see Mechanical Engineering, Nov., 1935, p. 710). Its value is very nearly equal to the mean kilogram-calorie, 1 IT cal kilogram-calories (mean). 1 Btu ¼ IT cal b Absolute joule, defined as 10 7 ergs. The international joule, based on the international ohm and ampere, equals absolute joules

26 3422 Appendix Table A.18 Power or rate of doing work (ML 2 T 3 ) or (FLT 1 ) Multiply number of! by! to obtain # British thermal units per minute British thermal units per minute Ergs per second Foot pounds per minute Foot pounds per second Horsepower Kilogram calories per minute Kilowatts Metric horsepower Watts Ergs per second Foot pounds per , minute Foot pounds per second Horsepower Kilogram calories per minute Kilowatts Metric horsepower Watts , See general note to Table A.17 1 Cheval vapeur ¼ 75 kilogram meters per second 1 Poncelet ¼ 100 kilogram meters per second

27 Inferring Functional Relationships from Conservation of Gene Order 3423 Table A.19 Heat flux (power/area) From! multiply by! to obtain # Btu/(min.ft 2 ) Btu/(s.ft 2 ) kw/m 2 W/m 2 W/cm 2 Btu/(min.ft 2 ) Btu/(s.ft 2 ) kw/m W/m W/cm kg-cal/s m kg-cal/s m Table A.20 Specific heat (L 2 T 2 t 1,t¼ temperature) (To change specific heat in gram calories per gram per degree centigrade to the units given in any line of the following table, multiply by the factor in the last column) Unit of heat or energy Unit of mass Temperature scale (exact) Factor Gram calories Gram Centigrade 1 Kilogram calories Kilogram Centigrade 1 British thermal units Pound Centigrade British thermal units Pound Fahrenheit Joules Gram Centigrade Joules Pound Fahrenheit 1,055 Joules Kilogram Kelvin Kilowatt hours Kilogram Centigrade Kilowatt hours Pound Fahrenheit (exact)temperature conversion formulae: t C ¼ temperature in centigrade degrees t f ¼ temperature in Fahrenheit degrees t K ¼ temperature in kelvin degrees 1 F ¼ 5 9 C 1K¼ 1 C t C ¼ 5 9 (t f 32) t f ¼ 9 5 t C +32 t K ¼ t C + 273

28 3424 Appendix Table A.21 Thermal conductivity (LMT 3 t 1 ) From! multiply by! to obtain # Btu ft per h ft 2 F Btu in. per h ft 2 F Btu in. per s ft 2 F Joules per m s C Btu ft per Btu in. per Btu in. per Joules per Kcal per Erg per Kcal per Cal per h ft 2 F h ft 2 F s ft 2 F m s C m h C cm s C m s C cm s C W per ft C W per m K Kcal per m h C Erg per cm s C Kcal per m s C Cal per cm s C W per ft C W per m K Note: International table Btu ¼ joules; and International table cal ¼ joules are used throughout

29 Appendix 2: Thermophysical Property Data Table A.22 Approximate properties of common gases [3] Engineering gas constant, R (J/kg K) Universal gas constant, R ¼ mr (J/kg K) Adiabatic exponent, k Specific heat at constant pressure, c p (J/kg K) Dynamic viscosity at 20 C, (Pa s) Carbon dioxide , Oxygen , Air , , Nitrogen , , Methane , , Helium 2, , , Hydrogen 4, , , M. Hurley (ed.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, DOI / , # Society of Fire Protection Engineers